Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 4/2002

01.06.2002 | Review Article

The Acidic Milieu of the Horny Layer

New Findings on the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Skin pH

verfasst von: Dr Frank Rippke, Volker Schreiner, Hans-Joachim Schwanitz

Erschienen in: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | Ausgabe 4/2002

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The acidic pH of the horny layer, measurable on the skin surface, has long been regarded as a result of exocrine secretion of the skin glands. The ‘acid mantle’ was thought to regulate the bacterial skin flora and to be sensitive primarily to skin cleansing procedures.
In recent years, an increasing number of investigations have been published on the changes in, and constituents and functions of, the pH of the deeper layers of the stratum corneum, as well as on the influence of physiological and pathological factors. A central role for the acidic milieu as a regulating factor in stratum corneum homeostasis is now emerging. This has relevance to the integrity of the barrier function, from normal maturation of the stratum corneum lipids through to desquamation. Changes in the pH and the organic factors influencing it appear to play a role, not only in the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of irritant contact dermatitis, but also of atopic dermatitis and ichthyosis and in wound healing.
On the basis of these findings, a broader concept, exceeding the superficial ‘acid mantle’ theory, has been formulated.
Fußnoten
1
Use of tradenames is for product identification only and does not imply endorsement.
 
Literatur
1.
Schade H., Marchionini A. Der Säuremantel der Haut (nach Gaskettenmessung). Klin Wschr 1928; 7: 12–14CrossRef
2.
Dikstein S., Zlotogorski A. Skin surface hydrogen ion concentration (pH). In: Leveque J.-L., editor. Cutaneous investigation in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989: 59–77
3.
Braun-Falco O., Korting H.C. Der normale pH-Wert der Haut. Hautarzt 1986; 37: 126–129PubMed
4.
Marchionini A., Hausknecht W. Säuremantel der Haut und Bakterienabwehr. Klin Wschr 1938; 17: 663–666CrossRef
5.
Rieger M. The apparent pH of the skin. Cosmet Toiletries 1989; 104: 53–60
6.
Welzel J. pH and ions. In: Berardesca E., Elsner P., Wilhelm K.-P., et al., editors. Bioengineering of the skin: methods and instrumentation. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 1995: 91–93
7.
Mayer W., Neurand K., Bartels T.H. The “acid mantle” of the skin of domesticated animals [in German]. Dtsch Tierärztl Wschr 1991; 98: 167–170
8.
Dikstein S., Zlotogorski A. Measurement of skin pH. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994; Suppl. 185: 18–20
9.
Öhman H., Vahlquist A. In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994; 74: 375–379
10.
Schäfer H., Redelmeier T.E., editors. Skin barrier. Basel: Karger, 1996: 101–117
11.
Szakall A. über die Eigenschaften, Herkunft und physiologischen Funktionen der die H-Ionenkonzentration bestimmenden Wirkstoffe in der verhornten Epidermis. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1955; 201: 331–360PubMed
12.
Locher G. Permeabilitätsprüfung der Haut Ekzemkranker und Hautgesunder für den neuen Indikator Nitrazingelb ‘Geigy’, Modifizierung der Alkaliresistenzprobe, pH-Verlauf in der Tiefe des stratum corneum. Dermatologica 1961; 124: 159–182CrossRef
13.
Moon K.C., Wilhelm K.-P., Maibach H.I. Sequential tape stripping of human stratum corneum: influence on pH, water content, adherence; comparison of young and aged skin [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92: 484
14.
Wilhelm D., Elsner P., Maibach H.I. Standardized trauma (tape stripping) in human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1991; 71: 123–126
15.
Berardesca E., Pirot F., Singh M., et al. Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 855–857PubMedCrossRef
16.
Vahlquist A. Variations in skin pH during normal and pathological keratinisation. Retinoids 1999; 15: 50–53
17.
Krien P.M., Kermici M. Evidence for the existence of a self-regulated enzymatic process within the human stratum corneum: an unexpected role for urocanic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115: 414–420PubMedCrossRef
18.
Turner N.G., Cullander C., Guy R.H. Determination of the pH gradient across the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1998; 3: 110–113
19.
Öhman H., Vahlquist A. The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in Xlinked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis: a clue to the molecular origin of the ‘acid skin mantle’? J Invest Dermatol 1998; 111: 674–677PubMedCrossRef
20.
Raab W. Skin cleansing in health and disease. Wien Med Wschr 1990; 141 Suppl. 108: 4–10
21.
Thune P., Nilsen T., Hanstad I.K., et al. The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988; 68: 277–283
22.
Bock M., Schwanitz H.J. Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis in hairdressers through topical application of CO2-impregnated water: empirical and experimental studies [in German]. Dermatosen Occup Environ 1999; 47: 53–57
23.
Horii I., Nakayama Y., Obata M., et al. Stratum corneum hydration and amino acid content in xerotic skin. Br J Dermatol 1989; 121: 587–592PubMedCrossRef
24.
Warner R.R., Bush R.D., Ruebusch N.A. Corneocytes undergo systematic changes in element concentrations across the human inner stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 530–536PubMedCrossRef
25.
Fluhr J.W., Kao J., Jain M., et al. Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 44–51PubMedCrossRef
26.
Chapman S.J., Walsh A. Membrane-coating granules are acidic organelles which possess proton pumps. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93: 466–470PubMedCrossRef
27.
Behne M., Oda Y., Holleran W.M., et al. The sodium/hydrogen antiporters (NHE) in epidermal pH regulation [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112: 620
28.
Grayson S., Behne M.J., Man M.-Q., et al. Lamellar body and stratum corneum extracellular acidification: implications for the permeability barrier [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100: 528
29.
Behne M., Oda Y., Murata S., et al. Functional role of the sodium-hydrogen antiporter, NHE1, in the epidermis: pharmacologic and NHE1 null-allele mouse studies [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114: 797CrossRef
30.
Forestier J.P. Les enzymes de l’espace extra-cellulaire du stratum corneum. Int J Cosmet Sci 1992; 14: 47–63PubMedCrossRef
31.
Redoules D., Tarroux R., Perie J. Epidermal enzymes: their role in homeostasis and their relationship with dermatoses. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1998; 11: 183–192PubMedCrossRef
32.
Watkinson A. Stratum corneum gelatinase: a novel late differentiation, epidermal cystein protease [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 539
33.
Freinkel R.K., Traczyk T.N. Lipid composition and acid hydrolase content of lamellar granules of fetal rat epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85: 295–298PubMedCrossRef
34.
Mauro T., Holleran W.M., Grayson S., et al. Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing. Arch Dermatol Res 1998; 290: 215–222PubMedCrossRef
35.
Menon G.K., Ghadially R., Williams M.L., et al. Lamellar bodies as delivery systems of hydrolytic enzymes: implications for normal and abnormal desquamation. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126: 337–345PubMedCrossRef
36.
Sondell B., Thornell L.-E., Egelrud T. Evidence that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is transported to the stratum corneum extracellular space via lamellar bodies. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 819–823PubMedCrossRef
37.
Bouwstra J.A., Gooris G.S., Dubbelaar F.E.R., et al. pH, cholesterol sulfate, and fatty acids affect the stratum corneum lipid organization. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 3: 69–74
38.
Friberg S.E. Micelles, microemulsions, liquid crystals, and the structure of stratum corneum lipids. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1990; 41: 155–171
39.
Osborne D.W., Friberg S.E. Role of stratum corneum lipids as moisture retaining agent. J Dispers Sci Technol 1987; 8: 173–179CrossRef
40.
Mauro T., Holleran W.M., Man M.-Q., et al. Extracellular pH controls barrier repair [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104: 687
41.
Schreiner V., Maerker U., Hoppe U. Dependence of barrier repair in human skin on intra- and extracellular pH [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106: 917
42.
Weller R. Nitrite oxide: a newly discovered chemical transmitter in human skin. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 665–672PubMedCrossRef
43.
Elias P. Stratum corneum architecture, metabolic activity and interactivity with subjacent cell layers. Exp Dermatol 1996; 5: 191–201PubMedCrossRef
44.
Berardesca E., Distante F., Vignoli G.P., et al. Alpha hydroxyacids modulate stratum corneum barrier function. Br J Dermatol 1997; 137: 934–938PubMedCrossRef
45.
Rawlings A.V., Davies A., Carlomusto M., et al. Effect of lactic acid isomers on keratinocyte ceramide synthesis, stratum corneum lipid levels and stratum corneum barrier function. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288: 383–390PubMedCrossRef
46.
Pigatto P.D., Bigardi A.S., Cannistraci C., et al. 10% urea cream (Laceran) for atopic dermatitis: a clinical and laboratory evaluation. J Dermatol Treat 1996; 7: 171–175CrossRef
47.
Fartasch M., Teal J., Menon G.K. Mode of action of glycolic acid on human stratum corneum; ultrastructural and functional evaluation of epidermal barrier. Arch Dermatol Res 1997; 287: 404–409CrossRef
48.
Yosipovitch G., Maibach H.I. Skin surface pH: a protective acid mantle. Cosmet Toiletries 1996; 111: 101–102
49.
Behrendt H., Green M. Skin pH pattern in the newborn infant. Am J Dis Child 1958; 95: 35–41
50.
Visscher M.O., Chatterjee R., Munson K.A., et al. Changes in diapered and nondiapered infant skin over the first month of life. Ped Dermatol 2000; 17: 45–51CrossRef
51.
Yosipovitch G., Maayan-Metzger A., Merlob P., et al. Skin barrier properties in different body areas in neonates. Pediatrics 2000; 106: 105–108PubMedCrossRef
52.
Priestley G.C., McVittie E., Aldridge R.D. Changes in skin pH after use of baby wipes. Ped Dermatol 1996; 13: 14–17CrossRef
53.
Berg R.W., Milligan M.C., Sarbaugh F.C. Association of skin wetness and pH with diaper dermatitis. Ped Dermatol 1994; 11: 18–20CrossRef
54.
Huss-Marp J., Schäfer T., Möhrenschlager M., et al. Non-invasive studies of skin pH, hydration of the stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss, skin sebum content and skin roughness in a group of schoolchildren with healthy skin [in German]. Allergo J 1999; 8: 356–361
55.
Zlotogorski A. Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults. Arch Dermatol Res 1987; 279: 398–401PubMedCrossRef
56.
Weber G., Türk G., Molls W. Ist der Säuremantel der Hautoberfläche noch existent? Dtsch Derm 1985; 33: 1275–1281
57.
Seidenari S., Giusti G. Objective assessment of the skin of children affected by atopic dermatitis: a study of pH, capacitance and TEWL in eczematous and clinically uninvolved skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995; 75: 429–433
58.
Gfatter R., Hackl P., Braun F. Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 1997; 195: 258–262PubMedCrossRef
59.
Yosipovitch G., Tur E., Cohen O., et al. Skin surface pH in intertriginous areas in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 560–563PubMedCrossRef
60.
Yosipovitch G., Tur E., Morduchowitz G., et al. Skin surface pH, moisture, and pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8: 1129–1132PubMed
61.
Laufer A., Dikstein S. Objective measurement and self-assessment of skin-care treatments. Cosmet Toiletries 1996; 111: 91–98
62.
Wilhelm K.-P., Cua A.B., Maibach H.I. Skin aging: effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 1806–1809PubMedCrossRef
63.
Jacobson T.M., Ümit Yüksel K., Geesin J.C., et al. Effects of aging and xerosis on the amino acid composition of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95: 296–300PubMedCrossRef
64.
Tezuka T., Qing J., Saheki M., et al. Terminal differentiation of facial epidermis of the aged: immunhistochemical studies. Dermatology 1994; 188: 21–24PubMedCrossRef
65.
Imokawa G., Abe A., Jin K., et al. Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: an etiological factor in atopic dry skin? J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96: 523–526PubMedCrossRef
66.
Jin K., Higaki Y., Takagi Y., et al. Analysis of beta-glucocerebrosidase and ceramidase activities in atopic and aged dry skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994; 74: 337–340
67.
Schütze S., Jensen J.-M., Krönke M., et al. Reduced acidic and neutral sphingomyelinase activities in the skin of aged mice skin [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108: 619
68.
Förl M., Jensen J.-M., Schütze S., et al. Acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases generating ceramides for the skin barrier in outer and inner epidermal layers of aged mice [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 672
69.
Schwindt D.A., Wilhelm K.P., Miller D.L., et al. Cumulative irritation in older and younger skin: a comparison. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1998; 78: 279–281CrossRef
70.
Meigel W., Sepehrmanesh M. Untersuchung der pflegenden Wirkung und der Verträglichkeit einer Creme/Lotio bei älteren Patienten mit trockenem Hautzustand. Dtsch Derm 1994; 42: 1235–1241
71.
Korting H.C., Lucacs A., Braun-Falco O. Mikrobielle Flora und Geruch der menschlichen Haut. Hautarzt 1988; 39: 564–568PubMed
72.
Lukacs A., Korting H.C. Antitranspirants and deodorants: ingredients and evaluation [in German]. Dermatosen 1989; 37: 53–57
73.
Stenzaly-Achtert S., Schölermann A., Schreiber J., et al. Axillary pH and influence of deodorants. Skin Res Technol 2000; 6: 87–91PubMedCrossRef
74.
Elsner P., Maibach H.I. The effect of prolonged drying on transepidermal water loss, capacitance and pH of human vulvar and forearm skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990; 70: 105–109
75.
Elsner P., Maibach H.I. The vulva. In: Baran R., Maibach H.I., editors. Textbook of cosmetic dermatology. London: Martin Dunitz, 1998: 331–342
76.
Treffel P., Panisset F., Faivre B., et al. Hydration, transepidermal water loss, pH and skin surface parameters: correlations and variations between dominant and non-dominant forearms. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130: 325–328PubMedCrossRef
77.
Yosipovitch G., Xiong G.L., Haus E., et al. Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 20–23PubMedCrossRef
78.
Le Fur I., Reinberg A., Lopez S., et al. Analysis of circadian and ultradian rhythms of skin surface properties of face and forearm of healthy women. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 718–724PubMedCrossRef
79.
Surber C., Itin P., Rufli T.H. Skin surface pH after short exposure to model solutions. In: Marks R., Plewig G., editors. The environmental threat to the skin. London: Martin Dunitz, 1992: 277–281
80.
Mücke H., Mohr K.-T., Rümmler A., et al. Untersuchungen über den Haut-pH-Wert der Hand nach Anwendung von Seife, Reinigungs- und Händedesinfektionsmitteln. Pharmazie 1993; 48: 468–469PubMed
81.
Grunewald A.M., Gloor M., Kleesz P. Barrier re-compensation mechanisms. In: Elsner P., Lachapelle J.M., Wahlberg J.E., et al., editors. Prevention of contact dermatitis. Current problems in dermatology, Vol. 25. Basel: Karger, 1996: 206–213
82.
Wulfhorst B. Hardening-effect, I: review and state of the art [in German]. Allergologie 1996; 19: 500–508
83.
Schmid M.-H., Korting H.C. The concept of the acid mantle of the skin: its relevance for the choice of skin cleansers. Dermatology 1995; 191: 276–280PubMedCrossRef
84.
Aly R., Shirley C., Cunico B., et al. Effect of prolonged occlusion on the microbial flora, pH, carbon dioxide and transepidermal water loss on human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1978; 71: 378–381PubMedCrossRef
85.
Hartmann A.A. Effect of occlusion on resident flora, skin-moisture and skin-pH. Arch Dermatol Res 1983; 275: 251–254PubMed
86.
Ghane Y., Heese A., Martus P., et al. Veränderungen von Haut-pH und TEWL infolge Okklusion durch medizinische Einmalhandschuhe [abstract]. Hautarzt 1997; 48 Suppl. 1: S71
87.
Romanelli M., Magliaro A., Schipani E., et al. The effect of occlusion on surface pH in chronic ulcers [abstract]. Exp Dermatol 1997; 6: 263
88.
Epprecht R. Elektrometrische Messungen des pH der Hautoberfläche bei Hautgesunden und Ekzempatienten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Säureneutralisation. Dermatologica 1955; 111: 204–223PubMedCrossRef
89.
Schnyder U.W., Gloor M., Taugner M. über die sozialmedizinische Bedeutung von Alkaliresistenz, Alkalineutralisation und Hautoberflächenlipidmenge bei Neurodermitis atopica und Ichthyosis vulgaris. Berufs-Dermatosen 1977; 25: 101–140PubMed
90.
Sparavigna A., Setaro M., Gualandri V. Cutaneous pH in children affected by atopic dermatitis and in healthy children: a multicenter study. Skin Res Technol 1999; 5: 221–227CrossRef
91.
Eberlein-König B., Schäfer T., Huss-Marp J., et al. Skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin roughness related to atopic eczema and skin dryness in a population of primary school children. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 188–191PubMedCrossRef
92.
Blaich W., Niermann H. Pathophysiologische Untersuchungen bei Neurodermitis. Hautarzt 1957; 8: 243–247PubMed
93.
Schwarz E. Neurodermitis und Hornschicht. Z Hautkr 1977; 52 Suppl. 2: 59–64PubMed
94.
Gloor M. über die Hautoberflächenlipide. Hautarzt 1975; 26: 6–10PubMed
95.
Seguchi T., Chang-Yi C., Kusuda S., et al. Decreased expression of filaggrin in atopic skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288: 442–446PubMedCrossRef
96.
Fartasch M., Diepgen T.L. The barrier function in atopic dry skin: disturbance of membrane-coating granule exocytosis and formation of epidermal lipids? Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992; Suppl. 176: 26–31
97.
Sasai-Takedatsu M., Kojima T., Yamamoto A., et al. Reduction of staphylococcus aureus in atopic skin lesions with acid electrolytic water: a new therapeutic strategy for atopic dermatitis. Allergy 1997; 52: 1012–1016PubMedCrossRef
98.
Kubota K., Machida I., Tamura K., et al. Treatment of refractory cases of atopic dermatitis with acidic hot-spring bathing. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1997; 77: 452–454
99.
Korting H.C., Bau A., Baldauf P. pH-Abhängigkeit des Wachstumsverhaltens von Staphylococcus aureus und Propionibakterium acnes. ärztl Kosmetol 1987; 17: 41–53
100.
Inoue T., Inoue S., Kubota K. Bactericidal activity of manganese and iodide ions against staphylococcus aureus: a possible treatment for acute atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1999; 79: 360–362PubMedCrossRef
101.
McNally N.J., Williams H.C., Phillips D.R., et al. Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. Lancet 1998; 352: 527–531PubMedCrossRef
102.
Klaschka F. Nachbehandlung ekzematöser Erkrankungen. TW Dermatologie 1992; 22: 397–398
103.
Schöne D., Borelli S., Rippke F., et al. High-potency sunscreens for children: importance in atopic dermatitis [in German]. Z Hautkr 1994; 69: 308–313
104.
Bielfeldt S., Wehmeyer A., Rippke F., et al. Efficacy of a new hand care system (cleansing oil and cream) in a model of irritation and in atopic hand eczema [in German]. Dermatosen Occup Environ 1998; 46: 159–165
105.
Wilhelm K.-P., Maibach H.I. Susceptibility to irritant dermatitis induced by sodium lauryl sulphate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 122–124PubMedCrossRef
106.
Francomano M.A., Mantovani L., Pepe P., et al. Baseline biophysical parameters in subjects with sensitive skin [abstract]. Skin Res Technol 1996; 2: 225
107.
Traupe H. Dermatosen der Windelregion. Hautarzt 1992; 43: 523–533PubMed
108.
109.
Pena Penabad C., Perez Arellano J.L., Becker E., et al. Differential patterns of filaggrin expression in lamellar ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 958–964CrossRef
110.
Küster W., Bohnsack K., Rippke F., et al. Efficacy of urea therapy in children with ichthyosis: a multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, semilateral study. Dermatology 1998; 196: 217–222PubMedCrossRef
111.
Mende B., Böhm I., Bauer R. Therapy of ichthyosis lamellosa in childhood: clear success of therapy with lactic acid [in German]. Z Hautkr 1991; 66: 550–554
112.
Van Scott E.J., Yu R.J. Control of keratinization with a-hydroxy acids and related compounds: topical treatment of ichthyotic disorders. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110: 568–590
113.
Runeman B., Faergemann J., Larkö O. Experimental candida albicans lesions in healthy humans: dependence on skin pH. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 421–424PubMedCrossRef
114.
Weller R., Hobson R., Ormerod A., et al. Acidified nitrite cream is an effective treatment for tinea pedis [abstract]. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135 Suppl. 47: 21
Metadaten
Titel
The Acidic Milieu of the Horny Layer
New Findings on the Physiology and Pathophysiology of Skin pH
verfasst von
Dr Frank Rippke
Volker Schreiner
Hans-Joachim Schwanitz
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2002
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology / Ausgabe 4/2002
Print ISSN: 1175-0561
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1888
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203040-00004

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2002

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 4/2002 Zur Ausgabe

Original Research Article

Importance of Irritant Contact Dermatitis in Occupational Skin Disease

Therapy in Practice

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Leading Article

Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Cutaneous Drug Reactions

Review Article

Helicobacter pylori Infection in Skin Diseases

Therapy in Practice

Photosensitivity Disorders

Pharmacovigilance

Cutaneous Drug Reaction Case Reports

Leitlinien kompakt für die Dermatologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Dermatologie

16.04.2024 | Infektiologie | Nachrichten

Kein Abstrich bei chronischen Wunden ohne Entzündungszeichen!

12.04.2024 | Vitiligo | Nachrichten

Vitiligo: Prävalenz steigt und viele Erkrankte werden spät behandelt

12.04.2024 | Atopische Dermatitis | Nachrichten

Dupilumab ist mit kutanen T-Zell-Lymphomen assoziiert

09.04.2024 | DGP 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

Chemotherapie mit Hindernissen
weitere anzeigen

Update Dermatologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise