Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13/2003

01.11.2003 | Review Article

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid, a Novel Oxazolidinone Antibacterial

verfasst von: Dr Dennis J. Stalker, Gail L. Jungbluth

Erschienen in: Clinical Pharmacokinetics | Ausgabe 13/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Linezolid is the first antibacterial to be approved from the oxazolidinone class. The drug has substantial antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive organisms such as streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci, including species resistant to conventional antibacterial treatment.
Linezolid is fully bioavailable following oral administration when compared with intravenous administration. Maximum plasma linezolid concentrations are usually achieved between 1 and 2 hours after oral administration. Food slightly decreases the rate, but not the extent, of absorption. The distribution of linezolid is approximately equivalent to total body water, and there is low protein binding (31%) to serum albumin.
The elimination half-life of linezolid is 5–7 hours, and twice-daily administration of 400–600mg provides steady-state concentrations in the therapeutic range. Linezolid is mainly cleared by non-renal clearance to two metabolites and renal clearance of the parent compound. Approximately 50% of an administered dose appears in the urine as the two major metabolites, and approximately 35% appears as parent drug. A small degree of nonlinearity has been observed, with a 30% decrease in clearance after a 5-fold increase in dose. The nonlinearity is not relevant over the therapeutic dosage range.
Plasma linezolid concentrations in elderly patients, patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment or mild to severe renal impairment are similar to those achieved in young or healthy volunteers. Higher concentrations are observed in women as compared with men, but the difference is not sufficient to warrant an adjustment in dosage. In patients with severe renal impairment requiring haemodialysis, the exposure to the two primary metabolites was 7 to 8-fold higher than in patients with normal renal function. Therefore, linezolid should be used with caution in patients with severe renal insufficiency. A higher clearance of linezolid was found in children as compared with adults, and therefore higher daily dosages per kg bodyweight are required in children.
There is no pharmacokinetic interaction when linezolid is coadministered with aztreonam, gentamicin or warfarin. Linezolid is a mild, reversible, inhibitor of monoamine oxidases A and B. Coadministration of linezolid with the adrenergic agents pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine resulted in increases in blood pressure relative to these agents alone or to placebo. The degree of the change in blood pressure was within that associated with normal daily activities. No interaction was observed when linezolid was coadministered with the serotonergic agent dextromethorphan.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Borek AP, Peterson LR, Noskin GA. Activity of linezolid against medically important gram-positive bacteria from 1997–2000 [abstract]. Proceedings of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2000 Sep 17–20; Toronto, Ontario, Canada Borek AP, Peterson LR, Noskin GA. Activity of linezolid against medically important gram-positive bacteria from 1997–2000 [abstract]. Proceedings of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 2000 Sep 17–20; Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones RN, Ballow CH, Biedenbach DJ. Multi-laboratory assessment of the linezolid spectrum of activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method: report of the Zyvox Antimicrobial Potency Study (ZAPS) in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 40(1–2): 59–66CrossRefPubMed Jones RN, Ballow CH, Biedenbach DJ. Multi-laboratory assessment of the linezolid spectrum of activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method: report of the Zyvox Antimicrobial Potency Study (ZAPS) in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 40(1–2): 59–66CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Noskin GA, Siddiqui F, Stosor V, et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against important gram-positive bacterial pathogens including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2059–62PubMedPubMedCentral Noskin GA, Siddiqui F, Stosor V, et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against important gram-positive bacterial pathogens including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2059–62PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat von Eiff C, Peters G. Comparative in-vitro activities of moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid against staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 569–73CrossRef von Eiff C, Peters G. Comparative in-vitro activities of moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and linezolid against staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 569–73CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 839–45PubMedPubMedCentral Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, et al. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 839–45PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, et al. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 3251–5PubMedPubMedCentral Swaney SM, Aoki H, Ganoza MC, et al. The oxazolidinone linezolid inhibits initiation of protein synthesis in bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 3251–5PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kloss P, Xiong L, Shinabarger DL, et al. Resistance mutations in 23 S rRNA identify the site of action of the protein synthesis inhibitor linezolid in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. J Mol Biol 1999; 294(1): 93–101CrossRefPubMed Kloss P, Xiong L, Shinabarger DL, et al. Resistance mutations in 23 S rRNA identify the site of action of the protein synthesis inhibitor linezolid in the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. J Mol Biol 1999; 294(1): 93–101CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(7): 2154–6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Prystowsky J, Siddiqui F, Chosay J, et al. Resistance to linezolid: characterization of mutations in rRNA and comparison of their occurrences in vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(7): 2154–6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Dresser LD, Rybak MJ. The pharmacologic and bacteriologic properties of oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antimicrobials. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 456–62PubMed Dresser LD, Rybak MJ. The pharmacologic and bacteriologic properties of oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antimicrobials. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 456–62PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cammarata SK, Schueman LK, Timm JA, et al. Oral linezolid in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a phase III trial [abstract 654]. Program and abstracts of the American Thoracic Society; 2000 May 5–10; Toronto, Ontario. Cammarata SK, Schueman LK, Timm JA, et al. Oral linezolid in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a phase III trial [abstract 654]. Program and abstracts of the American Thoracic Society; 2000 May 5–10; Toronto, Ontario.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat San Pedro GS, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, et al. Linezolid versus ceftrixone/cefpodoxime in patients hospitalised for the treatment of strepococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 720–8CrossRefPubMed San Pedro GS, Cammarata SK, Oliphant TH, et al. Linezolid versus ceftrixone/cefpodoxime in patients hospitalised for the treatment of strepococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 2002; 34: 720–8CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Duvall SE, Seas C, Bruss JB, et al. Comparison of linezolid to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated skin infections: results from a multinational phase III trial [abstract]. Program and abstracts of the 9th International Congress on Infectious Disease; 2000 Apr 10–13; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Duvall SE, Seas C, Bruss JB, et al. Comparison of linezolid to oral clarithromycin in the treatment of uncomplicated skin infections: results from a multinational phase III trial [abstract]. Program and abstracts of the 9th International Congress on Infectious Disease; 2000 Apr 10–13; Buenos Aires, Argentina.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of mehticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1401–9CrossRef Stevens DL, Herr D, Lampiris H, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of mehticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1401–9CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubinstein E, Cammarata SL, Oliphant TH, et al. Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 402–12CrossRefPubMed Rubinstein E, Cammarata SL, Oliphant TH, et al. Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group. Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 402–12CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens DL, Smith LG, Bruss JB, et al. Linezolid Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Study Group. Randomized comparison of linezolid (PNU-100766) versus oxacillin/dicloxacillin for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 3408–13CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stevens DL, Smith LG, Bruss JB, et al. Linezolid Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Study Group. Randomized comparison of linezolid (PNU-100766) versus oxacillin/dicloxacillin for treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 3408–13CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawsey SD, Daley-Yates PT, Wajszczuk CP, et al. U-100766 safety, toleration and pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration. Abstracts of European Congress of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; 1996 May 15–17; Glasgow. Pawsey SD, Daley-Yates PT, Wajszczuk CP, et al. U-100766 safety, toleration and pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration. Abstracts of European Congress of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy; 1996 May 15–17; Glasgow.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Stalker DJ, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemo 2003; 51(5): 1239–46CrossRef Stalker DJ, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemo 2003; 51(5): 1239–46CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Welshman IR, Sisson TA, Jungbluth GL, et al. Linezolid absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on oral bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22: 91–7CrossRefPubMed Welshman IR, Sisson TA, Jungbluth GL, et al. Linezolid absolute bioavailability and the effect of food on oral bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22: 91–7CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Welshman IR, Stalker DJ, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid: comparative bioavailability of single doses of 600mg tablet and oral suspension formulations. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1998 Welshman IR, Stalker DJ, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid: comparative bioavailability of single doses of 600mg tablet and oral suspension formulations. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1998
