Prophylactic mastectomy for the prevention of breast cancer: Review of the literature

 

 Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The high incidence and recurrence rate of breast cancer has influenced multiple strategies such as early detection with imaging, chemoprevention and surgical interventions that serve as preventive measures for women at high risk. Prophylactic mastectomy is one of the growing strategies of breast cancer risk reduction that is of a special importance for breast cancer gene mutation carriers. Women with personal history of cancerous breast lesions may consider ipsilateral or contralateral mastectomy as well. Existing data showed that mastectomy effectively reduces breast cancer risk. However, careful risk estimation is necessary to wisely select individuals who will benefit from preventing breast cancer.

Publication History

Article published online:
12 August 2021

© 2018. Syrian American Medical Society. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
A-12, Second Floor, Sector -2, NOIDA -201301, India

• References

• 1 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66: 7-30
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975‑2014. National Cancer Institute. Available from: https://www.seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/results_ merged/sect_04_breast.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Oct 09].
• 3 Basu NN, Barr L, Ross GL, Evans DG. Contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy: Review of risk factors and risk-reducing strategies. Int J Surg Oncol 2015; 2015: 901046
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 4 Colleoni M, Sun Z, Price KN, Karlsson P, Forbes JF, Thürlimann B. et al. Annual hazard rates of recurrence for breast cancer during 24 years of follow-up: Results from the international breast cancer study group trials I to V. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34: 927-35
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Ghosh K, Hartmann LC. Current status of prophylactic mastectomy. Oncology (Williston Park) 2002; 16: 1319-25
  Google Scholar
• 6 Balmaña J, Díez O, Rubio IT, Cardoso F; ESMO Guidelines Working Group. BRCA in breast cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol 2011;22 Suppl 6:vi31‑4.
• 7 Moynahan ME, Chiu JW, Koller BH, Jasin M. Brca1 controls homology-directed DNA repair. Mol Cell 1999; 4: 511-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, Xiao Y, Weaver D, Feunteun J. et al. Association of BRCA1 with rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell 1997; 88: 265-75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Aparicio T, Baer R, Gautier RJ, Sarin YK. DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 19: 169-75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Moynahan ME, Pierce AJ, Jasin M. BRCA2 is required for homology-directed repair of chromosomal breaks. Mol Cell 2001; 7: 263-72
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Patel KJ, Yu VP, Lee H, Corcoran A, Thistlethwaite FC, Evans MJ. et al. Involvement of brca2 in DNA repair. Mol Cell 1998; 1: 347-57
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Venkitaraman AR. Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 2002; 108: 171-82
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, Risch HA, Eyfjord JE, Hopper JL. et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: A combined analysis of 22 studies.. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 1117-30
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 Chen S, Parmigiani G. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1329-33
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 van der Kolk DM, de Bock GH, Leegte BK, Schaapveld M, Mourits MJ, de Vries J, et al. Penetrance of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 families: High cancer incidence at older age. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 124: 643-51
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 Mavaddat N, Peock S, Frost D, Ellis S, Platte R, Fineberg E. et al. Cancer risks for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: Results from prospective analysis of EMBRACE. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105: 812-22
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 17 Caminsky NG, Mucaki EJ, Perri AM, Lu R, Knoll JH, Rogan PK. Prioritizing variants in complete hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) genes in patients lacking known BRCA mutations. Hum Mutat 2016; 37: 640-52
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Levine AJ. P53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997; 88: 323-31
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Llort G, Chirivella I, Morales R, Serrano R, Sanchez AB, Teulé A. et al. SEOM clinical guidelines in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17: 956-61
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 20 Ochs-Balcom HM, Marian C, Nie J, Brasky TM, Goerlitz DS, Trevisan M. et al. Adiposity is associated with p53 gene mutations in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153: 635-45
