Morphological studies examined communication routes between the epithelium and lamina propria mucosae in the human esophagus, using a series of techniques including silver staining, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For SEM, tissue blocks were treated with either osmium/ultrasonication or NaOH. Observations showed the esophageal papillae to be arranged regularly in a mostly longitudinal row. The reticular fibers, consisting of fibrils approximately 40 nm in diameter, were situated just beneath the epithelial basal lamina. They showed a positive reaction with a type III collagen antibody, and formed a continuous sheet 2-3 μm thick with dense networks. This sheet as well as the epithelial basal lamina had numerous foramina of diameters of 3-5 μm. Immune cells such as lymphocytes and Langerhans cells were situated around these foramina. The foramina were situated both around papillae and the duct orifice of the esophageal gland. In addition, Iymphoid follicles surrounded the duct of the esophageal gland. The structural characteristics around the duct appear to be those of duct-associated lymphoid tissue (DALT). Thus, these foramina in the epithelial basal lamina and reticular fiber sheet may represent important communication routes between the epithelium and lamina propria mucosae. In addition, they may play an important role in the mucosal immune response in the human esophagus.