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid: single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics evaluation of dose proportionality. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1999 Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid: single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics evaluation of dose proportionality. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1999
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Cirincione B, Phillips L, Grasela T, et al. Influence of dose responses for linezolid efficacy using Monte Carlo simulations. Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists; 2000 Oct 29–Nov 2; Indianapolis (IN) Cirincione B, Phillips L, Grasela T, et al. Influence of dose responses for linezolid efficacy using Monte Carlo simulations. Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists; 2000 Oct 29–Nov 2; Indianapolis (IN)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid efficacy in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; In Press Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of linezolid efficacy in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; In Press
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Slatter JG, Stalker DJ, Feenstra KL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of linezolid following an oral dose of [14C]linezolid to healthy human subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29(8): 1136–45PubMed Slatter JG, Stalker DJ, Feenstra KL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of linezolid following an oral dose of [14C]linezolid to healthy human subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29(8): 1136–45PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lasher S, Jungbluth G, Hopkins N. A pharmacokinetic evaluation of concomitant administration of linezolid and aztreonam. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(12): 1277–82CrossRef Lasher S, Jungbluth G, Hopkins N. A pharmacokinetic evaluation of concomitant administration of linezolid and aztreonam. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(12): 1277–82CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Jungbuth GL, Lasher TA, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid and aztreonam: a pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous coadministration in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25(2): 487 Jungbuth GL, Lasher TA, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid and aztreonam: a pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous coadministration in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25(2): 487
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiba K, Uda F, Yamazaki S, et al. U-100766: In vitro protein binding of U-100766 in plasma of rats, dogs and humans. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1995 Chiba K, Uda F, Yamazaki S, et al. U-100766: In vitro protein binding of U-100766 in plasma of rats, dogs and humans. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1995
27.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gee T, Ellis R, Marshall G, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of linezolid following multiple oral doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1843–6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gee T, Ellis R, Marshall G, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of linezolid following multiple oral doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1843–6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rana B, Murnaghan C, Butcher I, et al. Penetration of linezolid into osteo-articular tissues. Southampton, UK: The British Orthopaedic Research Society, 2001 Sep 24–25 Rana B, Murnaghan C, Butcher I, et al. Penetration of linezolid into osteo-articular tissues. Southampton, UK: The British Orthopaedic Research Society, 2001 Sep 24–25
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopkins N, Welshman I, Jungbluth, et al. Linezolid bone levels after a single 600mg oral dose. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 2002 Hopkins N, Welshman I, Jungbluth, et al. Linezolid bone levels after a single 600mg oral dose. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 2002
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Wynalda MA, Hauer MJ, Wienkers LC. Oxidation of the novel oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1014–7PubMed Wynalda MA, Hauer MJ, Wienkers LC. Oxidation of the novel oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1014–7PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Wienkers LC, Wynalda MA, Feenstra KL, et al. In vitro metabolism of linezolid (PNU-100766): lack of induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and studies on the mechanism of formation of the major human metabolite, PNU-142586. Proceedings of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 Sep 26–29; San Francisco (CA) Wienkers LC, Wynalda MA, Feenstra KL, et al. In vitro metabolism of linezolid (PNU-100766): lack of induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and studies on the mechanism of formation of the major human metabolite, PNU-142586. Proceedings of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1999 Sep 26–29; San Francisco (CA)
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Azie N, Stalker D, Jungbluth G, et al. Effect of linezolid on CYP2C9 using racemic warfarin (W) as a probe [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69(2): 21 Azie N, Stalker D, Jungbluth G, et al. Effect of linezolid on CYP2C9 using racemic warfarin (W) as a probe [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 69(2): 21
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Lasher Sisson T, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK. Age and sex effects on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 57: 793–7CrossRefPubMed Lasher Sisson T, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK. Age and sex effects on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 57: 793–7CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendershot P, Jungbluth G, Cammarata S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with liver disease [abstract]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44 Suppl. A: 55 Hendershot P, Jungbluth G, Cammarata S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in patients with liver disease [abstract]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44 Suppl. A: 55
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brier ME, Stalker DJ, Aronoff GR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in subjects with renal dysfunction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(9): 2775–80CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Brier ME, Stalker DJ, Aronoff GR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of linezolid in subjects with renal dysfunction. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47(9): 2775–80CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Blumer JL, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid in infants and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19(12): 1178–84CrossRefPubMed Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Blumer JL, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics of linezolid in infants and children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19(12): 1178–84CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Jungbluth GL. Linezolid injection: single dose pharmacokinetic assessment in pediatric patients following an intravenous infusion. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 2002 Jungbluth GL. Linezolid injection: single dose pharmacokinetic assessment in pediatric patients following an intravenous infusion. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 2002
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in adolescents. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting. 2002 May 4–7; Baltimore (MD) Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in adolescents. Proceedings of the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting. 2002 May 4–7; Baltimore (MD)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Impact of gestational and postnatal age on linezolid disposition in neonates and young infants. Proceedings of the Pediatrie Academic Societies Annual Meeting. 2002 May 4–7; Baltimore (MD) Jungbluth GL, Welshman IR, Hopkins NK, et al. Impact of gestational and postnatal age on linezolid disposition in neonates and young infants. Proceedings of the Pediatrie Academic Societies Annual Meeting. 2002 May 4–7; Baltimore (MD)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Sweeney MT, Baldwin KF, Zurenko GE. In vitro activity of linezolid combined with other antibacterial agents. Proceedings of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999 Sep 26–29; San Francisco (CA) Sweeney MT, Baldwin KF, Zurenko GE. In vitro activity of linezolid combined with other antibacterial agents. Proceedings of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1999 Sep 26–29; San Francisco (CA)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin Jr JP, Herberg JT, Slatter JG, et al. Although a novel IV 364/18 microtitre plate assay demonstrates that linezolid (PNU-100766) is a weak competitive (reversible) inhibitor of human MAO-A, no clinical evidence of MAO-A inhibition in clinical trials has been observed. Proceedings of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego (CA) Martin Jr JP, Herberg JT, Slatter JG, et al. Although a novel IV 364/18 microtitre plate assay demonstrates that linezolid (PNU-100766) is a weak competitive (reversible) inhibitor of human MAO-A, no clinical evidence of MAO-A inhibition in clinical trials has been observed. Proceedings of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego (CA)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin JP, Dupuis MJ, Herberg JT. The development of microtiter plate-based assays for monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1998 Martin JP, Dupuis MJ, Herberg JT. The development of microtiter plate-based assays for monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B. Data on file, Kalamazoo, USA: Pharmacia Corporation, 1998
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Antal EJ, Hendershot PE, Batts DH, et al. Linezolid, a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic: assessment of monoamine oxidase inhibition using pressor response to oral tyramine. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(5): 552–62CrossRefPubMed Antal EJ, Hendershot PE, Batts DH, et al. Linezolid, a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic: assessment of monoamine oxidase inhibition using pressor response to oral tyramine. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(5): 552–62CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hendershot PE, Antal EJ, Welshman IR, et al. Linezolid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of coadministration with pseudoephedrine HCl, phenylpropanolamine HCl, and dextromethorphan HBr. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(5): 563–72CrossRefPubMed Hendershot PE, Antal EJ, Welshman IR, et al. Linezolid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of coadministration with pseudoephedrine HCl, phenylpropanolamine HCl, and dextromethorphan HBr. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(5): 563–72CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid, a Novel Oxazolidinone Antibacterial
verfasst von
Dr Dennis J. Stalker
Gail L. Jungbluth
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2003
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Clinical Pharmacokinetics / Ausgabe 13/2003
Print ISSN: 0312-5963
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1926
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200342130-00004

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 13/2003

Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13/2003 Zur Ausgabe