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Ngeow J, Sesock K, Eng C. Breast cancer risk and clinical implications for germline PTEN mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 165: 1-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Tan MH, Mester JL, Ngeow J, Rybicki LA, Orloff MS, Eng C. et al. Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18: 400-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Worsham MJ, Abrams J, Raju U, Kapke A, Lu M, Cheng J. et al. Breast cancer incidence in a cohort of women with benign breast disease from a multiethnic, primary health care population. Breast J 2007; 13: 115-21
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Frost MH, Lingle WL, Degnim AC, Ghosh K. et al. Benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 229-37
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 146-51
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 London SJ, Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Colditz GA. A prospective study of benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 1992; 267: 941-4
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 27 Coopey SB, Mazzola E, Buckley JM, Sharko J, Belli AK, Kim EM. et al. The role of chemoprevention in modifying the risk of breast cancer in women with atypical breast lesions. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136: 627-33
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Fentiman IS. 8. The dilemma of in situ carcinoma of the breast. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55: 680-3
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Silverstein MJ, Rosser RJ, Gierson ED, Waisman JR, Gamagami P, Hoffman RS. et al.. Axillary lymph node dissection for intraductal breast carcinoma – Is it indicated? Cancer 1987; 59: 1819-24
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 Page DL, Dupont WD, Rogers LW, Jensen RA, Schuyler PA. Continued local recurrence of carcinoma 15-25 years after a diagnosis of low grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated only by biopsy. Cancer 1995; 76: 1197-200
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Guillot E, Vaysse C, Goetgeluck J, Falcou MC, Couturaud B, Fitoussi A. et al. Extensive pure ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Identification of predictors of associated infiltrating carcinoma and lymph node metastasis before immediate reconstructive surgery. Breast 2014; 23: 97-103
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Han JS, Molberg KH, Sarode V. Predictors of invasion and axillary lymph node metastasis in patients with a core biopsy diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: An analysis of 255 cases. Breast J 2011; 17: 223-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Sinha S, Yen TW, Hunt KK, Ross MI, Mirza NQ, Babiera GV, Meric-Bernstam F. et al. Predictors of invasive breast cancer in patients with an initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ: A guide to selective use of sentinel lymph node biopsy in management of ductal carcinoma in situ. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 200: 516-26
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Bhatia S, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Birch JM, Bogue MK, Diller L. et al. High risk of subsequent neoplasms continues with extended follow-up of childhood Hodgkin's disease: Report from the late effects study group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 4386-94
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Healey EA, Cook EF, Orav EJ, Schnitt SJ, Connolly JL, Harris JR. et al. Contralateral breast cancer: Clinical characteristics and impact on prognosis. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1545-52
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Rosen PP, Groshen S, Kinne DW, Hellman S. Contralateral breast carcinoma: An assessment of risk and prognosis in stage I (T1N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) patients with 20-year follow-up. Surgery 1989; 106: 904-10
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Fracchia AA, Borgen PI. Bilateral breast cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1991; 7: 300-5
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 38 Morrow M, Mehrara B. Prophylactic mastectomy and the timing of breast reconstruction. Br J Surg 2009; 96: 1-2
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Tuttle TM, Habermann EB, Grund EH, Morris TJ, Virnig BA. Increasing use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer patients: A trend toward more aggressive surgical treatment. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 5203-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Sinha S, Newman LA, Kuerer HM, Hung KK, Vlastos G, Ames FC, Ross MI. et al. Prophylactic mastectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191: 322-30
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Euhus DM, Diaz J. Breast cancer prevention. Breast J 2015; 21: 76-81
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 Breast Cancer Risk Reduction‑v1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2017. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/ physician_gls/pdf/breast_risk.pdf. [Last accessed on 2017 Oct 09].
• 43 Soybir G, Fukuma E. et al. Endoscopy assisted oncoplastic breast surgery (EAOBS). J Breast Health 2015; 11: 52-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Manning AT, Wood C, Eaton A, Stempel M, Capko D, Pusic A. et al. Nipple-sparing mastectomy in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations and variants of uncertain significance. Br J Surg 2015; 102: 1354-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Warren Peled A, Foster RD, Stover AC, Itakura K, Ewing CA, Alvarado M. et al. Outcomes after total skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction in 657 breasts. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 3402-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Meijers-Heijboer H, van Geel B, van Putten WL, Henzen-Logmans SC, Seynaeve C, Menke-Pluymers MB. et al. Breast cancer after prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 159-64
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Schaid DJ, Frank TS, Soderberg CL, Sitta DL. et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 1633-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, Lynch HT, van 't Veer L, Garber JE. et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE study group. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1055-62
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Domchek SM, Friebel TM, Singer CF, Evans DG, Lynch HT, Isaacs C. et al. Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality. JAMA 2010; 304: 967-75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, Crotty TP, Myers JL, Arnold PG. et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 77-84
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Geiger AM, Yu O, Herrinton LJ, Barlow WE, Harris EL, Rolnick S. et al. Apopulation-based study of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy efficacy in women at elevated risk for breast cancer in community practices. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 516-20
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 52 King TA, Pilewskie M, Muhsen S, Patil S, Mautner SK, Park A. et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ: A 29-year longitudinal experience evaluating clinicopathologic features and breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33: 3945-52
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 53 Sinha S, Powers RW, O'Brien PH, Kreutner AJr. et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ. J Surg Oncol 1980; 13: 269-73
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Schrag D, Kuntz KM, Garber JE, Weeks JC. Decision analysis – Effects of prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy on life expectancy among women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1465-71
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 Grann VR, Jacobson JS, Thomason D, Hershman D, Heitjan DF, Neugut AI. et al. Effect of prevention strategies on survival and quality-adjusted survival of women with BRCA1/2 mutations: An updated decision analysis. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2520-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 Kurian AW, Sigal BM, Plevritis SK. Survival analysis of cancer risk reduction strategies for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 222-31
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Sigal BM, Munoz DF, Kurian AW, Plevritis SK. A simulation model to predict the impact of prophylactic surgery and screening on the life expectancy of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21: 1066-77
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 Gabriel SE, Woods JE, O'Fallon WM, Beard CM, Kurland LT, Melton LJ. et al. Complications leading to surgery after breast implantation. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 677-82
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Borgen PI, Hill AD, Tran KN, Van Zee KJ, Massie MJ, Payne D. et al. Patient regrets after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 1998; 5: 603-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 60 Baxter NN, Virnig BA, Durham SB, Tuttle TM. Trends in the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 443-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Joslyn SA. Ductal carcinoma in situ: Trends in geographic, temporal, and demographic patterns of care and survival. Breast J 2006; 12: 20-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 Kelley L, Silverstein M, Guerra L. Analyzing the risk of recurrence after mastectomy for DCIS: A new use for the USC/Van nuys prognostic index. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 459-62
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Romics LJr, Weiler-Mithoff E, Doughty JC, Brown IM, Stallard S. et al. Ten-year follow-up of skin-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 799-806
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Fitzsullivan E, Lari SA, Smith B, Caudle AS, Krishnamurthy S, Lucci A. et al.. Incidence and consequence of close margins in patients with ductal carcinoma-in situ treated with mastectomy: Is further therapy warranted? Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20: 4103-12
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Clements K, Dodwell D, Lawrence G, Ball G, Francis A, Pinder S. et al. Radiotherapy after mastectomy for screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ. Eur J Surg Oncol 2015; 41: 1406-10
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Owen D, Tyldesley S, Alexander C, Speers C, Truong P, Nichol A. et al. Outcomes in patients treated with mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 85: e129
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Klein J, Kong I, Paszat L, Nofech-Mozes S, Hanna W, Thiruchelvam D. et al. Close or positive resection margins are not associated with an increased risk of chest wall recurrence in women with DCIS treated by mastectomy: A population-based analysis. Springerplus 2015; 4: 335
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Rubio IT, Mirza N, Sahin AA, Whitman G, Kroll SS, Ames FC. et al. Role of specimen radiography in patients treated with skin-sparing mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 544-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Carlson GW, Page A, Johnson E, Nicholson K, Styblo TM, Wood WC. et al. Local recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ after skin-sparing mastectomy. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: 1074-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 Rashtian A, Iganej S, Amy Liu IL, Natarajan S. Close or positive margins after mastectomy for DCIS: Pattern of relapse and potential indications for radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72: 1016-20
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Godat LN, Horton JK, Shen P, Stewart JH, Wentworth S, Levine EA. et al. Recurrence after mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ. Am Surg 2009; 75: 592-5
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Reefy S, Patani N, Anderson A, Burgoyne G, Osman H, Mokbel K. et al. Oncological outcome and patient satisfaction with skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: A prospective observational study. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 171
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 de Alcantara Filho P, Capko D, Barry DK, Morrow M, Pusic A, Sacchini VS. et al. Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk-reducing surgery: The memorial sloan-kettering cancer center experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3117-22
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Chan LW, Rabban J, Hwang ES, Bevan A, Alvarado M, Ewing C. et al.. Is radiation indicated in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and close or positive mastectomy margins? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 80: 25-30
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 75 Childs SK, Chen YH, Duggan MM, Golshan M, Pochebit S, Punglia RS. et al. Impact of margin status on local recurrence after mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 85: 948-52
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Chadha M, Portenoy J, Boolbol SK, Gillego A, Harrison LB. Is there a role for postmastectomy radiation therapy in ductal carcinoma in situ? Int J Surg Oncol 2012; 2012: 423520
• 77 Bannani S, Rouquette S, Bendavid-Athias C, Tas P, Levêque J, Sarin YK. The locoregional recurrence post-mastectomy for ductal carcinoma in situ: Incidence and risk factors. Breast 2015; 24: 608-12
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Foote FW, Stewart FW. Lobular carcinoma in situ: A rare form of mammary cancer. Am J Pathol 1941; 17: 491-6 3
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Maluf H, Koerner F. et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinoma: Frequent presence of DCIS as a precursor lesion. Int J Surg Pathol 2001; 9: 127-31
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 80 Fisher ER, Costantino J, Fisher B, Palekar AS, Paik SM, Suarez CM. et al. Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (NSABP) protocol B-17 Five-year observations concerning lobular carcinoma in situ. Cancer 1996; 78: 1403-16
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 81 Giordano JM, Klopp CT. Lobular carcinoma in situ: Incidence and treatment. Cancer 1973; 31: 105-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 82 Hutter RV, Foote FWJr. Lobular carcinoma in situ. Long term follow-up. Cancer 1969; 24: 1081-5
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 83 Cutuli B, De Lafontan B, Kirova Y, Auvray H, Tallet A, Avigdor S. et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) of the breast: Is long-term outcome similar to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)? Analysis of 200 cases. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10: 110
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 84 Benfield J, Jacobson M, Warner N. In situ lobular carcinoma of the breast. Arch Surg 1965; 91: 130-5
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 85 Farrow JH. Clinical considerations and treatment of in situ lobular breast cancer. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1968; 102: 652-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 86 Donegan WL, Perez-Mesa CM. Lobular carcinoma – An indication for elective biopsy of the second breast. Ann Surg 1972; 176: 178-87
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 87 Wheeler JE, Enterline HT, Roseman JM, Tomasulo JP, McIlvaine CH, Fitts WTJr. et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Long-term followup. Cancer 1974; 34: 554-63
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 88 Parker SJ, Harries SA. et al. Phyllodes tumours. Postgrad Med J 2001; 77: 428-35
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 89 Sotheran W, Domjan J, Jeffrey M, Wise MH, Perry PM. Phyllodes tumours of the breast – A retrospective study from 1982-2000 of 50 cases in portsmouth. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2005; 87: 339-44
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 90 Mituś JW, Blecharz P, Reinfuss M, Kulpa JK, Skotnicki P, Wysocki WM. et al. Changes in the clinical characteristics, treatment options, and therapy outcomes in patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast during 55 years of experience. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19: 1183-7
