Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review

 

PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Imaging is one of the most important tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists routinely use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging techniques, but deepness of structures cannot be obtained and localized with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990’s and has gained a precious place in dentistry, especially in orthodontics. The aims of this literature review are to summarize the current state of the 3D imaging techniques and to evaluate the applications in orthodontics.

• REFERENCES

• 1 Webber RL, Horton RA, Tyndall DA, Ludlow JB. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application for three-dimensional dento-alveolar imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 1997; 26: 53-62
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 Ucar FI, Sekerci AE, Uysal T, Bengi AO. Standardization of records in orthodontics. Part 2: Craniofacial imaging techniques. Turkish Journal of Orthodontics 2012; 25: 167-87
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 3 Hajeer MY, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP. Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: Part 1. J Orthod 2004; 31: 62-70
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Plooij JM, Maal TJ, Haers P, Borstlap WA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Bergé SJ. Digital three-dimensional image fusion processes for planning and evaluating orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. A systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40: 341-52
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Mavili ME, Canter HI, Saglam-Aydinatay B, Kamaci S, Kocadereli I. Use of three-dimensional medical modeling methods for precise planning of orthognathic surgery. J Craniofac Surg 2007; 18: 740-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Karadeniz EI, Gonzales C, Elekdag-Turk S, Isci D, Sahin-Saglam AM, Alkis H. et al. The effect of fluoride on orthodontic tooth movement in humans. A two-and three-dimensional evaluation. Aust Orthod J 2011; 27: 94-101
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 7 Andresen V. Three contributions to orthodontological diagnosis. International Journal of Orthodontia, Oral Surgery and Radiography 1926; 12: 235-51
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 8 Van Loon J. A new method for indicating normal and abnormal relations of the teeth to the facial lines. Dental Cosmos 1915; 57: 1093-101
  Google Scholar
• 9 Schwarz R. New cephalometric method and apparatus and its application to orthodontia. Int J Orthod Oral Surg Radiol 1925; 11: 989-1017
  Google Scholar
• 10 Herman GT. Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection. 2nd ed.. New York: Springer; 2009: p. 1-17
  Google Scholar
• 11 Scarfe WC, Farman AG, Sukovic P. Clinical applications of cone-beam computed tomography in dental practice. J Can Dent Assoc 2006; 72: 75-80
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Ritman EL. Micro-computed tomography-current status and developments. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 6: 185-208
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Paddock SW, Eliceiri KW. Laser scanning confocal microscopy: History, applications, and related optical sectioning techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1075: 9-47
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Fechteler P, Eisert P, Rurainsky J. Fast and high resolution 3D face scanning. ICIP 2007; 3: III-81-III-4
  Google Scholar
• 15 Ras F, Habets LL, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Quantification of facial morphology using stereophotogrammetry-demonstration of a new concept. J Dent 1996; 24: 369-74
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Serrao G. Facial three-dimensional morphometry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 109: 86-93
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Edelman RR, Hesselink J, Zlatkin M. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging: 3-volume set. Saunders; 2005
  Google Scholar
• 18 Broadbent BH. A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod 1931; 1: 45-66
  Google Scholar
• 19 Athanasiou AE. Orthodontic cephalometry. London: Mosby-Wolfe; 1997: p. 241-92
  Google Scholar
• 20 Nalçaci R, Oztürk F, Sökücü O. A comparison of two-dimensional radiography and three-dimensional computed tomography in angular cephalometric measurements. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2010; 39: 100-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Burke PH, Beard FH. Stereophotogrammetry of the face: A preliminary investigation into the accuracy of a simplified system evolved for contour mapping by photography. Am J Orthod 1967; 53: 769-82
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Baumrind S. Towards a general model for clinical craniofacial research. In: Hunter WS, Carlson DS. editors. Essay in Honor of Robert Moyers. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan; 1991
  Google Scholar
• 23 Han UK, Vig KW, Weintraub JA, Vig PS, Kowalski CJ. Consistency of orthodontic treatment decisions relative to diagnostic records. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991; 100: 212-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Hixon EH. The norm concept and cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1956; 42: 898-906
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 25 Moyers RE, Bookstein FL. The inappropriateness of conventional cephalometrics. Am J Orthod 1979; 75: 599-617
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Baumrind S, Frantz RC. The reliability of head film measurements: 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod 1971; 60: 111-27
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Vig PS. Orthodontic controversies: Their origins, consequences and resolution. Current Controversies in Orthodontics. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing; 1991: p. 269-310
  Google Scholar
