Abstract
Hanahan and Weinberg described six distinct biological properties of cancer cells that enable tumor growth and metastasis. These properties were referred to as the traditional hallmarks of cancer. Recent discoveries further elucidated hallmarks including evasion of immune destruction by tumor cells that disrupt anticancer response pathways. This review discusses cancer immunology and new treatment strategies aimed at restoration of antitumor immune responses.
Footnotes
This article is freely accessible online.
COI/Funding: LGL is a co-founder of Transtarget, Inc. Otherwise, the authors have nothing to disclose.
- Received July 18, 2016.
- Revision received August 31, 2016.
- Accepted September 2, 2016.
- Copyright© 2016 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved