The committee of Brain Tumor Registry of Japan (BTRJ) was founded in 1973 and conducts surveys and analyses of incidence, therapeutic methods, and treatment outcomes of primary and metastatic brain tumors with the cooperation of the Japan Neurosurgical Society members. Newly diagnosed 3,000–4,000 primary brain tumors and 600–1,000 brain metastases patients were enrolled in each year. This report describes the trends and treatment outcomes of gliomas from BTRJ volume 13, including 13,431 patients with primary brain tumors who newly started treatment from 2001 to 2004. Data from 382 diffuse astrocytomas (DAs), 121 oligodendrogliomas (OLs), 90 oligoastrocytomas (OAs), 513 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs), 126 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOs), 106 anaplastic oligoastrocytomas (AOAs), and 1,489 glioblastomas (GBMs) were analyzed for overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) depending on age, symptoms, Karnofsky performance status, location of the tumor, extent of resection (EOR), initial radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The 5-year PFS rates of the patients with DA, OL + OA, AA, AO + AOA, and GBM were 57.0%, 74.6%, 28.7%, 54.0%, and 9.2%, and the 5-year OS rates were 75.0%, 90.0%, 41.1%, 68.2%, and 10.1%, respectively. Higher EOR ≥ 75% in DA and OL + OA and that ≥ 50% in AA, AO + AOA, and GBM significantly prolonged OS. Complications and cause of death were also reported. BTRJ had been edited for all the patients, researchers, and especially for clinicians at bedside to give useful information about brain tumors and to contribute to the advances in brain tumor treatment. This report revealed various clinical problematic issues pertaining to the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas.