초록
인간 정신은 외상 자극에 역동적으로 반응하여 다차원적 위계를 따라 진화적으로 발전하는 시스템이다. 평형상태에서 일원화되어 있는 정신 내에 외상 자극이 유입되면 그에 반대 쌍이 되는 반응 극성이 형성되어 이원화된다. 그 반대 쌍 사이에 초월적 상호작용이 일어나면 상위 차원에 제3의 극성이 출현하게 되어 정신은 삼위구조로 변형된다. 삼위 구조화된 정신에서는 비평형 상태가 극대화되어 가소성이 최대화됨에 따라 삼위 요인이 같은 기능을 하게 되는 동기화가 가능해지며 이로 인해 정신은 상위차원에서 다시 일원화된다. 만약 정신이 또 다시 새로운 자극을 받아들이게 되면 정신은 위의 위계적 변형과정을 따라 성장하게 된다. 이를 정신의 기본삼위체계의 동기화를 통한 순환적 성장과정이라 한다. 이번 이론 연구에서는 이 개념을 외상 후 성장 과정에 적용하여 외상 후 성장 시계를 제안하였다. 외상 후 성장 시계는 7개의 위계적 단계로 구성되어있으며 처음 6개의 단계들은 충격 대 마비, 공포 대 침습, 편집 대 회피, 강박 대 폭발, 불안 대 우울, 허무 대 의미추구 단계 등의 12분기로 구성되어 있고 마지막 7번째 단계에서는 이들 모든 단계들의 기능들이 동기화되는 거대 동기화 단계가 나타나게 된다. 거대 동기화 단계에서는 이전의 6 단계들로 구성된 개인 내의 생리-사회-실존 차원들 뿐 아니라 자아와 타아도 동기화를 통해 일원화됨으로써 자신의 외상경험 뿐 아니라 타인의 고통도 자신의 실제적 외상경험으로 작용하게 되어 정신은 상위 차원에서 또 다른 성장과정을 반복한다. 이 논문에서 제안된 외상 후 성장 시계의 변형과정에 대한 타당성을 Horowitz의 외상반응과정과 비교하여 논의하였다.
키워드
외상, 인지, 정서, 변형, 성장, 과정
참고문헌(114)
-
[학술지] 양귀화 / 2014 / 외상 후 성장 과정에 대한 분석: 정서조절곤란, 침습적 반추, 의도적 반추의 삼중매개효과와 낙관성의 조절효과 / 한국심리학회지: 건강 19 (4) : 1041 ~ 1062
-
[학술지] 이홍석 / 2015 / 무엇이 트라우마인가? 진화심리학적 측면에서 본 트라우마의 이해와 분류 / 한국심리학회지:일반 34 (2) : 565 ~ 598
-
[학술지] Abed, R. T. / 1998 / An evolutionary hypothesis for obsessive compulsive disorder: a~psychological immune system? / Behavioural Neurology 11 : 245 ~ 250
-
[학술지] Agius, M. / 2008 / The pattern of development of psychotic symptoms after trauma / European Psychiatry 23 : S99 ~ S100
-
[단행본] Allport, G. W. / 1937 / Personality: A psychological interpretation / Holt
-
[단행본] Allport, G. W. / 1961 / Pattern and growth in personality / Holt, Rinehart and Winston
-
[단행본] American Psychiatric Association / 1987 / Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders / American Psychiatric Association
-
[단행본] American Psychiatric Association / 1994 / Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders / American Psychiatric Association
-
[단행본] American Psychiatric Association / 2013 / Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders / American Psychiatric Publishing
-
[단행본] Bergland, R. / 1985 / The Fabric of Mind / Viking Penguin, Inc
-
[단행본] Bertalanffy, L. V. / 1968 / General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications / George Braziller
-
[학술지] Bittner, A. / 2004 / What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depressive disorder? / The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65 : 618 ~ 626
-
[학술지] Blanchard, E. B. / 2003 / A controlled evaluation of cognitive behaviorial therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors / Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 : 79 ~ 96
-
[단행본] Blanchard, R. / 2008 / Handbook of Anxiety and Fear, 17 : 3 ~ 7
-
[단행본] Blank, A. S. / 1993 / Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. DSM-IV and Beyond / American Psychiatric Press : 3 ~ 22
-
[학술지] Borkovec, T. / 1998 / Worry: A cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes / Cognitive Therapy and Research 22 : 561 ~ 576
-
[단행본] Bowlby, J. / 1969 / Attachment and Loss : Attachment. New York / Basic Books
-
[단행본] Bradshaw, J. L. / 1997 / Human evolution: A neuropsychological perspective / Psychology Press
-
[학술지] Brady, E. U. / 1992 / Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents / Psychological Bulletin 111 : 244
-
[학술지] Marcus L. Brandão / 2008 / Different patterns of freezing behavior organized in the periaqueductal gray of rats: Association with different types of anxiety / Behavioural Brain Research 188 (1) : 1 ~ 13
-
[단행본] Breuer, J. / 1955 / The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 2) / Hogarth Press
-
[학술지] Brown, A. D. / 2014 / Episodic and semantic components of autobiographical memories and imagined future events in post-traumatic stress disorder / Memory 22 : 595 ~ 604
-
[학술지] Buss, A. R. / 1978 / The structure of psychological revolutions / Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 : 57 ~ 64
-
[학술지] Butler, G. / 1983 / Cognitive processes in anxiety / Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 5 : 51 ~ 62
-
[학술지] Chemtob, C. / 1988 / A cognitive action theory of post-traumatic stress disorder / Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2 : 253 ~ 275
-
[학술지] Chorpita, B. F. / 2002 / Tripartite dimensions of emotion in a child clinical sample:Measurement strategies and implications for clinical utility / Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 : 1150
-
[단행본] Cloninger, C. R. / 1994 / The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI):A guide to its development and use / Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University : 19 ~ 28
-
[학술지] Cole, D. A. / 1998 / A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents / Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 : 451
-
[학술지] Copeland, W. E. / 2007 / Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood / Archives of General Psychiatry 64 : 577 ~ 584
-
[학술지] Creamer, M. / 1992 / Reaction to Trauma: A Cognitive Processing Model / Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 : 452 ~ 459
-
[학술지] Crowley, S. L. / 1996 / Discriminant validity of self-reported anxiety and depression in children: Negative affectivity or independent constructs? / Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 25 : 139 ~ 146
-
[단행본] Dąbrowski, K. / 1964 / Positive disintegration / Little, Brown and Company
-
[단행본] Dabrowski, K. / 1970 / Mental growth through positive disintegration / Gryf Publications
-
[학술지] Ehlers, A. / 2010 / Understanding and Treating Unwanted Trauma Memories in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder / Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology 218 : 141 ~ 145
-
[학술지] Ehlers, A. / 2000 / A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder / Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 : 319 ~ 345
-
[학술지] Epkins, C. C. / 1994 / Assessment of childhood depression, anxiety, and aggression:Convergent and discriminant validity of self-, parent-, teacher-, and peer-report measures / Journal of Personality Assessment 62 : 364 ~ 381
-
[학술지] Festinger, L. / 1950 / Informal social communication / Psychological Review 57 : 271
-
[학술지] Foa, E. B. / 1986 / Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information / Psychological bulletin 99 (1) : 20
-
[학술지] Foa, E. B. / 1992 / Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model / Psychological Bulletin 112 : 218 ~ 238
-
[단행본] Foley, R. A. / 1996 / An evolutionary and chronological framework for human social behaviour. Paper presented at the PROCEEDINGS-BRITISH ACADEMY / Oxford University Press
-
[학술지] Fontenelle, L. F. / 2005 / Impulse control disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder / Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 59 : 30 ~ 37
-
[단행본] Frankl, V. E. / 1985 / Man's search for meaning / Simon and Schuster
-
[학술지] Freeman, D. / 2009 / Routes to psychotic symptoms: trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences / Psychiatry Research 169 : 107 ~ 112
-
[단행본] Fromm, E. / 1976 / To have or to be / Bantam Books
-
[학술지] Gershuny, B. S. / 2003 / Connections among symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a case series / Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 : 1029 ~ 1041
-
[단행본] Goerner, S. / 1995 / Chaos theory in psychology and the life sciences / Lawrence Erlbaum Associates : 17 ~ 38
-
[학술지] Gross, J. J. / 1993 / Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 : 970
-
[학술지] Gunaratne, C. D. / 2014 / Trauma-Related Symptoms in Sri Lankan Adult Survivors After the Tsunami Pretraumatic and Peritraumatic Factors / Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 26 : 425 ~ 434
-
[단행본] Hegel, G. W. F. / 2010 / Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Science of Logic / Cambridge University Press
-
[학술지] Hirschfeld, R. / 2001 / The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: recognition and management in primary care / Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 3 : 244 ~ 254
-
[단행본] Horowitz, M. J. / 1976 / Stress response syndromes / Jason Aronson
-
[단행본] Horowitz, M. J. / 1982 / Handbook of clinical health psychology / Plenum : 53 ~ 67
-
[학술지] Horowitz, M. J. / 1986 / Stress-response syndromes: A Review of Posttraumatic and Adjustment Disorders / Hospital and Community Psychiatry 37 : 241
-
