Fig. 1Epicardial adipose tissue was measured using multidetector computed tomography. (A) Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was measured on the parasternal short axis view. (B) Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was measured on the horizontal long axis view. (C) Epicardial fat area was measured at the left main coronary artery level. SIVG, superior interventricular groove; IIVG, inferior interventricular groove; LAVG, left atrioventricular groove; RAVG, right atrioventricular groove; AIVG, anterior interventricular groove.
Table 1Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the subjects
Characteristic |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Non-diabetes mellitus |
P value |
Obese (n=24) |
Nonobese (n=16) |
Obese (n=26) |
Nonobese (n=28) |
Age, yr |
63±13 |
63±12 |
61±12 |
58±16 |
0.424 |
Male gender |
8 (33.3) |
12 (75)a
|
10 (38.5)b
|
10 (35.7)b
|
0.018 |
Current smoker |
3 (12.5) |
5 (31.3) |
4 (15.3) |
2 (7.1) |
0.188 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
28.0±2.3 |
22.8±1.6a
|
27.7±3.0b
|
22.1±2.6a,c
|
<0.001 |
SBP, mm Hg |
125±13 |
127±14 |
127±14 |
123±15 |
0.761 |
DBP, mm Hg |
75±7 |
76±10 |
79±10 |
77±10 |
0.454 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L |
7.5±2.2 |
8.1±2.7 |
5.4±0.7a,b
|
5.0±0.5a,b
|
<0.001 |
TC, mmol/L |
4.8±0.8 |
4.5±1.0 |
4.6±0.9 |
4.8±0.9 |
0.638 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L |
2.3±1.2 |
1.7±1.9 |
1.6±0.8 |
1.5±1.2 |
0.230 |
HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.2±0.3 |
1.3±0.5 |
1.4±0.6 |
1.4±0.4 |
0.315 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.8±0.9 |
2.6±0.7 |
2.8±1.0 |
2.8±0.6 |
0.927 |
Plaque or stenosis of coronary arteries |
18 (75) |
12 (75) |
13 (50) |
14 (50) |
0.111 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin, % |
7.3±2.0 |
8.4±2.3 |
- |
- |
0.121 |
Type of hypoglycemic medication (OHA/insulin/none), % |
79/0/21 |
56/19/25 |
- |
- |
- |
Table 2Correlations between the epicardial fat area at the left main coronary artery level and other epicardial adipose tissue thicknesses
|
Pearson correlation coefficients |
P value |
Superior IV groove |
0.601 |
<0.001 |
Inferior IV groove |
0.235 |
0.023 |
RVF mean |
0.491 |
<0.001 |
RVF max |
0.475 |
<0.001 |
RV superior wall |
0.484 |
<0.001 |
LV lateral wall |
0.527 |
<0.001 |
Right AV groove |
0.444 |
<0.001 |
Left AV groove |
0.613 |
<0.001 |
Anterior IV groove |
0.509 |
<0.001 |
RV apex |
0.544 |
<0.001 |
LV apex |
0.508 |
<0.001 |
RVA mean |
0.523 |
<0.001 |
RVA max |
0.522 |
<0.001 |
Table 3Epicardial adipose tissue values in the subjects
|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Non-diabetes mellitus |
Obese (n=24) |
Nonobese (n=16) |
Obese (n=26) |
Nonobese (n=28) |
LMCA level area, cm2
|
17.0±6.9a
|
12.0±8.5 |
13.7±6.5a
|
8.4±6.1 |
Superior IV groove, mm |
11.3±2.3 |
10.4±2.9 |
12.0±3.6 |
10.5±3.1 |
Inferior IV groove, mm |
5.9±1.7 |
5.7±2.0 |
5.7±2.3 |
5.6±2.3 |
RVF mean, mm |
5.8±2.6 |
5.0±2.6 |
6.0±2.5 |
5.2±2.6 |
RVF max, mm |
6.8±2.9 |
6.0±3.1 |
7.4±3.2 |
6.5±3.3 |
RV sup wall, mm |
5.4±2.5 |
5.1±3.3 |
5.6±3.1 |
3.9±1.6 |
LV lateral wall, mm |
3.2±1.6 |
3.0±1.4 |
3.1±1.4 |
2.9±2.2 |
Right AV groove, mm |
19.1±4.3a
|
16.3±4.0 |
17.5±3.3 |
16.1±3.9 |
Left AV groove, mm |
13.0±2.7a
|
11.8±2.8a
|
11.8±3.3a
|
8.8±1.9 |
Anterior IV groove, mm |
7.7±3.9 |
7.4±2.3 |
7.7±3.9 |
6.6±2.7 |
RV apex, mm |
7.2±3.6 |
6.8±2.7 |
7.1±2.9 |
5.5±2.0 |
LV apex, mm |
4.8±2.0a,b
|
4.5±1.8 |
3.5±1.3 |
3.3±1.6 |
RVA mean, mm |
5.4±2.3 |
4.6±2.1 |
5.9±2.5 |
5.1±1.7 |
RVA max, mm |
6.6±2.7 |
6.1±3.3 |
6.9±3.0 |
6.3±2.3 |
Table 4Epicardial adipose tissue values according to the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus adjusted for body mass index
|
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=40) |
Non-diabetes mellitus (n=54) |
P value |
LMCA level area, cm2
|
15.0±7.9 |
11.0±6.8 |
<0.001 |
Superior IV groove, mm |
10.9±2.5 |
11.2±3.4 |
0.026 |
Inferior IV groove, mm |
5.8±1.8 |
5.7±2.3 |
0.926 |
RVF mean, mm |
5.5±2.6 |
5.6±2.5 |
0.569 |
RVF max, mm |
6.5±3.0 |
7.0±3.3 |
0.460 |
RV sup wall, mm |
5.3±2.8 |
4.7±2.6 |
0.052 |
LV lateral wall, mm |
3.1±1.5 |
3.0±1.8 |
0.785 |
Right AV groove, mm |
18.0±4.4 |
16.8±3.7 |
0.006 |
Left AV groove, mm |
12.5±2.8 |
10.2±3.1 |
<0.001 |
Anterior IV groove, mm |
7.6±3.3 |
7.1±3.3 |
0.581 |
RV apex, mm |
5.1±2.2 |
5.5±2.1 |
0.112 |
LV apex, mm |
6.4±2.9 |
6.6±2.6 |
0.316 |
RVA mean, mm |
7.0±3.2 |
6.3±2.6 |
0.144 |
RVA max, mm |
4.7±1.9 |
3.4±1.4 |
0.001 |
Table 5Epicardial adipose tissue values according to the presence of obesity adjusted for type 2 diabetes mellitus
|
Obese subjects (n=50) |
Nonobese subjects (n=44) |
P value |
LMCA level area, cm2
|
15.3±6.8 |
9.7±7.2 |
<0.001 |
Superior IV groove, mm |
11.6±3.0 |
10.5±3.0 |
0.058 |
Inferior IV groove, mm |
5.8±2.0 |
5.7±2.2 |
0.721 |
RVF mean, mm |
5.9±2.5 |
5.1±2.5 |
0.123 |
RVF max, mm |
7.1±3.1 |
6.3±3.2 |
0.178 |
RV sup wall, mm |
5.5±2.8 |
4.3±2.4 |
0.039 |
LV lateral wall, mm |
3.1±1.5 |
2.9±1.9 |
0.591 |
Right AV groove, mm |
18.3±3.9 |
16.2±3.9 |
0.018 |
Left AV groove, mm |
12.4±3.0 |
9.8±2.7 |
<0.001 |
Anterior IV groove, mm |
7.7±3.8 |
6.9±2.6 |
0.262 |
RV apex, mm |
7.1±3.2 |
6.0±2.3 |
0.090 |
LV apex, mm |
4.1±1.8 |
3.7±1.8 |
0.465 |
RVA mean, mm |
5.6±2.4 |
4.9±1.8 |
0.076 |
RVA max, mm |
6.8±2.9 |
6.2±2.6 |
0.274 |
Table 6Factors associated with epicardial adipose tissue thickness in the left atrioventricular groove by multiple linear regression analysis (R2=0.419)
|
β |
Standard error |
Standardized β |
P value |
Age |
0.089 |
0.034 |
0.334 |
0.013 |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
1.524 |
0.712 |
0.259 |
0.038 |
Body mass index |
0.309 |
0.096 |
0.397 |
0.002 |