Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting and Sample
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Tobacco Use
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Ever cigarette smoking | ever smoking a cigarette, even a puff or two |
Current cigarette smoking | used cigarette in the past 30 days |
Regular cigarette smoking | smoking at least once a week in the past 30 days |
Never cigarette smoking | never having experimented with cigarettes |
2.3.2. Asthma
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Prevalence and Patterns of Tobacco Use
Characteristic | N | % * |
---|---|---|
Age of smoking initiation | ||
≤8 yrs | 31 | 11.7 |
9–10 yrs | 36 | 13.6 |
11–12 yrs | 130 | 49.1 |
13–14 yrs | 68 | 25.7 |
Days smoking in last month | ||
0 days | 34 | 12.6 |
1–9 days | 186 | 69.2 |
10 to 19 days | 29 | 10.8 |
≥20 days | 20 | 7.4 |
Number of cigarettes smoked/day in last month | ||
Nil | 37 | 13.8 |
1–5 cig./day | 181 | 67.6 |
6 to 10 cig./day | 26 | 9.7 |
11 to 20 cig./day | 22 | 8.2 |
Characteristic | Had Smoked | Had Never Smoked | Chi-sq (p) |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 290) | (n = 525) | ||
N (%) | N (%) | ||
School year Grade 7 Grade 8 | 118 (41%) 172 (59%) | 281 (54%) 244 (46%) | 11.81 (<0.001) |
School A B (Low SES **) C (USAID) D | 45 (16%) 115 (40%) 54 (19%) 76 (26%) | 68 (13%) 183 (35%) 154 (28%) 120 (23%) | 11.33 (0.01) |
Asthma Diagnosis No asthma Diagnosed asthma Symptoms only | 204 (70%) 54 (19%) 32 (11%) | 412 (78%) 43 (8%) 70(13%) | 19.50(<0.001) |
Exposed to smoking ≥1 day/week * | 214 (74%) | 345 (66%) | 5.29 (0.10) |
Water-pipe use | 209 (72%) | 187 (36%) | 97.90 <0.001) |
3.3. Correlates of Students Reporting Ever Having Smoked Cigarettes
Predictors | Odds Ratio | 95% CI d | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Uses waterpipe | 4.15 | <0.001 | |
Diagnosed with asthma | 2.35 | 2.99–5.76 | <0.001 |
Sibling smokes | 2.23 | 1.46–3.78 | <0.001 |
Grade 8 student | 1.52 | 1.53–3.24 | 0.011 |
School C * (vs C) | 0.63 | 1.1–2.11 | 0.09 |
School B ** (vs C) | 0.95 | 0.37–1.08 | 0.85 |
School D (vs C) | 0.98 | 0.57–1.6 | 0.94 |
Mother smokes | 0.92 | 0.58–1.67 | 0.75 |
Father smokes | 0.96 | 0.54–1.57 | 0.8 |
Constant | 0.18 | 0.69–1.33 | <0.001 |
Type of Tobacco Use | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Neither (no cigarettes, no waterpipe) | 338 | 41.5 |
Cigarettes only | 81 | 9.9 |
Waterpipe only | 187 | 22.9 |
Cigarettes + Waterpipe | 209 | 25.6 |
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Al-Sheyab, N.; Alomari, M.A.; Shah, S.; Gallagher, P.; Gallagher, R. Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9008-9023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909008
Al-Sheyab N, Alomari MA, Shah S, Gallagher P, Gallagher R. Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9008-9023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909008
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Sheyab, Nihaya, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Smita Shah, Patrick Gallagher, and Robyn Gallagher. 2014. "Prevalence, Patterns and Correlates of Cigarette Smoking in Male Adolescents in Northern Jordan, and the Influence of Waterpipe Use and Asthma Diagnosis: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9008-9023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909008