[단행본] Horowitz, M. J. / 1997 / Stress response syndromes: PTSD, grief, and adjustment disorders / Jason Aronson
-
[학술지] Horowitz, M. J. / 1980 / Signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder / Archives of General Psychiatry 37 : 85
-
[단행본] Jung, C. G. / 1953 / Vol. 7: Two Essays on Analytical Psychology / Princeton University Press
-
[단행본] Jung, C. G. / 1928 / Collected Works, Vol. 8 / Princeton University Press : 3 ~ 66
-
[단행본] Kardiner, A. / 1941 / The traumatic neuroses of war / National Research Council
-
[학술지] Keane, T. M. / 1985 / A behavioral approach to assessing and treating post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans / Trauma and Its Wake 1 : 257 ~ 294
-
[학술지] Kessler, R. C. / 1995 / Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey / Archives of General Psychiatry 52 : 1048 ~ 1060
-
[단행본] Kierkegaard, S. / 1980 / The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin / Princeton University Press
-
[학술지] King, N. J. / 1991 / Negative affectivity in children and adolescents:Relations between anxiety and depression / Clinical Psychology Review 11 : 441 ~ 459
-
[학술지] Kovacs, M. / 1989 / Depressive disorders in childhood: IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders / Archives of General Psychiatry 46 : 776
-
[단행본] Kuhn, T. S. / 1977 / The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change / The University of Chicago Press
-
[학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1979 / A bio informational theory of emotional imagery / Psychophysiology 16 : 495 ~ 512
-
[단행본] Lee, H. S. / 2005 / Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping / Springer : 155 ~ 184
-
[학술지] Hong-Seok Lee / 2008 / Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Suicide Ideation and Attempts in Korean College Students / PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION 5 (2) : 86 ~ 93
-
[학술지] 이홍석 / 2012 / State Effect of Traumatic Experience on Personality Structure / PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION 9 (4) : 361 ~ 367
-
[단행본] Levy, S. / 1992 / Artificial life: the quest for a new creation / Random House Inc
-
[학술지] Lipinski, J. F. / 1994 / Do “flashbacks” represent obsessional imagery? / Comprehensive Psychiatry 35 : 245 ~ 247
-
[학술지] Lissek, S. / 2015 / Learning models of PTSD: Theoretical accounts and psychobiological evidence / International Journal of Psychophysiology 98 : 594 ~ 605
-
[학술지] Litz, B. T. / 1989 / Information processing in anxiety disorders: Application to the understanding of post-traumatic stress disorder / Clinical Psychology Review 9 : 243 ~ 257
-
[학술지] Brett T. Litz / 1997 / Predictors of Emotional Numbing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder / Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (4) : 607 ~ 618
-
[학술지] Maas, L. C. / 1998 / Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activation during cue-induced cocaine craving / American Journal of Psychiatry 155 : 124 ~ 126
-
[단행본] Mahoney, M. J. / 1991 / Human change processes: The scientific foundations of psychotherapy / Basic Books
-
[단행본] Martin, L. L. / 2004 / Depressive Rumination : 153 ~ 176
-
[단행본] Merikangas, K. R. / 2003 / Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology / John Wiley & Sons, Inc : 657 ~ 704
-
[학술지] Mineka, S. / 2008 / The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders / Acta Psychologica 127 : 567 ~ 580
-
[학술지] Morgane, P. J. / 1988 / Visual cortex of the dolphin: an image analysis study / Journal of Comparative Neurology 273 : 3 ~ 25
-
[학술지] Nacasch, N. / 2011 / High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among posttraumatic stress disorder patients / European Neuropsychopharmacology 21 : 876 ~ 879
-
[학술지] Nader, K. O. / 1993 / A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the Gulf crisis / British Journal of Clinical Psychology 32 : 407 ~ 416
-
[단행본] Nietzsche, F. / 1955 / Beyond Good and Evil / Henry Regnery Company
-
[학술지] Nolen-Hoeksema, S. / 2008 / Rethinking rumination / Perspectives on Psychological Science 3 : 400 ~ 424
-
[학술지] North, C. S. / 1999 / Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing / The Journal of the American Medical Association 282 : 755 ~ 762