• 28 Gron P. A geometrical evaluation of image size in dental radiography. J Dent Res 1960; 39: 289-301
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Singh IJ, Savara BS. Norms of size and annual increments of seven anatomical measures of maxillae in girls from three to sixteen years of age. Angle Orthod 1966; 36: 312-24
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Dean D, Hans MG, Bookstein FL, Subramanyan K. Three-dimensional Bolton-brush growth study landmark data: Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the Bolton standards cohort. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2000; 37: 145-56
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Subramanyan K, Dean D. Scanned bi-orthogonal radiographs as a source for 3D cephalometric data. SPIE 1996; 34: 717-24
  Google Scholar
• 32 Udupa JK, Herman GT. 3D Imaging in medicine. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991
  Google Scholar
• 33 Aboudara CA, Hatcher D, Nielsen IL, Miller A. A three dimensional evaluation of the upper airway in adolescents. Orthod Craniofac Res 2003; 6 (Suppl. 01) 173-5
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Rabinov K, Kell Jr T, Gordon PH. CT of the salivary glands. Radiol Clin North Am 1984; 22: 145-59
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Westesson PL, Katzberg RW, Tallents RH, Sanchez-Woodworth RE, Svensson SA. CT and MR of the temporomandibular joint: Comparison with autopsy specimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 1165-71
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Bolger WE, Butzin CA, Parsons DS. Paranasal sinus bony anatomic variations and mucosal abnormalities: CT analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 1991; 101: 56-64
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Zilkha A. Computed tomography in facial trauma. Radiology 1982; 144: 545-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Görgülü S, Gokce SM, Olmez H, Sagdic D, Ors F. Nasal cavity volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion in adolescents evaluated with 3-dimensional simulation and modeling programs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: 633-40
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Ito K, Gomi Y, Sato S, Arai Y, Shinoda K. Clinical application of a new compact CT system to assess 3-D images for the preoperative treatment planning of implants in the posterior mandible a case report. Clin Oral Implants Res 2001; 12: 539-42
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Harorli A, Akgul M, Dagistan S. Radiology in Dentistry. Ataturk University Press; 2006
  Google Scholar
• 41 Halazonetis DJ. From 2-dimensional cephalograms to 3-dimensional computed tomography scans. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 127: 627-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Kau CH, Richmond S, Palomo JM, Hans MG. Three-dimensional cone beam computerized tomography in orthodontics. J Orthod 2005; 32: 282-93
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 White SC. Cone-beam imaging in dentistry. Health Phys 2008; 95: 628-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Tsiklakis K, Donta C, Gavala S, Karayianni K, Kamenopoulou V, Hourdakis CJ. Dose reduction in maxillofacial imaging using low dose cone beam CT. Eur J Radiol 2005; 56: 413-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Mah JK, Danforth RA, Bumann A, Hatcher D. Radiation absorbed in maxillofacial imaging with a new dental computed tomography device. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96: 508-13
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Baysal A, Karadede I, Hekimoglu S, Ucar F, Ozer T, Veli I. et al. Evaluation of root resorption following rapid maxillary expansion using cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod 2012; 82: 488-94
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Ericson S, Kurol PJ. Resorption of incisors after ectopic eruption of maxillary canines: A CT study. Angle Orthod 2000; 70: 415-23
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Zhao Y, Nguyen M, Gohl E, Mah JK, Sameshima G, Enciso R. Oropharyngeal airway changes after rapid palatal expansion evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137 (Suppl. 04) S71-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Valiathan M, El H, Hans MG, Palomo MJ. Effects of extraction versus non-extraction treatment on oropharyngeal airway volume. Angle Orthod 2010; 80: 1068-74
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Korbmacher H, Kahl-Nieke B, Schöllchen M, Heiland M. Value of two cone-beam computed tomography systems from an orthodontic point of view. J Orofac Orthop 2007; 68: 278-89
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Chien PC, Parks ET, Eraso F, Hartsfield JK, Roberts WE, Ofner S. Comparison of reliability in anatomical landmark identification using two-dimensional digital cephalometrics and three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography in vivo . Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2009; 38: 262-73
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 Ludlow JB, Gubler M, Cevidanes L, Mol A. Precision of cephalometric landmark identification: Cone-beam computed tomography vs conventional cephalometric views. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 136: 312.e1-10
  Google Scholar
• 53 Wörtche R, Hassfeld S, Lux CJ, Müssig E, Hensley FW, Krempien R. et al. Clinical application of cone beam digital volume tomography in children with cleft lip and palate. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006; 35: 88-94
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Shirota T, Kurabayashi H, Ogura H, Seki K, Maki K, Shintani S. Analysis of bone volume using computer simulation system for secondary bone graft in alveolar cleft. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39: 904-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Quereshy FA, Barnum G, Demko C, Horan M, Palomo JM, Baur DA. et al. Use of cone beam computed tomography to volumetrically assess alveolar cleft defects-preliminary results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012; 70: 188-91
