Summary
Tinnitus and hearing loss, both reversible and irreversible, are associated both with acute intoxication and long term administration of a large range of drugs. The mechanism causing drug-induced ototoxicity is unclear, but may involve biochemical and consequent electrophysiological changes in the inner ear and eighth cranial nerve impulse transmission. Over 130 drugs and chemicals have been reported to be potentially ototoxic. The major classes are the aminoglycosides and other antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents, diuretics, antimalarial drugs, antineoplastic agents and some topically administered agents.
Prevention of drug-induced ototoxicity is generally based upon consideration and avoidance of appropriate risk factors, as well as on monitoring of renal function, serum drug concentrations, and cochlear and auditory functions before and during drug therapy. Ototoxicity, although not life-threatening, may cause considerable discomfort to patients taking ototoxic drugs, and in some cases drug discontinuation may be necessary to prevent permanent damage.
Much research has been performed to investigate the causes and mechanisms of ototoxicity, to try to prevent this complication. Despite these efforts, ototoxicity still occurs, and there is much work to be done in order to understand the mechanism of ototoxicity of different drugs and to prevent hearing loss and tinnitus in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lien EJ, Lipsett LR, Lien LL. Structure side effect sorting of drugs: VI. Ototoxicities. J Clin Hosp Pharm 1983; 8: 15–33
Koegel Jr L. Ototoxicity: a contemporary review of aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, acetylsalicylic acid, quinine, erythromycin, and cisplatinum. Am J Otol 1985; 6: 190–9
Rybak LP. Drug ototoxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1986; 26: 79–99
Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Drug-induced deafness. JAMA 1973; 224: 515–6
Lien EJ. Side effects and drug design. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1987
Brummett RE, Griest SE, Mulkey M, et al. Specific etiologies of tinnitus. In: Shulman A, Aran JM, Tondorf J, et al., editors. Tinnitus: diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1991: 391–8
Norris CH. Drugs affecting the inner ear. Drugs 1988; 36: 754–72
Huang MY, Schacht J. Drug-induced ototoxicity: pathogenesis and prevention. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1989; 4: 452–67
Matz GJ. Clinical perspectives on ototoxic drugs. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990; 99: 39–41
Brummett RE, Fox KE. Aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 797–800
Brummett RE, Morrison RB. The incidence of aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 406–10
Lesar TS. Drug-induced ear and eye toxicity. In: Di Piro JT, Talbert RL, Hayes PE, et al., editors. Pharmacotherapy. 2nd ed., chap 82. Norwalk (CN): Appleton & Lange, 1993
De Jong TPVM, Donckerwolcke RAMG, Boemers TM. Neomycin toxicity in bladder irrigation. J Urol 1993; 150: 1199–202
Johnson CA. Hearing loss following the application of topical neomycin. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988; 9: 162–4
Thomas J, Marion MS, Hinojosa R. Neomycin ototoxicity. Am J Otolaryngol 1992; 13: 54–5
Govaerts PJ, Claes J, Van De Heyning PH, et al. Aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. Toxicol Lett 1990; 52: 227–51
Bergstrom L, Thompson PL. Ototoxicity. In: Northern JL, editor. Hearing disorders, 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1984: 241–54
Bendush CL. Ototoxicity: clinical toxicity and comparative information. In: Whelton A, Neu H, editors. The aminoglycosides: microbiology, clinical use and toxicology. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1982: 153–7
Griffin JP. Drug-induced ototoxicity. Br J Audiol 1988; 22: 195–210
Takada A, Bledsoe S, Schacht J. An energy-dependent step in aminoglycoside ototoxicity: prevention of gentamycin ototoxicity during reduced endolymphatic potential. Hear Res 1985; 19: 245–51
