1887
Euroroundup Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

In 2012, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) launched the ‘European survey of carbapenemase-producing (EuSCAPE)’ project to gain insights into the occurrence and epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing (CPE), to increase the awareness of the spread of CPE, and to build and enhance the laboratory capacity for diagnosis and surveillance of CPE in Europe. Data collected through a post-EuSCAPE feedback questionnaire in May 2015 documented improvement compared with 2013 in capacity and ability to detect CPE and identify the different carbapenemases genes in the 38 participating countries, thus contributing to their awareness of and knowledge about the spread of CPE. Over the last two years, the epidemiological situation of CPE worsened, in particular with the rapid spread of carbapenem-hydrolysing oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)- and New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)-producing . In 2015, 13/38 countries reported inter-regional spread of or an endemic situation for CPE, compared with 6/38 in 2013. Only three countries replied that they had not identified one single case of CPE. The ongoing spread of CPE represents an increasing threat to patient safety in European hospitals, and a majority of countries reacted by establishing national CPE surveillances systems and issuing guidance on control measures for health professionals. However, 14 countries still lacked specific national guidelines for prevention and control of CPE in mid-2015.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.45.30062
2015-11-12
2024-03-28
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.45.30062
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/20/45/eurosurv-20-30062-4.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.45.30062&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Glasner C, Albiger B, Buist G, Tambić Andrasević A, Canton R, Carmeli Y, et al. European Survey on Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE) Working Group. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: a survey among national experts from 39 countries, February 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(28):20525.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.28.20525  PMID: 23870096 
  2. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in Europe: interim results from the European Survey on carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE) project 2013. Stockholm: ECDC. 2014. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-carbapenemase-producing-bacteria-europe.pdf
  3. Grundmann H, Livermore DM, Giske CG, Canton R, Rossolini GM, Campos J, et al. CNSE Working Group. Carbapenem-non-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: conclusions from a meeting of national experts. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(46). PMID: 21144429 
  4. Jakobsen L, Hansen F, Stegger M, Andersen PS, Hammerum AM, Fuglsang-Damgaard D. Use of whole-genome sequencing for detection of the spread of VIM-4-producing Escherichia coli between two patients in Denmark. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(3):327-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.003  PMID: 25595952 
  5. Jakobsen L, Hammerum AM, Hansen F, Fuglsang-Damgaard D. An ST405 NDM-4-producing Escherichia coli isolated from a Danish patient previously hospitalized in Vietnam. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(2):559-60.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt356  PMID: 24013194 
  6. Hammerum AMHF, Olesen B, Struve C, Holzknecht BJ, Andersen PS, Thye A-M, et al. Investigation of a possible outbreak of NDM-5-producing ST16 Klebsiella pneumoniae among patients in Denmark with no history of recent travel using whole-genome sequencing. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2015;3(3):219-21.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2015.05.003 
  7. Österblad M, Kirveskari J, Hakanen AJ, Tissari P, Vaara M, Jalava J. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Finland: the first years (2008-11). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(12):2860-4.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks299  PMID: 22855858 
  8. Kanerva M, Skogberg K, Ryynänen K, Pahkamäki A, Jalava J, Ollgren J, et al. Coincidental detection of the first outbreak of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae colonisation in a primary care hospital, Finland, 2013. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(26):21172.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.26.21172  PMID: 26159309 
  9. Löfmark S, Sjöström K, Mäkitalo B, Edquist P, Tegmark Wisell K, Giske CG. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Sweden 2007-2013: Experiences from seven years of systematic surveillance and mandatory reporting. Drug Resist Updat. 2015;20:29-38.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2015.05.001  PMID: 26004211 
  10. Dautzenberg MJ, Ossewaarde JM, de Kraker ME, van der Zee A, van Burgh S, de Greeff SC, et al. Successful control of a hospital-wide outbreak of OXA-48 producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Netherlands, 2009 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(9):20723.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.9.20723  PMID: 24626209 
  11. Bathoorn E, Friedrich AW, Zhou K, Arends JP, Borst DM, Grundmann H, et al. Latent introduction to the Netherlands of multiple antibiotic resistance including NDM-1 after hospitalisation in Egypt, August 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(42):20610.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.42.20610  PMID: 24176580 
  12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2014. Annual Report of the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Stockholm: ECDC. 2015; (Forthcoming).
  13. Pavelkovich A, Balode A, Edquist P, Egorova S, Ivanova M, Kaftyreva L, et al. Detection of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in the baltic countries and st. Petersburg area. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:548960.
  14. Prior AR, Roche C, Lynch M, Kelly S, O’Rourke K, Crowley B. First identified case of VIM-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Republic of Ireland associated with fatal outcome. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(50). PMID: 21172170 
  15. Roche C, Cotter M, O Connell N, Crowley B. First identification of class A carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Republic of Ireland. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(13). PMID: 19341609 
  16. McDermott H, Morris D, McArdle E, O’Mahony G, Kelly S, Cormican M, et al. Isolation of NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pnemoniae in Ireland, July 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(7). PMID: 22370013 
  17. Morris D, Boyle F, Morris C, Condon I, Delannoy-Vieillard AS, Power L, et al. Inter-hospital outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-2 carbapenemase in Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(10):2367-72.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks239  PMID: 22744760 
  18. Wrenn C, O’Brien D, Keating D, Roche C, Rose L, Ronayne A, et al. Investigation of the first outbreak of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ireland. J Hosp Infect. 2014;87(1):41-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.03.001  PMID: 24746608 
  19. Yong D, Toleman MA, Giske CG, Cho HS, Sundman K, Lee K, et al. Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(12):5046-54.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00774-09  PMID: 19770275 
  20. Kumarasamy KK, Toleman MA, Walsh TR, Bagaria J, Butt F, Balakrishnan R, et al. Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(9):597-602.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2  PMID: 20705517 
  21. Zarfel G, Hoenigl M, Würstl B, Leitner E, Salzer HJ, Valentin T, et al. Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Austria, 2001-2010. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(11):E5-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03659.x  PMID: 21939472 
  22. Grisold AJ, Hoenigl M, Ovcina I, Valentin T, Fruhwald S. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by OXA-48-producing Escherichia coli complicated by ciprofloxacin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Journal of infection and chemotherapy: official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2013;19(6):1214-7.
  23. Leitner E, Zarfel G, Luxner J, Herzog K, Pekard-Amenitsch S, Hoenigl M, et al. Contaminated handwashing sinks as the source of a clonal outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella oxytoca on a hematology ward. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):714-6.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04306-14  PMID: 25348541 
  24. Heller I, Grif K, Orth D. Emergence of VIM-1-carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter cloacae in Tyrol, Austria. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61(Pt 4):567-71.  https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.038646-0  PMID: 22194339 
  25. Hrabák J, Papagiannitsis CC, Študentová V, Jakubu V, Fridrichová M, Zemlickova H, et al. Czech Participants of European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Czech Republic in 2011. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(45):20626.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.45.20626  PMID: 24229789 
  26. Studentova V, Dobiasova H, Hedlova D, Dolejska M, Papagiannitsis CC, Hrabak J. Complete nucleotide sequences of two NDM-1-encoding plasmids from the same sequence type 11 Klebsiella pneumoniae strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(2):1325-8.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.04095-14  PMID: 25421477 
  27. Hrabák J, Študentová V, Jakubů V, Adámková V, Dvořáková L, Balejova M, et al. Prevalence study on carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Czech hospitals--results from Czech Part of European Survey on Carbapenemase--Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE). Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2015;64(2):87-91. PMID: 26099612 
  28. Ducomble T, Faucheux S, Helbig U, Kaisers UX, König B, Knaust A, et al. Large hospital outbreak of KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: investigating mortality and the impact of screening for KPC-2 with polymerase chain reaction. J Hosp Infect. 2015;89(3):179-85.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.012  PMID: 25623204 
  29. Bogaerts P, de Castro RR, Deplano A, Bouchahrouf W, Tsobo C, Denis O, et al. Detection of a VIM-27-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate in a patient following surgical tourism in Greece. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(9):4488-9.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00688-11  PMID: 21746946 
  30. Pirš M, Andlovic A, Cerar T, Žohar-Čretnik T, Kobola L, Kolman J, et al. A case of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a patient transferred to Slovenia from Libya, November 2011. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(50):20042. PMID: 22221496 
  31. Tóth A, Damjanova I, Puskás E, Jánvári L, Farkas M, Dobák A, et al. Emergence of a colistin-resistant KPC-2-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 clone in Hungary. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(7):765-9. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-010-0921-3  PMID: 20401676 
  32. Jánvári L, Damjanova I, Lázár A, Rácz K, Kocsis B, Urbán E, et al. Emergence of OXA-162-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Hungary. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(4):320-4.  https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2013.879993  PMID: 24552581 
  33. Baraniak A, Grabowska A, Izdebski R, Fiett J, Herda M, Bojarska K, et al. KPC-PL Study Group. Molecular characteristics of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the early stage of their dissemination in Poland, 2008-2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(12):5493-9.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05118-11  PMID: 21930889 
  34. Munoz-Price LS, Poirel L, Bonomo RA, Schwaber MJ, Daikos GL, Cormican M, et al. Clinical epidemiology of the global expansion of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(9):785-96.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70190-7  PMID: 23969216 
  35. Baraniak A, Izdebski R, Fiett J, Gawryszewska I, Bojarska K, Herda M, et al. NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Poland, 2012-14: inter-regional outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 and sporadic cases. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;dkv282. [Epub ahead of print].
  36. Fiett J, Baraniak A, Izdebski R, Sitkiewicz I, Żabicka D, Meler A, et al. The first NDM metallo-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolate in Poland: evolution of IncFII-type plasmids carrying the bla(NDM-1) gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):1203-7.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01197-13  PMID: 24247128 
  37. Székely E, Damjanova I, Jánvári L, Vas KE, Molnár S, Bilca DV, et al. First description of bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA-48), bla(OXA-181) producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in Romania. Int J Med Microbiol. 2013;303(8):697-700.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.10.001  PMID: 24183483 
  38. Dortet L, Flonta M, Boudehen YM, Creton E, Bernabeu S, Vogel A, et al. Dissemination of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Romania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(11):7100-3.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01512-15  PMID: 26303798 
  39. Gheorghe I, Czobor I, Chifiriuc MC, Borcan E, Ghiţă C, Banu O, et al. Molecular screening of carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative strains in Romanian intensive care units during a one year survey. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(Pt 10):1303-10.  https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.074039-0  PMID: 25060972 
  40. Schréterová E, Takáčová V, Nikš M, Pastvová L, Tomčo L, Siegfried L. [Methods of phenotypic determination of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM-1) in Klebsiella penumoniae isolated in Slovakia]. Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek. 2014;20(3):79-84. PMID: 25702288 
  41. Kostyanev T, Tafaj S, Skenduli I, Bardhi D, Kapisyzi P, Bino S, et al. First detection of KPC-3-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Albania. New Microbes New Infect. 2015;4:11-2.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.01.001  PMID: 25830029 
  42. Mazzariol A, Bošnjak Z, Ballarini P, Budimir A, Bedenić B, Kalenić S, et al. NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Croatia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(3):532-4.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1803.1103890  PMID: 22377049 
  43. Meletis G, Oustas E, Bagkeri M. Carbapenemase reports from the Balkans: a systematic review. Infez Med. 2014;22(2):85-106. PMID: 24955795 
  44. Markovska R, Schneider I, Stoeva T, Bojkova K, Boyanova L, Bauernfeind A, et al. First identification of KPC-2 and VIM-1 producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bulgaria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;77(3):252-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.07.019  PMID: 24041551 
  45. Poirel L, Savov E, Nazli A, Trifonova A, Todorova I, Gergova I, et al. Outbreak caused by NDM-1- and RmtB-producing Escherichia coli in Bulgaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(4):2472-4.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02571-13  PMID: 24514099 
  46. Bedenić B, Mazzariol A, Plečko V, Bošnjak Z, Barl P, Vraneš J, et al. First report of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Croatia. J Chemother. 2012;24(4):237-9.  https://doi.org/10.1179/1973947812Y.0000000017  PMID: 23040691 
  47. Zujić Atalić V, Bedenić B, Kocsis E, Mazzariol A, Sardelić S, Barišić M, et al. Diversity of carbapenemases in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Croatia--the results of a multicentre study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(11):O894-903.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12635  PMID: 24674100 
  48. Bogaerts P, Bouchahrouf W, de Castro RR, Deplano A, Berhin C, Piérard D, et al. Emergence of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Belgium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(6):3036-8.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00049-11  PMID: 21444697 
  49. Zarfel G, Hoenigl M, Leitner E, Salzer HJ, Feierl G, Masoud L, et al. Emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, Austria. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(1):129-30.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1701.101331  PMID: 21192874 
  50. Seiffert SN, Marschall J, Perreten V, Carattoli A, Furrer H, Endimiani A. Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae co-producing NDM-1, OXA-48, CTX-M-15, CMY-16, QnrA and ArmA in Switzerland. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(3):260-2.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.008  PMID: 25123809 
  51. Oteo J, Miró E, Pérez-Vázquez M, Navarro F. Evolution of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the global and national level: what should be expected in the future? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014;32(Suppl 4):17-23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-005X(14)70170-3  PMID: 25542048 
  52. Oteo J, Ortega A, Bartolomé R, Bou G, Conejo C, Fernández-Martínez M, et al. GEIH-GEMARA (SEIMC) and REIPI. Prospective multicenter study of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from 83 hospitals in Spain reveals high in vitro susceptibility to colistin and meropenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3406-12.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00086-15  PMID: 25824224 
  53. Oteo J, Saez D, Bautista V, Fernández-Romero S, Hernández-Molina JM, Pérez-Vázquez M, et al. Spanish Collaborating Group for the Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Program. Carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae in Spain in 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(12):6344-7.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01513-13  PMID: 24041898 
  54. Seara N, Oteo J, Carrillo R, Pérez-Blanco V, Mingorance J, Gómez-Gil R, et al. Interhospital spread of NDM-7-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae belonging to ST437 in Spain. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46(2):169-73.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.04.001  PMID: 25982912 
  55. Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Almeida J, Barbosa S, Simões C, Bonomo RA, et al. Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance Program in Portugal (ARSIP). Predominance of KPC-3 in a survey for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Portugal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3588-92.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05065-14  PMID: 25779587 
  56. Manageiro V, Ferreira E, Pinto M, Caniça M. First description of OXA-48 carbapenemase harbored by Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae from a single patient in Portugal. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(12):7613-4.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02961-14  PMID: 25246399 
  57. Magiorakos AP, Suetens C, Monnet DL, Gagliotti C, Heuer OEEARS-Net Coordination Group and EARS-Net participants. The rise of carbapenem resistance in Europe: just the tip of the iceberg? Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2(1):6.  https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-2-6  PMID: 23410479 
  58. Voulgari E, Zarkotou O, Ranellou K, Karageorgopoulos DE, Vrioni G, Mamali V, et al. Outbreak of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece involving an ST11 clone. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(1):84-8.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks356  PMID: 22945916 
  59. Giakkoupi P, Tryfinopoulou K, Kontopidou F, Tsonou P, Golegou T, Souki H, et al. Emergence of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;77(4):382-4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.001  PMID: 24135413 
  60. Schwaber MJ, Carmeli Y. An ongoing national intervention to contain the spread of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(5):697-703.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit795  PMID: 24304707 
  61. Gefen-Halevi S, Hindiyeh MY, Ben-David D, Smollan G, Gal-Mor O, Azar R, et al. Isolation of genetically unrelated bla(NDM-1)-positive Providencia rettgeri strains in Israel. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(5):1642-3.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00381-13  PMID: 23486709 
  62. Adler A, Shklyar M, Schwaber MJ, Navon-Venezia S, Dhaher Y, Edgar R, et al. Introduction of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae to Israeli hospitals by medical tourism. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(12):2763-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr382  PMID: 22191089 
  63. Adler A, Solter E, Masarwa S, Miller-Roll T, Abu-Libdeh B, Khammash H, et al. Epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of an outbreak caused by OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit in Jerusalem, Israel. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(9):2926-30.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01049-13  PMID: 23804390 
  64. Giani T, Pini B, Arena F, Conte V, Bracco S, Migliavacca R, et al. AMCLI-CRE Survey Participants. Epidemic diffusion of KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: results of the first countrywide survey, 15 May to 30 June 2011. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(22). PMID: 23787077 
  65. Gaibani P, Ambretti S, Berlingeri A, Cordovana M, Farruggia P, Panico M, et al. Outbreak of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in northern Italy, July to August 2011. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(47):20027. PMID: 22152705 
  66. Giani T, Conte V, Di Pilato V, Aschbacher R, Weber C, Larcher C, et al. Escherichia coli from Italy producing OXA-48 carbapenemase encoded by a novel Tn1999 transposon derivative. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):2211-3.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00035-12  PMID: 22290939 
  67. D’Andrea MM, Venturelli C, Giani T, Arena F, Conte V, Bresciani P, et al. Persistent carriage and infection by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST405 producing NDM-1 carbapenemase: report on the first Italian cases. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(7):2755-8.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00016-11  PMID: 21525229 
  68. Monaco M, Giani T, Raffone M, Arena F, Garcia-Fernandez A, Pollini S, et al. Network EuSCAPE-Italy. Colistin resistance superimposed to endemic carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: a rapidly evolving problem in Italy, November 2013 to April 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(42):20939.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.42.20939  PMID: 25358041 
  69. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report 2012. Reporting on 2010 surveillance data and 2011 epidemic intelligence data. Stockholm: ECDC. 2013. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/Annual-Epidemiological-Report-2012.pdf
  70. Labarca J, Poirel L, Ozdamar M, Turkoglü S, Hakko E, Nordmann P. KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, finally targeting Turkey. New Microbes New Infect. 2014;2(2):50-1.  https://doi.org/10.1002/nmi2.42  PMID: 25356342 
  71. Poirel L, Ozdamar M, Ocampo-Sosa AA, Türkoglu S, Ozer UG, Nordmann P. NDM-1-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae now in Turkey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(5):2784-5.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00150-12  PMID: 22391536 
  72. Poirel L, Yilmaz M, Istanbullu A, Arslan F, Mert A, Bernabeu S, et al. Spread of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a neonatal intensive care unit in Istanbul, Turkey. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(5):2929-33.  https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02047-13  PMID: 24550328 
  73. Kilic A, Baysallar M. The First Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate Co-Producing OXA-48 and NDM-1 in Turkey. Ann Lab Med. 2015;35(3):382-3.  https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2015.35.3.382  PMID: 25932453 
  74. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. (WHO/Europe). Central Asian and Eastern European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. Annual report 2014. Copenhagen: WHO/Europe. 2015. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/285405/CAESAR-Surveillance-Antimicrobial-Resistance2014.pdf?ua=1
  75. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Directory of available online guidance documents on prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobaceriaceae. Stockholm: ECDC. 2014. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/Healthcare-associated_infections/guidance-infection-prevention-control/Pages/guidance-prevention-control-infections-CRE.aspx
  76. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Systematic review of the effectiveness of infection control measures to prevent the transmission of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae through cross-border transfer of patients. Stockholm: ECDC. 2014. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/CPE-systematic-review-effectiveness-infection-control-measures-to-prevent-transmission-2014.pdf
  77. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Summary of the latest data on antibiotic consumption in the European Union. November 2014. Stockholm: ECDC. 2014. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/antibiotics-get-informed/antibiotics-resistance-consumption/Pages/data-reports.aspx
  78. Weterings V, Zhou K, Rossen JW, van Stenis D, Thewessen E, Kluytmans J, et al. An outbreak of colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Netherlands (July to December 2013), with inter-institutional spread. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(8):1647-55.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2401-2  PMID: 26067658 
  79. Douka E, Perivolioti E, Kraniotaki E, Fountoulis K, Economidou F, Tsakris A, et al. Emergence of a pandrug-resistant VIM-1-producing Providencia stuartii clonal strain causing an outbreak in a Greek intensive care unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(5):533-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.030  PMID: 25749199 
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.45.30062
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error