Abstract
Aquilaria subintegra, locally known as “Gaharu”, belongs to the Thymelaeceae family. This plant’s leaves have been claimed to be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by Malay traditional practitioner in Malaysia. In this research, the chloroform extracts of the leaves and stem of A. subintegra were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) results indicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids compounds in the extracts. Analysis of the stem chloroform extracts with LCMS/MS displayed that it contains kaempferol 3,4,7-trimethyl ether. The AChE inhibitory activity of leaves and stem chloroform extracts and kaempferol were 80%, 93% and 85.8%, respectively. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) exhibited low to moderate toxicity of the chloroform extract from leaves (LC50=531.18 ± 49.53 μg/ml), the stem chloroform extract (LC50=407.34 ± 68.05 μg/ml) and kaempferol (LC50=762.41 ± 45.09 μg/ml). The extracts and kaempferol were not cytotoxic to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) and human normal hepatic cell line (WRL-68). The effect of leaf and stem chloroform extracts and kaempferol were determined in the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) after administration by oral gavage to ICR male and female mice with valium-impaired memory. Administration of kaempferol to the mice significantly reduced the number of repeated entries into the arms of maze in males and females. In conclusion, the inhibition of AChE by leaf and stem chloroform extracts of A. subintegra could be due to the presence of kaempferol. This extract is safe for use as a natural AChE inhibitor as an alternative to berberine for the treatment of AD.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer's disease, Aquilaria subintegra, kaempferol.
Current Alzheimer Research
Title:Isolation and Characterisation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Aquilaria subintegra for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Volume: 11 Issue: 2
Author(s): Hirbod Bahrani, Jamaludin Mohamad, Mohammadjavad Paydar and Hussin A. Rothan
Affiliation:
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer's disease, Aquilaria subintegra, kaempferol.
Abstract: Aquilaria subintegra, locally known as “Gaharu”, belongs to the Thymelaeceae family. This plant’s leaves have been claimed to be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by Malay traditional practitioner in Malaysia. In this research, the chloroform extracts of the leaves and stem of A. subintegra were tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) results indicated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids compounds in the extracts. Analysis of the stem chloroform extracts with LCMS/MS displayed that it contains kaempferol 3,4,7-trimethyl ether. The AChE inhibitory activity of leaves and stem chloroform extracts and kaempferol were 80%, 93% and 85.8%, respectively. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA) exhibited low to moderate toxicity of the chloroform extract from leaves (LC50=531.18 ± 49.53 μg/ml), the stem chloroform extract (LC50=407.34 ± 68.05 μg/ml) and kaempferol (LC50=762.41 ± 45.09 μg/ml). The extracts and kaempferol were not cytotoxic to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) and human normal hepatic cell line (WRL-68). The effect of leaf and stem chloroform extracts and kaempferol were determined in the Radial Arm Maze (RAM) after administration by oral gavage to ICR male and female mice with valium-impaired memory. Administration of kaempferol to the mice significantly reduced the number of repeated entries into the arms of maze in males and females. In conclusion, the inhibition of AChE by leaf and stem chloroform extracts of A. subintegra could be due to the presence of kaempferol. This extract is safe for use as a natural AChE inhibitor as an alternative to berberine for the treatment of AD.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Bahrani Hirbod, Mohamad Jamaludin, Paydar Mohammadjavad and Rothan A. Hussin, Isolation and Characterisation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Aquilaria subintegra for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Current Alzheimer Research 2014; 11 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205011666140130151344
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205011666140130151344 |
Print ISSN 1567-2050 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5828 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
New Advances in the Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Rehabilitation of Alzheimer's Disease
Aims and Scope: Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing prevalence that demands concerted efforts to advance our understanding and strategies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. This thematic issue aims to bring together cutting-edge research and innovative approaches from multidisciplinary perspectives to address ...read more
Current updates on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Neuroinflammation is an invariable hallmark of chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders and has long been considered a potential drug target for Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and dementia. Significant evidence of inflammatory processes as a feature of AD is provided by the presence of inflammatory markers in plasma, CSF and postmortem brain ...read more
Deep Learning for Advancing Alzheimer's Disease Research
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a significant global health challenge, with an increasing number of individuals affected yearly. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has shown immense potential in various domains, including healthcare. This thematic issue of Current Alzheimer Research explores the application of deep learning techniques in advancing our ...read more
Diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of dementia
Dementia affects 18 million people worldwide. Dementia is a syndrome of symptoms caused by brain disease, usually chronic or progressive, clinically characterized by multiple impairments of higher cortical functions such as memory, thinking, orientation, and learning. In addition, in the course of dementia, cognitive deficits are observed, which often hinder ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Potential Therapeutic Effects of Oleuropein Aglycone in Alzheimer's Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Meet Our Editorial Board Member
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Editorial [Hot Topic: Applications of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in Pharmacology and Therapy: An Update (Executive Editor: Agostino Molteni)]
Current Pharmaceutical Design (Pro)renin Receptor as a New Drug Target
Current Pharmaceutical Design Vitamin D: A Regulator of Metabolism and Inflammation
Current Nutrition & Food Science Inflammation as Therapeutic Objective in Stroke
Current Pharmaceutical Design Complex Interactions between Phytochemicals. The Multi-Target Therapeutic Concept of Phytotherapy
Current Drug Targets Optimized Turmeric Extract Reduces β-Amyloid and Phosphorylated Tau Protein Burden in Alzheimer’s Transgenic Mice
Current Alzheimer Research Ion Channels and Epilepsy
Current Pharmaceutical Design Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt): A Link Between NAD Biology, Metabolism, and Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Improvement in Hypertension Management with Pharmacological and Non- Pharmacological Approaches: Current Perspectives
Current Pharmaceutical Design Adverse Effects of Statins - Myths and Reality
Current Pharmaceutical Design Multi-Nutrient Dietary Intervention Approach to the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease – A Mini-Review
Current Alzheimer Research Nanomedicines for Brain Targeting: A Patent Review
Recent Patents on Nanomedicine Computational Models of Neuronal Biophysics and the Characterization of Potential Neuropharmacological Targets
Current Medicinal Chemistry Routine Collection of Patient-Reported Outcomes in an HIV Clinic Setting:The First 100 Patients
Current HIV Research Regression to the Mean: Implications for Clinical Trials of Psychotropic Agents in Dementia
Current Alzheimer Research Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome: Is There a Link?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Genomic and Molecular Characterization of Alzheimer Disease
Current Psychiatry Reviews Current Evidence and Future Perspectives on Anti-platelet and Statin Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease
Current Vascular Pharmacology