ORIGINAL ARTICLEAssociation Between Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Depression in a Large Sample of Healthy Adults: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
Section snippets
Participants
The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study (CCLS) is a prospective study of patients who have completed a preventive medical examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, TX.25 The Cooper Clinic is a fee-for-service preventive medicine clinic. Patients at the Cooper Clinic are generally well-educated and mostly non-Hispanic whites (95%) from middle to upper socioeconomic strata. We examined data from 12,594 patients seen from November 27, 2006, to October 4, 2010, who completed baseline examinations
RESULTS
Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1. The study sample included 4005 women (31.8%) and 8589 men (68.2%) with a mean age of 51.7±11.0 years. Exploratory analysis showed that those with and those without a history of depression represented 2 distinct populations with respect to the CES-D score. Accordingly, in addition to analysis of the total sample, the 2 groups were analyzed separately. There were significantly higher percentages of women and participants with a history of
DISCUSSION
The association between vitamin D level and depression was analyzed in the largest data set to date, comprising generally healthy persons ranging from 20 to 90 years of age. Although mean vitamin D levels did not differ significantly between those with and those without a history of depression, there was a significant association between vitamin D levels and current “depressive symptoms” based on CES-D scores in those with a history of depression. This subset analysis may shed light on why
CONCLUSION
Current depression as defined by the CES-D was associated with lower vitamin D levels in participants with prior history of depression by self-report in the largest sample investigated to date. The findings suggest that patients with a history of depression could be an important population to target for screening of vitamin D levels. Additional research is needed to determine the nature and direction of the association between vitamin D levels and depression.
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Dr Brown has research support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, the Stanley Medical Research institute, and AstraZeneca.