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Miyamoto J, Nakajima T. Anthropometric evaluation of complete unilateral cleft lip nose with cone beam CT in early childhood. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63: 9-14
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Gribel BF, Gribel MN, Manzi FR, Brooks SL, McNamara Jr JA. From 2D to 3D: An algorithm to derive normal values for 3-dimensional computerized assessment. Angle Orthod 2011; 81: 3-10
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 White AJ, Fallis DW, Vandewalle KS. Analysis of intra-arch and interarch measurements from digital models with 2 impression materials and a modeling process based on cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137: 456.e1-9
  Google Scholar
• 59 Cevidanes LH, Styner MA, Proffit WR. Image analysis and superimposition of 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129: 611-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Leuzinger M, Dudic A, Giannopoulou C, Kiliaridis S. Root-contact evaluation by panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography of super-high resolution. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010; 137: 389-92
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Stampanoni M, Wyss P, Abela R, Borchert GL, Vermeulen D, Ruegsegger P. X-ray tomographic microscopy at the Swiss light source. International symposium on optical science and technology: International society for optics and photonics. 2002: p. 42-53
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Keleş A, Alcin H, Kamalak A, Versiani MA. Oval-shaped canal retreatment with self-adjusting file: A micro-computed tomography study. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1086-0
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Borba M, Miranda Jr WG, Cesar PF, Griggs JA, Bona AD. Evaluation of the adaptation of zirconia-based fixed partial dentures using micro-CT technology. Braz Oral Res 2013; 27: 396-402
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 King AD, Turk T, Colak C, Elekdag-Turk S, Jones AS, Petocz P. et al. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 21. Extent of root resorption after the application of 2.5° and 15° tips for 4 weeks: A microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e299-305
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Karadeniz EI, Gonzales C, Nebioglu-Dalci O, Dwarte D, Turk T, Isci D. et al. Physical properties of root cementum: Part 20. Effect of fluoride on orthodontically induced root resorption with light and heavy orthodontic forces for 4 weeks: A microcomputed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: e199-210
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Underhill TE, Chilvarquer I, Kimura K, Langlais RP, McDavid WD, Preece JW. et al. Radiobiologic risk estimation from dental radiology: Part 1. Absorbed doses to critical organs. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 66: 111-20
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Yamamoto K, Hayakawa Y, Kousuge Y, Wakoh M, Sekiguchi H, Yakushiji M. et al. Diagnostic value of tuned-aperture computed tomography versus conventional dentoalveolar imaging in assessment of impacted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 109-18
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Nguyen CX, Nissanov J, Öztürk C, Nuveen MJ, Tuncay OC. Three-dimensional imaging of the craniofacial complex. Clin Orthod Res 2000; 3: 46-50
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Tuncay OC. Three-dimensional imaging and motion animation. Semin Orthod 2001; 7: 244-50
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 70 Techalertpaisarn P, Kuroda T. Three-dimensional computer-graphic demonstration of facial soft tissue changes in mandibular prognathic patients after mandibular sagittal ramus osteotomy. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1998; 13: 217-25
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Curry S, Baumrind S, Carlson S, Beers A, Boyd R. Integrated three-dimensional ciraniofacial mapping at the Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Laboratory/University of the Pacific. Seminars in Orthodontics 2001; 7: 258-65
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 72 Hajeer MY, Ayoub AF, Millett DT, Bock M, Siebert JP. Three-dimensional imaging in orthognathic surgery: The clinical application of a new method. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 2002; 17: 318-30
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Larheim TA. Current trends in temporomandibular joint imaging. Oral surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995; 80: 555-76
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Webber RL, Horton RA. Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT). Theory and application in dental radiology. In: Farman AG. editors. Avances in maxillofacial imaging. BV: Elsevier Science; 1997: p. 359-62
  Google Scholar
• 75 Mah J, Enciso R, Jorgensen M. Management of impacted cuspids using 3-D volumetric imaging. J Calif Dent Assoc 2003; 31: 835-41
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Bookstein FL. The geometry of craniofacial growth invariants. Am J Orthod 1983; 83: 221-34
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 77 van Dijke CF, Kirk BA, Peterfy CG, Genant HK, Brasch RC, Kapila S. Arthritic temporomandibular joint: Correlation of macromolecular contrast-enhanced MR imaging parameters and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1997; 204: 825-32
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Robb RA. The dynamic spatial reconstructor: An x-ray video-fluoroscopic CT scanner for dynamic volume imaging of moving organs. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 1982; 1: 22-33
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Mckee IW, Williamson PC, Lam EW, Heo G, Glover KE, Major PW. The accuracy of 4 panoramic units in the projection of mesiodistal tooth angulations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 121: 166-75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar