Figure 1Simple correlation analysis between ambulance transports due to heat stroke and the mean of the highest air temperature in August 2010, in all 47 prefectures of Japan.
Table 1.Changes in mean air temperature in all 47 prefectures in Japan
Prefecture |
No. of years |
Year of observasion |
r-value |
p-value |
Regression line |
Changes in air temperature for 30 y (°C) |
Hokkaido |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.822 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.021x - 34.065 |
0.64 |
Aomori |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.585 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.012x -13.278 |
0.35 |
Iwate |
87 |
1924-2010 |
0.635 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 20.900 |
0.47 |
Miyagi |
84 |
1927-2010 |
0.731 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.023x - 32.706 |
0.68 |
Akita |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.720 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 16.962 |
0.43 |
Yamagata |
121 |
1890-2010 |
0.636 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.012x - 12.376 |
0.36 |
Fukushima |
121 |
1890-2010 |
0.704 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 14.608 |
0.41 |
Ibaragi |
114 |
1897-2010 |
0.618 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.012x - 10.600 |
0.36 |
Tochigi |
120 |
1891-2010 |
0.743 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.017x - 20.064 |
0.51 |
Gunma |
114 |
1897-2010 |
0.802 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 22.406 |
0.55 |
Saitama |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.584 |
0.001 |
y = 0.039x - 63.029 |
1.17 |
Chiba |
44 |
1967-2010 |
0.726 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.043x - 69.902 |
1.29 |
Tokyo |
135 |
1876-2010 |
0.889 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.025x - 33.180 |
0.74 |
Kanagawa |
113 |
1897-2010 |
0.768 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 19.717 |
0.53 |
Niigata |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.675 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.013x - 11.684 |
0.38 |
Toyama |
72 |
1939-2010 |
0.658 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.021x - 28.693 |
0.64 |
Ishikawa |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.749 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 16.438 |
0.47 |
Fukui |
113 |
1897-2010 |
0.694 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.013x - 11.521 |
0.39 |
Yamanashi |
115 |
1895-2010 |
0.723 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.015x - 15.659 |
0.45 |
Nagano |
122 |
1889-2010 |
0.609 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.011x - 10.391 |
0.33 |
Gifu |
128 |
1883-2010 |
0.765 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.017x - 17.926 |
0.50 |
Shizuoka |
71 |
1940-2010 |
0.748 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.022x - 28.195 |
0.67 |
Aichi |
120 |
1891-2010 |
0.685 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.015x - 14.698 |
0.45 |
Mie |
121 |
1890-2010 |
0.731 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.015x - 14.977 |
0.46 |
Shiga |
117 |
1894-2010 |
0.666 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.012x - 9.957 |
0.37 |
Kyoto |
130 |
1881-2010 |
0.872 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.023x - 29.178 |
0.68 |
Osaka |
128 |
1883-2010 |
0.846 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.020x - 23.702 |
0.61 |
Hyogo |
113 |
1897-2010 |
0.725 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 15.804 |
0.48 |
Nara |
57 |
1954-2010 |
0.606 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.020x - 24.685 |
0.60 |
Wakayama |
131 |
1880-2010 |
0.761 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 12.108 |
0.43 |
Tottori |
68 |
1943-2010 |
0.602 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 21.985 |
0.55 |
Shimane |
70 |
1941-2010 |
0.591 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 20.144 |
0.53 |
Okayama |
119 |
1891-2010 |
0.661 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 15.564 |
0.47 |
Hiroshima |
132 |
1879-2010 |
0.654 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 11.259 |
0.41 |
Yamaguchi |
128 |
1883-2010 |
0.756 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 15.498 |
0.48 |
Tokushima |
119 |
1892-2010 |
0.699 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 11.377 |
0.42 |
Kagawa |
69 |
1942-2010 |
0.844 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.036x - 56.538 |
1.09 |
Ehime |
121 |
1890-2010 |
0.806 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 18.734 |
0.53 |
Kochi |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.724 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.015x - 12.159 |
0.44 |
Fukuoka |
121 |
1890-2010 |
0.861 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.023x - 29.271 |
0.69 |
Saga |
120 |
1891-2010 |
0.704 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.013x - 9.421 |
0.39 |
Nagasaki |
131 |
1879-2010 |
0.726 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.015x - 13.399 |
0.46 |
Kumamoto |
120 |
1891-2010 |
0.741 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.016x - 15.531 |
0.48 |
Oita |
123 |
1888-2010 |
0.684 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.014x - 11.839 |
0.42 |
Miyazaki |
125 |
1886-2010 |
0.599 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.010x - 1.865 |
0.29 |
Kagoshima |
124 |
1886-2010 |
0.748 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.018x - 17.890 |
0.54 |
Okinawa |
113 |
1891-2010 |
0.680 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.011x + 1.291 |
0.32 |
Table 2.Changes in mean air temperature in all 47 prefecture adjusting for observation period
Prefecture |
No. of years |
Year of observasion |
r-value |
p-value |
Regression line |
Changes in air temper ture for 30 y (°C) |
Hokkaido |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.634 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.041x - 73.197 |
1.23 |
Aomori |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.543 |
0.001 |
y = 0.036x - 62.255 |
1.09 |
Iwate |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.497 |
0.003 |
y = 0.029x - 48.499 |
0.88 |
Miyagi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.517 |
0.002 |
y = 0.036x - 58.949 |
1.07 |
Akita |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.654 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.039x - 66.162 |
1.17 |
Yamagata |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.560 |
0.001 |
y = 0.037x - 63.008 |
1.12 |
Fukushima |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.520 |
0.002 |
y = 0.035x - 57.395 |
1.06 |
Ibaragi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.507 |
0.003 |
y = 0.036x - 57.867 |
1.08 |
Tochigi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.679 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.051x - 88.057 |
1.53 |
Gunma |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.617 |
0.001 |
y = 0.042x - 69.217 |
1.26 |
Saitama |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.584 |
0.001 |
y = 0.039x - 63.029 |
1.17 |
Chiba |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.653 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.050x - 84.264 |
1.50 |
Tokyo |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.570 |
0.002 |
y = 0.038x - 58.590 |
1.13 |
Kanagawa |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.634 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.042x - 67.206 |
1.25 |
Niigata |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.574 |
0.001 |
y = 0.035x - 55.550 |
1.44 |
Toyama |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.662 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.048x - 82.010 |
1.04 |
Ishikawa |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.608 |
0.001 |
y = 0.039x - 63.501 |
1.18 |
Fukui |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.459 |
0.007 |
y = 0.026x - 37.928 |
0.79 |
Yamanashi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.714 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.047x - 78.884 |
1.41 |
Nagano |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.521 |
0.002 |
y = 0.032x - 52.600 |
0.97 |
Gifu |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.601 |
0.001 |
y = 0.038x - 60.162 |
1.14 |
Shizuoka |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.589 |
0.001 |
y = 0.033x - 48.905 |
0.98 |
Aichi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.652 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.044x - 72.713 |
1.33 |
Mie |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.713 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.053x - 89.925 |
1.59 |
Shiga |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.561 |
0.001 |
y = 0.035x - 54.846 |
1.05 |
Kyoto |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.577 |
0.001 |
y = 0.036x - 56.209 |
1.08 |
Osaka |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.607 |
0.001 |
y = 0.037x - 56.000 |
1.10 |
Hyogo |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.796 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.066x - 114.662 |
1.97 |
Nara |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.544 |
0.001 |
y = 0.030x - 44.244 |
0.89 |
Wakayama |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.613 |
0.001 |
y = 0.037x - 57.899 |
1.12 |
Tottori |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.555 |
0.001 |
y = 0.033x - 51.578 |
1.00 |
Shimane |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.625 |
0.001 |
y = 0.039x - 63.683 |
1.18 |
Okayama |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.755 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.060x - 104.230 |
1.81 |
Hiroshima |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.711 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.059x - 102.412 |
1.78 |
Yamaguchi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.723 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.044x - 71.246 |
1.32 |
Tokushima |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.662 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.040x - 62.992 |
1.20 |
Kagawa |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.774 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.059x - 101.276 |
1.77 |
Ehime |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.711 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.044x - 70.838 |
1.31 |
Kochi |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.757 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.049x - 81.264 |
1.48 |
Fukuoka |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.692 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.043x - 68.326 |
1.28 |
Saga |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.624 |
0.001 |
y = 0.035x - 52.625 |
1.04 |
Nagasaki |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.626 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.034x - 50.299 |
1.01 |
Kumamoto |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.743 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.050x - 82.215 |
1.49 |
Oita |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.763 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.051x - 85.339 |
1.53 |
Miyazaki |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.591 |
0.001 |
y = 0.031x - 45.194 |
0.94 |
Kagoshima |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.795 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.051x - 82.769 |
1.52 |
Okinawa |
33 |
1978-2010 |
0.733 |
<0.001 |
y = 0.037x - 51.590 |
1.12 |
Table 3.Profiles of ambulance transports and air temperature in all 47 prefectures in August 2010, Japan
|
Mean±SD |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Population (ten thousand people) |
270.3±260.4 |
59.5 |
1261.0 |
Population (60≤) (ten thousand people) |
61.3±52.6 |
15.3 |
257.1 |
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke (subjects) |
605.3±509.9 |
155 |
2136 |
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke (per thousand people) |
0.25±0.06 |
0.09 |
0.37 |
Ambublance transports due to heat stroke over 65 (per thousand people over 65) |
0.48±0.12 |
0.19 |
0.73 |
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke under 65 (per thousand people under 65) |
0.17±0.04 |
0.07 |
0.26 |
Percent of ambulance transports due to heat stroke over 65 (per total abmulance transports due to heat stroke) |
47.7±6.5 |
29.1 |
62.1 |
Death due to heat stroke (per thousand people) |
0.01±0.01 |
0.003 |
0.03 |
Mean air temperature (°C) |
28.9±1.2 |
24.8 |
30.5 |
Mean of the highest air temperature (°C) |
33.5±1.4 |
29.1 |
35.5 |
Mean of the lowest air temperature (°C) |
25.5±1.4 |
21.3 |
27.4 |
The highest air temperature (°C) |
36.3±1.1 |
32.9 |
38.4 |
The lowest air temperature (°C) |
23.1±1.9 |
16.9 |
25.5 |
Table 4.Simple correlation analysis between heat stroke and air temperature in all 47 prefectures in August, 2010, Japan
|
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke (per thousand people)
|
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke over 65 (per thousand people over 65)
|
Ambulance transports due to heat stroke under 65 (per thousand people under 65)
|
Death due to heat stroke (per thousand people)
|
|
r-value |
p-value |
r-value |
p-value |
r-value |
p-value |
r-value |
p-value |
Mean air temperature (°C) |
0.318 |
0.029
|
0.252 |
0.088 |
0.430 |
0.003
|
0.206 |
0.165 |
Mean of the highest air temperature (°C) |
0.417 |
0.004
|
0.416 |
0.004
|
0.425 |
0.003
|
0.252 |
0.087 |
Mean of the lowest air temperature (°C) |
0.139 |
0.352 |
0.039 |
0.794 |
0.310 |
0.034
|
0.051 |
0.732 |
The highest air temperature (°C) |
0.359 |
0.013
|
0.477 |
0.001
|
0.235 |
0.111 |
0.417 |
0.004
|
The lowest air temperature (°C) |
0.125 |
0.402 |
0.040 |
0.790 |
0.273 |
0.063 |
0.048 |
0.751 |