Dulon D, Zajic G, Aran JM, et al. Aminoglycoside antibiotics impair calcium entry but not viability and motility of cochlear outer hair cells. J Neurosci Res 1989; 24: 338–46
Huang MY, Schact J. Formation of a cytotoxic metabolite from gentamycin by livera. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40: R11–4
Crann SA, Huang MY, McLaren JD, et al. Formation of a toxic metabolite from gentamycin by a hepatic cytosolic fraction. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43: 1835–9
Schact J. Biochemical basis of aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 845–56
Garetz SL, Rhee DJ, Schact J. Sulfhydryl compounds and antioxidants inhibit cytotoxicity to outer hair cells of a gentamicin metabolite in vitro. Hear Res 1994; 77: 75–80
Garetz SL, Rhee DJ, Schact J. Attenuation of gentamicin by glutathione [abstract]. 15th Annual Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; 1993; 16: 141
Garetz SL, Altschuler RA, Schact J. Attenuation of gentamicin ototoxicity by glutathione in the guinea pig in vivo. Hear Res 1994; 77: 81–7
Higashi K. Unique inheritance of streptomicin-induced deafness. Clin Genet 1989; 35: 433–6
Hu DN, Qiu WQ, Wu BT, et al. Genetic aspects of antibioticinduced deafness: mitochondrial inheritance. J Med Genet 1991; 28: 79–83
Prezant TR, Agapian JV, Bohlman MC, et al. Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic-induced and non-syndromic deafness. Nature Genet 1993; 4: 289–94
Hutchin T, Haworth I, Higashi K, et al. A molecular basis for human hypersensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21: 4174–9
Cortopassi G, Hutchin T. A molecular and cellular hypothesis for aminoglycoside-induced deafness. Hear Res 1994; 78: 27–30
Black FO, Pesznecker SC. Vestibular ototoxicity: clinical considerations. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 713–36
Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS. Risk factors for the development of auditory toxicity in patients receiving aminoglycosides. J Infect Dis 1984; 149: 23–30
Haydon RC, Thelin JW, Davis WE. Erythromycin ototoxicity: analysis and conclusions based on 22 case reports. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984; 92: 678–84
Schweitzer VG, Olson NR. Ototoxic effect of erythromycin therapy. Arch Otolaryngol 1984; 110: 258–60
Dantzenberg B, Piperno D, Diot P, et al. Clarithromycin in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium lung infections in patients with AIDS: Clarithromycin Study Group of France. Chest 1995; 107: 1035–40
Cramer R. Erythromycin ototoxicity. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1986; 20: 764–5
Swanson DJ, Sung RJ, Fine MJ, et al. Erythromycin ototoxicity: prospective assessment with serum concentrations and audiograms in a study of patients with pneumonia. Am J Med 1992; 92: 61–8
Brummett RE. Ototoxic liability of erythromycin and analogues. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 811–9
Sacristán JA, Soto J. Erythromycin ototoxicity: methodology and conclusions [letter]. Am J Med 1993; 94: 227–8
Kanfer A, Stamatakis G, Torlotin C, et al. Changes in erythromycin pharmacokinetics induced by renal failure. Clin Nephrol 1987; 29: 147–50
Brittain DC. Erythromycin. Med Clin North Am 1987; 71: 1147–54
Swanson DJ, Derry CL Fine MJ, et al. Erythromycin pharmacokinetics associated with ototoxic effects in patients. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10: 232–6
Moral A, Navasa M, Rimola A, et al. Erythromycin ototoxicity in liver transplant patients. Transpl Int 1994; 7: 62–4
Brummett RE, Fox KE. Vancomycin- and erythromycininduced hearing loss in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 791–6
Brummett RE, Morrison R, Matthews J. Possible site of action of erythromycin ototoxicity in the human [abstract]. 11th Annual Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; 1989
Wallace MR, Miller LK, Nguyen M-T. Ototoxicity with azithromycin. Lancet 1994; 343: 241–3
Farber BF, Moellering RC. Retrospective study of the preparations of vancomycin from 1974–1981. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 23: 138–41
Bailie GR, Neal D. Vancomycin ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity: a review. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988; 3: 376–86
Hermans PE, Wilheim MR. Vancomycin. Mayo Clin Proc 1987; 62: 901–5
Brummett RE. Ototoxicity of vancomycin and analogues. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 821–8
Lutz H, Lenarz T, Weidauer H, et al. Ototoxicity of vancomycin: an experimental study in guinea pigs. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1991; 53: 273–8
Goodey RJ. Drugs in the treatment of tinnitus. In: Kitaha M, editor. Tinnitus: pathophysiology and management. Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin, 1988: 64–73
Shulman A. Medical methods, drug therapy, and tinnitus control strategies. In: Shulman A, Aran JM, Tondorf J, et al., editors. Tinnitus: diagnosis and treatment. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1991: 453–89
Drew TM, Altman R, Black K, et al. Minocycline for prophylaxis of infection in Neisseria meningitidis: high rate of side effects in recipients. J Infect Dis 1976; 133: 194–8
Gump GW, Ashikaga T, Fink T, et al. Side effects of minocycline: different dosage regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1977; 12: 642–6
Giles CL, Soble AR. Intracranial hypertension and tetracycline therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 72: 981–2
Ohlrich GD, Ohlrich JG. Papilloedema in an adolescent due to tetracycline. Med J Aust 1977; 1: 334–5
Walters BNJ, Gubbay SS. Tetracycline and benign intracranial hypertension: report of five cases. BMJ 1981; 282: 19–20
Davis DM. Drug-induced deafness. Adverse Drug React Bull 1978; 69: 244–77
Drucker T. Drugs that can cause tinnitus. ATA Newslett 1979; 4: 3–5
Brummett RE. Drug-induced ototoxicity. Drugs 1980; 19: 412–28
Miller JJ. Handbook of ototoxicity. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1980
Dukes MNG, Aronson JK, editors. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 11th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990 651–9
Miwa T, Tsukamura M, Kawase Y, et al. Adverse reactions of enviomycin during treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 1980; 55: 201–6
Gorman SE, Dela Cruz F, Paloucek F. Ketoconazole and zidovudine overdose: case report and review. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34: 332
Costa I, Castanet J, Lacour JP, et al. Vertigo and hypokalaemia: two rare adverse effects of itraconazole. Therapie 1994; 49: 149
Davanipour Z, Stewart CE, McGann DG. Hepatitis B vaccination and asymmetric tinnitus and hearing loss [abstract]. Clin Res 1994; 42: 341A
Stewart BJA, Umesh Prabhu P. Reports of sensorineural deafness after measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation. Arch Dis Child 1993; 69: 153–5
Hulbert TV, Larsen RA, Davis CL, et al. Bilateral hearing loss after measles and rubella vaccination in an adult [letter]. N EnglJ Med 1991; 325: 134
Kanda Y, Shigeno K, Kinoshita N, et al. Sudden hearing loss associated with interferon. Lancet 1994; 343: 1134–5
Walker EM, Fazekas-May MA, Bowen WR. Nephrotoxic and ototoxic agents. Clin Lab Med 1990; 10: 323–54
Day RO, Graham GG, Bieri D, et al. Concentration-response relationships for salicylate-induced ototoxicity in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 28: 695–702
Brien J. Ototoxicity associated with salicylates. Drug Saf 1993; 9: 143–8
Temple AR. Acute and chronic effects of aspirin toxicity and their treatment. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 364–9
Miller RR, Jick H. Acute toxicity of aspirin in hospitalized medical patients. Am J Med Sci 1977; 274: 271–9
Hawkins J, Johnson L, Preston R. Cochlear microvasculature in normal and damaged ear. Laryngoscope 1971; 82: 1091–4
Malotte M, Jung TTK, Miller SK, et al. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cochlear blood flow. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 103: 187–9
Jung T, Juhn S. Prostaglandins in the perilymph. 7th Midwinter Research Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; 1984: 107–8
Kawata R, Urade Y, Tachibana M, et al. Prostaglandin synthesis by the cochlea. Prostaglandins 1988; 35: 173–84
Cazals Y, Li X, Aurousseau C, et al. Acute effects of noradrenaline-related vasoactive agents on the ototoxicity of aspirin. Hear Res 1988; 36: 89–96
Jung T, Miller S, Mowery G, et al. Effect of leukotriene inhibitor (L-663536) on metabolites in salicylate ototoxicity. 14th Midwinter Research Meeting, Association for Research in Otolaryngology; 1991: 73–4
Jung T, Park Y, Miller S, et al. Effects of exogenous arachidonic acid metabolites applied on round window membrane on hearing, and their levels in the perilymph. Acta Otolaryngol 1992; Suppl. 493: 171–6
Ishii T, Bernstein JM, Balogh Jr K. Distribution of tritiumlabelled salicylate in the cochlea: an autoradiographical study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1967; 76: 368–76
Silverstein H, Bernstein JM, Davis DG. Salicylate toxicity: a biochemical and electrophysiological study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1967; 76: 118–28
Krzanowski Jr JJ, Matschinsky FM. A phosphocreatine gradient opposite to that of glycogen in the organ of Corti and the effect of salicylate on adenosine triphosphate and P-creatine in cochlear structures. J Histochem Cytochem 1971; 19: 321–4
McCabe PA, Dey DL. The effect of aspirin upon auditory sensitivity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1965; 74: 312–25
McFadden D. Tinnitus: facts, theories and treatments. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982
Lindgren F, Axellson A. Temporary threshold shift induced by noise exposure and moderate salicylate intake. Scand Audiol 1987; 16: 41–4
Günther T, Rebentisch E, Vormann J. Enhanced ototoxicity of salicylate by magnesium deficiency. Magnes Bull 1989; 11: 15–8
Günther T, Rebentisch E, Vormann J. Protection against salicylate ototoxicity by zinc. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1989; 3: 51–3
Fratianni T, Jung TTK, Miller SK, et al. Effect of adrenergic blockers on sodium salicylate-induced ototoxicity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 103: 233–6
Pinals RS, Frank S. Relative efficiency of indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1967; 276: 512–4
Lynch S, Brogden RN. Etodolac: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic activity and therapeutic use. Drugs 1986; 31: 288–300
Wasner C, Britton MC, Kraines G, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA 1981; 246: 2168–72
Chapman P. Naproxen and sudden hearing loss. J Laryngol Otol 1982; 96: 163–6
Morris DL, Fletcher A. Hyperacusis after treatment with mefenamic acid. BMJ 1986; 293: 823
Clissold SP, Beresfold R. Proquazone: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficiency in rheumatic diseases and pain states. Drugs 1987; 33: 478–502
Gallagher KL, Jones JR. Furosemide-induced ototoxicity. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 744–5
Rybak LP. Ototoxicity of loop diuretics. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 829–44
Hommerich CP. Ototoxicity of loop diuretics: morphological and electrophysiological examinations in animal experiments. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1990; 44: 92–164
Wells TG. The pharmacology and therapeutics of diuretics in the pediatric patient. Pediatr Clin North Am 1990; 37: 463–504
Wigand ME, Heidland A. Ototoxic side effects of high doses of furosemide in patients with uremia. Postgrad Med J 1971; 47 Suppl.: 54–6
Kshirsager N, Dohanukar SA, Shah BP. Furosemide pharmacokinetics and its relevance to ototoxicity. J Postgrad Med 1978; 24: 20–3
Ng PSY, Conley CE, Ing TS. Deafness after ethacrynic acid. Lancet 1969; i: 673–4
Melichar I, Syka J. The effects of ethacrynic acid upon the potassium concentration in guinea pig cochlear fluids. Hear Res 1978; 1: 35–41
Koch T, Gloddek B. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase-coupled G protein complex by ototoxic diuretics and cis-platinum in the inner ear of guinea pigs. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1991; 248: 459–64
Rybak LP, Whitwoch C, Scott V. Organic acids do not alter the cochlear effects of ethacrynic acid. Hear Res 1990; 46: 95–100
Tuzel IH. Comparison of adverse reactions to bumetanide and furosemide. J Clin Pharmacol 1981; 21: 615–9
Keefe PE. Ototoxicity from oral furosemide. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1978; 12: 428–30
Heidland A, Wigand ME. Hearing loss induced by the use of high doses of furosemide in the treatment of uremia [in German]. Klin Wochenschr 1970; 48: 1052–6
Rybak LP, Morizono T. Effect of furosemide upon endolymph potassium concentration. Hear Res 1982; 7: 223–31
Dunn CJ, Fitton A, Brogden RN. Torasemide: an update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1995; 49: 121–42
Toone EC. Ototoxicity of chloroquine. Arthritis Rheum 1965; 8: 475–6
Dwivedi GS, Mehra YN. Ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. J Laryngol Otol 1978; 92: 701–3
Miller JJ. CRC handbook of ototoxicity. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1985
Schonwald S, Shannon M. Unsuspected quinine intoxication presenting as acute deafness and mutism. Am J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 318–20
Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Chloroquine, quinine, procaine, quinidine, tricyclic anti-depressants, and methylxanthines as prostaglandin agonists and antagonists. Lancet 1976; ii: 1115–7
Smith DI, Lawrence M, Hawkins JE. Effects of noise and quinine on the vessels of the stria vascularis: an image analysis study. Am J Otolaryngol 1985; 6: 280–9
Short SO, Kaplan JN. Changes in cochlear blood flow and hearing with acute quinine toxicity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983; 91: 100–3
Moss RA. Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol 1980; 9: 439–46
Jung TT, Rhee CK, Lee CS, et al. Ototoxicity of salicylate, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and quinine. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 791–810
Puel J-L, Bobbin RP, Fallon M. Salicylate, mefenamate, meclofenamate, and quinine on cochlear potentials. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 102: 66–73
Dukes MNG, Aronson JK, editors. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 11th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990 581–602
Moroso MJ, Blair R. A review of cisplatin ototoxicity. J Otolaryngol 1983; 12: 365–9
Schweitzer VG. Ototoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 759–89
Pasic TR, Dobie RA. cis-Platinum ototoxicity in children. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 985–91
Vermorken J. Ototoxicity of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum: influence of dose schedule and mode of administration. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983; 19: 53–8
Schaeffer SD, Wright FG, Post JD. Cisplatin vestibular toxicity. Cancer 1981; 47: 857–9
McAlpine D. The ototoxic mechanism of cisplatin. Hear Res 1990; 47: 191–204
Myers S. The ‘platinum effect’ of cis-platinum-induced hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991; 104: 122–7
Blakley BW, Gupta AK, Myers SF, et al. Risk factors for ototoxicity due to cisplatin. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 541–6
Plinkert PK, Krober S. Early detection of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity using evoked otoacoustic emissions [in German]. Laryngorhinootologie 1991; 70: 457–62
Schweitzer VG, Dolan DF, Davidson T. Amelioration of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by fosfomycin. Laryngoscope 1986; 96: 948–58
Meyer WH, Ayers D, McHaney VA. Ifosfamide and exacerbation of cisplatin-induced hearing loss. Lancet 1993; 341: 754–5
Golden L, Ahlgren JD, Kattah J. Cochleovestibular toxicity related to dichloromethotrexate. Cancer Invest 1989; 7: 345–8
Lugassay G. Sensorineural hearing loss associated with vincristine. Blut 1990; 61: 320–1
Yousif H, Richardson SGN, Saunders WA. Partially reversible nerve deafness due to vincristine. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 688–9
Dukes MNG, Aronson JK, editors. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 11th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990 928–60
Rohn GN, Meyerhoff WL, Wright GG. Ototoxicity of topical agents. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993; 26: 747–58
Podoshin L, Fradis M, Ben-David J. Ototoxicity of ear drops in patients suffering from chronic otitis media. J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103: 46–50
Bicknell PG. Sensorineural deafness following myringoplasty operations. J Laryngol Otol 1971; 85: 957–61
Roland PS. Clinical ototoxicity of topical antibiotic drops. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 110: 598–602
Spandow O. Are glucocorticoids in ear drops ototoxic? Acta Otolaryngol 1992; Suppl. 493: 89–91
Ballantyne JC. Ototoxicity. J Laryngol Otol 1983; 8 Suppl.: 9–12
Gendeh BS, Said H, Gibb AG, et al. Gentamicin administration via peritoneal dialysis fluid: the risk of ototoxicity. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 999–1001
De Jong RH. Systemic toxicity of local anaesthetics. Anaesthesist 1980; 29: 49–51
Linder S, Borgeat A, Biollaz J. Meniere-like syndrome following epidural morphine analgesia. Anesthesiology 1989; 71: 782–3
Epstein M, Jardine RM, Obel IWP. Flecainide acetate in the treatment of resistant supraventricular arrhythmia. S Afr Med J 1988; 74: 559–62
Narváez M, Figueras A, Capellà D, et al. Tinnitus with calciumchannel blockers [letter]. Lancet 1994; 343: 1229–30
Armon C, Brown E, Carwile S, et al. Valproate-induced sensorineural hearing impairment. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 601–3
Armon C, Brown E, Carwile S, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss: a reversible effect of valproic acid. Neurology 1990; 40: 1896–8
Armon C, Paul RG, Miller P, et al. Valproate-induced hearing impairment: active ascertainment in an epilepsy clinic population, and results of therapeutic intervention. Epilepsia 1991; 32 Suppl. 3: 17–8
Swedish Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. Enalapril: hearing loss. Bulletin from SADRAC 1990; 1 (57)
Kimbel KH. Suspension of licence for intravenous omeprazole in Germany. Lancet 1994; 344: 756–9
Arinsoy T, Akpolat T, Ataman M, et al. Sudden hearing loss in a cyclosporin-treated renal transplantation patient. Nephron 1993; 63: 116–7
Ramsay BC. Complete deafness after abuse of co-proxamol. Lancet 1991; 338: 446–7
Feder R. Tinnitus associated with amitriptyline. J Clin Psychiatry 1990; 51: 85–6
Malone Jr DA. Tone discrimination secondary to amitriptyline. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991; 11: 221–2
Marais J. Cochleotoxicity due to mianserin hydrochloride. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 475–6
Mattes JA. MAOIs and Meniere’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 534–7
Cunningham M, Cunningham K, Lydiard RB. Eye tics and subjective hearing impairment during fluoxetine therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 947–8
Busto U, Fornazzari L, Naranjo CA. Protracted tinnitus after discontinuation of long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 8: 359–62
Reynold JEF, editor. Martindale: the extra pharmacopeia. 30th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1933 807
Dukes MNG, Aronson JK, editors. Meyler’s side effects of drugs. 11th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990 437–60
Gallant T, Boyden MH, Gallant M, et al. Serial studies of auditory neurotoxicity in patients receiving deferoxamine therapy. Am J Med 1987; 83: 1085–90
Cases A, Kelly J, Sabater F, et al. Ocular and auditory toxicity in hemodialyzed patients receiving desferrioxamine. Nephron 1990; 56: 19–23
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Seligmann, H., Podoshin, L., Ben-David, J. et al. Drug-Induced Tinnitus and Other Hearing Disorders. Drug-Safety 14, 198–212 (1996). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199614030-00006
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199614030-00006