-
[학술지] Notarius, C. I. / 1979 / Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress / Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 : 1204
-
[학술지] Olfson, M. / 1997 / Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice / American Journal of Psychiatry 154 : 1734 ~ 1740
-
[학술지] Orvaschel, H. / 1995 / Continuity of psychopathology in a community sample of adolescents / Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34 : 1525 ~ 1535
-
[학술지] Park, C. L. / 1996 / Assessment and prediction of stress related growth / Journal of Personality 64 : 71 ~ 105
-
[단행본] Pavlov, I. P. / 1927 / Conditioned reflexes / Liveright
-
[학술지] Pennebaker, J. W. / 1989 / Disclosure of traumas and health among Holocaust survivors / Psychosomatic Medicine 51 : 577 ~ 589
-
[학술지] Pitman, R. K. / 1987 / Psychophysiologic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder imagery in Vietnam combat veterans / Archives of General Psychiatry 44 : 970 ~ 975
-
[학술지] Pitman, R. K. / 1990 / Naloxone reversible analgesic response to combat-related stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder / Archives of General Psychiatry 47 : 541 ~ 544
-
[단행본] Prigogine, I. / 1980 / From being to becoming: time and complexity in the physical sciences / W. H. Freeman
-
[학술지] Rodrigues, S. M. / 2009 / The influence of stress hormones on fear circuitry / Annual Review of Neuroscience 32 : 289 ~ 313
-
[학술지] Rosenbaum, L. / 2004 / Post-traumatic stress disorder: The chameleon of psychiatry / Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 58 : 343 ~ 348
-
[학술지] Shepherd, S. / 1983 / The epifauna of megaripples: species' adaptations and population responses to disturbance / Australian Journal of Ecology 8 : 3 ~ 8
-
[학술지] Smith, J. M. / 2009 / A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct / Clinical Psychology Review 29 : 116 ~ 128
-
[단행본] Spencer, H. / 1897 / The principles of psychology / Appleton
-
[학술지] Stark, K. D. / 2001 / Joint factor analysis of the children's depression inventory and the revised children's manifest anxiety scale / Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 30 : 552 ~ 567
-
[단행본] Tedeschi, R. G. / 1995 / Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering / Sage Publications
-
[학술지] Teichman, Y. / 1975 / The stress of coping with the unknown regarding a significant family member / Stress and Anxiety 2 : 243 ~ 255
-
[단행본] Tillich, P. / 1952 / The Courage to Be / Yale University Press
-
[학술지] Uher, R. / 2003 / Recovery and chronicity in anorexia nervosa: brain activity associated with differential outcomes / Biological Psychiatry 54 : 934 ~ 942
-
[학술지] Uher, R. / 2004 / Medial prefrontal cortex activity associated with symptom provocation in eating disorders / American Journal of Psychiatry 161 : 1238 ~ 1246
-
[학술지] Volkow, N. D. / 2000 / Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex / Cerebral Cortex 10 : 318 ~ 325
-
[단행본] Von Foerster, H. / 1984 / Observing systems / Intersystems Publications
-
[단행본] Von Foerster, H. / 1984 / Self-organization and management of social systems / Springer : 2 ~ 24
-
[학술지] Watkins, E. R. / 2008 / Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought / Psychological Bulletin 134 : 163
-
[단행본] Weaver, W. / 1964 / The mathematical theory of information / University of Illinois Press
-
[학술지] Wegerer, M. / 2013 / Relationship between fear conditionability and aversive memories: evidence from a novel conditioned-intrusion paradigm / PLOS ONE 8 : e79025
-
[단행본] Wegner, D. / 1989 / White bears and other unwanted thoughts; Suppression, obsession and the psychology of mental control / Guilford Press
-
[단행본] Weimer, W. B. / 1987 / Centripetal forces in the sciences / Paragon House : 257 ~ 295
-
[단행본] World Health Organization / 2004 / International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems / World Health Organization
-
[학술지] Wittchen, H. -U. / 1993 / Comorbidity and mixed anxiety-depressive disorders: is there epidemiologic evidence? / The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 54 : 9 ~ 15