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 91 Salvadori B, Cusumano F, Del Bo R, Delledonne V, Grassi M, Rovini D. et al. Surgical treatment of phyllodes tumors of the breast. Cancer 1989; 63: 2532-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 92 Moffat CJ, Pinder SE, Dixon AR, Elston CW, Blamey RW, Ellis IO. et al. Phyllodes tumours of the breast: A clinicopathological review of thirty-two cases. Histopathology 1995; 27: 205-18
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 93 Acar T, Tarcan E, Hacıyanlı M, Kamer E, Peşkersoy M, Yiǧit S. et al. How to approach phyllodes tumors of the breast. Ulus Cerrahi Derg 2015; 31: 197-201
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 94 Sinha S, Toh YF, Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Tan PH. Phyllodes tumours of the breast: Retrospective analysis of a university hospital's experience. Malays J Pathol 2016; 38: 19-24
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 95 Reinfuss M, Mituś J, Duda K, Stelmach A, Ryś J, Smolak K. et al. The treatment and prognosis of patients with phyllodes tumor of the breast: An analysis of 170 cases. Cancer 1996; 77: 910-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 96 van Sprundel TC, Schmidt MK, Rookus MA, Brohet R, van Asperen CJ, Rutgers EJ. et al. Risk reduction of contralateral breast cancer and survival after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 287-92
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 97 Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, Tung N, Olivotto I, Warner E. et al. Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2328-35
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 98 Peralta EA, Ellenhorn JD, Wagman LD, Dagis A, Andersen JS, Chu DZ. et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy improves the outcome of selected patients undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer. Am J Surg 2000; 180: 439-45
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 99 Herrinton LJ, Barlow WE, Yu O, Geiger AM, Elmore JG, Barton MB. et al. Efficacy of prophylactic mastectomy in women with unilateral breast cancer: A cancer research network project. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4275-86
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 100 Boughey JC, Hoskin TL, Degnim AC, Sellers TA, Johnson JL, Kasner MJ. et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy is associated with a survival advantage in high-risk women with a personal history of breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 2702-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 101 Babiera GV, Lowy AM, Davidson BS, Singletary SE. The role of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in invasive lobular carcinoma. Breast J 1997; 3: 2-6
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• 102 Heiniger L, Butow PN, Coll J, Bullen T, Wilson J, Baylock B. et al. Long-term outcomes of risk-reducing surgery in unaffected women at increased familial risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Fam Cancer 2015; 14: 105-15
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 103 Brandberg Y, Sandelin K, Erikson S, Jurell G, Liljegren A, Lindblom A. et al. Psychological reactions, quality of life, and body image after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women at high risk for breast cancer: A prospective 1-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3943-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 104 den Heijer M, Seynaeve C, Timman R, Duivenvoorden HJ, Vanheusden K, Tilanus-Linthorst M. et al. Body image and psychological distress after prophylactic mastectomy and breast reconstruction in genetically predisposed women: A prospective long-term follow-up study. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48: 1263-8
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 105 Frost MH, Slezak JM, Tran NV, Williams CI, Johnson JL, Woods JE. et al. Satisfaction after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: The significance of mastectomy type, reconstructive complications, and body appearance. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7849-56
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 106 Frost MH, Schaid DJ, Sellers TA, Slezak JM, Arnold PG, Woods JE. et al. Long-term satisfaction and psychological and social function following bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. JAMA 2000; 284: 319-24
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 107 Frost MH, Hoskin TL, Hartmann LC, Degnim AC, Johnson JL, Boughey JC. et al. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: Long-term consistency of satisfaction and adverse effects and the significance of informed decision-making, quality of life, and personality traits. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 3110-6
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 108 Gahm J, Wickman M, Brandberg Y. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with inherited risk of breast cancer – prevalence of pain and discomfort, impact on sexuality, quality of life and feelings of regret two years after surgery. Breast 2010; 19: 462-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 109 Gopie JP, Mureau MA, Seynaeve C, Ter Kuile MM, Menke-Pluymers MB, Timman R. et al. Body image issues after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy with breast reconstruction in healthy women at risk for hereditary breast cancer. Fam Cancer 2013; 12: 479-87
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 110 Koslow S, Pharmer LA, Scott AM, Stempel M, Morrow M, Pusic AL. et al. Long-term patient-reported satisfaction after contralateral prophylactic mastectomy and implant reconstruction. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20: 3422-9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar