Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2005, 149(1):3-28 | DOI: 10.5507/bp.2005.001

Myrrh - Commiphora chemistry

Lumír O. Hanuša, Tomáš Řezankab, Valery M. Dembitskya, Arieh Moussaieffa
a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
b Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, Czech Republic

Myrrh and opopanax has been used throughout history in incense and as a perfume. Since Bible times it has been used for the treatment of wounds. The first attempts to identify content compounds were almost 100 years ago. In this review we discuss the present state of knowledge in the chemistry of substances of Commiphora spp.

Keywords: Myrrh, Commiphora

Received: May 25, 2005; Accepted: June 5, 2005; Published: July 1, 2005  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Hanuš, L.O., Řezanka, T., Dembitsky, V.M., & Moussaieff, A. (2005). Myrrh - Commiphora chemistry. Biomedical papers149(1), 3-28. doi: 10.5507/bp.2005.001
Download citation

References

  1. Pernet R: (1972) Phytochimie des Burseracees. Lloydia 35, 280- 287.
  2. Thulin M. (2000) Ten new species of Commiphora (Burseraceae) from Somalia. Nord J Bot 20, 395-411. Go to original source...
  3. Tucker AO. (1986) Frankincense and Myrrh. Econ Bot 40, 425- 433. Go to original source...
  4. Guenther E. (1950) The Essential Oils. Vol. 4. Van Nostrand, New York
  5. Mincione E, Iavarone C. (1972) Terpeni dalla Commifera mirra Arabica. Nota I. Chim Ind (Milan) 54, 424-425.
  6. Wilson RA, Mookherjee BD. (1983) Characterization of aroma donating components of myrrh. Proceedings of 9th International Congress of Essential Oils, Singapore, 13-17 March, paper no. 400, pp. 1-10, Book 4. Singapore: Essential Oils Association of Singapore.
  7. Ishii H, Tozyo T, Nakamura M, Takeda K. (1968) Components of the root of lindera strychnifolia Vill-XIII : Structure of isogermafurene and lineroxide. Tetrahedron 24, 625-631. Go to original source...
  8. Hikino H, Agatsuma K, Takemoto T. (1968) Structure of curzerenone, epicurzerenone, and isofuranogermacrene (cur ze rene). Tetrahedron Lett 9, 2855-2858. Go to original source...
  9. Hikino H, Agatsuma K, Konno C, Takemoto T. (1970) Sesquiterpenoids. 35. Structure of furanodiene and isofuranogermacrene (curzerene) Chem Pharm Bull 18, 752-755. Go to original source...
  10. Malingre TM. (1975) Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Temoe Lawak, A Plant with Cholagog Activity. Pharm Weekbl 110, 601-610.
  11. Hikino H, Agatsuma K, Takemoto T. (1968) Furanodiene, a precursor of furan-containing sesquiterpenoids. Tetrahedron Lett 9, 931-933. Go to original source...
  12. Hikino H, Konno C, Agatsuma K, Takemoto T, Horibe I, Tori K, Ueyama M, Takeda K. (1975) Sesquiterpenoids .47. Structure, configuration, conformation, and thermal rearrangement of furanodienone, isofuranodienone, curzerenone, epicurzerenone, and pyrocurzerenone, sesquiterpenoids of Curcuma-zedoaria. J Chem So. Perk T 1, 478-484. Go to original source...
  13. Hikino H, Hikino Y, Yosioka I. (1962) Structure and autoxidation of atractylon. Chem Pharm Bull 10, 641-642. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  14. Takeda K, Minato H, Miyawaki M, Ishikawa M. (1964) Components of root of Lindera strychnifolia VILL .9. Structures of lindestrene and linderene acetate. Tetrahedron 20, 2655-2663. Go to original source...
  15. Takeda KI, Ishii H, Tozyo T, Minato H. (1969) Components of root of Lindera strychnifolia VILL. 16. Isolation of lindenene showing a new fundamental sesquiterpene skeleton, and its correlation with linderene. J Chem Soc C (14), 1920-1921. Go to original source...
  16. Fukushima S, Kuroyana M, Ueno A, Akahori Y, Saiki Y. (1970) Structure of curzerenone, a new sesquiterpene from Curcuma-zedoaria. Yakugaku Zasshi 90, 863-869. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  17. Uematsu S, Akahori Y, Fukushima S, Saiki Y, Ueno A, Kuroyana M. (1970) A nuclear magnetic resonance study of curzerenone. Chem Pharm Bul 18, 1118-1123. Go to original source...
  18. Monti D, Manitto P, Tagliapietra S, Dada G, Speranza G. (1986) The absolute stereochemistry of two furanogermacranes of myrrh as determined by the circular dichroism exciton chirality method. Gazz Chim Ital 116, 303-306.
  19. Ma X, Yu X, Zheng Z, Mao J. (1992) Investigation of volatile composition in frankincense and myrrh using analytical supercritical fluid extraction technique. Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 12, 83-86.
  20. Yu X, Ma X, Ding X. (1993) GC/ITD study of major constituents of the extracts of myrrh and Curcuma zedoaria. Fenxi Ceshi Xuebao 12, 8-13.
  21. Wiendl RM, Franz G. (1994) Myrrh. New chemistry of an old plant drug. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 134, 27-29, 31-32.
  22. Wang W, Zhu Y, Qin X, Tian J. (1995) Analysis of the chemical constituents of essential oil of MYRRHA from Kenia. Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi 15, 33-36.
  23. Jingai T, Shangwei S. (1996) Studies on the constituents of essential oil of imported Myrrh and gum opoponax. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 21, 235-237. Go to PubMed...
  24. Edwards HGM, Falk MJ. (1997) Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopic study of frankincense and myrrh. Spectrochim Acta A 53, 2393-2401. Go to original source...
  25. Brody RH, Edwards HGM, Pollard AM. (2002) Fourier transform- Raman spectroscopic study of natural resins of archaeological interest. Biopolymers 67, 129-141. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. Hough L, Jones JKN, Wadman WH. (1952) Some observations on the Constitution of Gum Myrrh. J Chem Soc 796-800. Go to original source...
  27. Jones JKN, Nunn JR (1955). The Constitution of Gum Myrrh. Part II. J Chem Soc 3001-3004. Go to original source...
  28. Mincione E, Iavarone C. (1972) Terpeni dalla Commifera mirra Arabica. Nota II. Chim Ind (Milan) 54, 525-527.
  29. Maradufu A. (1982) Furanosesquiterpenoids of Commiphora erythraea and C. myrrh. Phytochemistry 21, 677-680. Go to original source...
  30. Provan GJ, Gray A I, Waterman PG. (1987) Chemistry of the Burseraceae. Part 5. Sesquiterpenes from the myrrh-type resins of some Kenyan Commiphora species. Flavour Fragrance J 2, 109-13. Go to original source...
  31. Ognjanov I, Ivanov D, Herout V, Horák M, Plíva J, Šorm F. (1958) On terpenes. LXXXVIII. The structure of germacrone, the crystalline constituent of Bulgarian zdravets oil. Collect Czech Chem Commun 23, 2033-2045. Go to original source...
  32. Ulubelen A, Gören N, Jakupovic J. (1986) Germacrane derivatives from the fruits of Smyrnium creticum. Phytochemistry 26, 312-313. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. Rücker G, Deassisba GA, Bauer L. (1971) Structure of isofuranodiene from Stenocylax-michelii (Myrtaceae). Phytochemistry 10, 221-224. Go to original source...
  34. Maradufu A, Warthen JD. (1988) Furanosesquiterpenoids from Commiphora myrrh oil. Plant Sci 57, 181-184. Go to original source...
  35. Demissew S. (1993) A description of some essential oil bearing plants in Ethiopia and their indigenous uses. J Essent Oil Res 5, 465-479. Go to original source...
  36. Blay G, Cardona L, Garcia B, Pedro JR, Sanchez J.J (1996) Stereoselective Synthesis of 8,12-Furanoeudesmanes from Santonin. Absolute Stereochemistry of Natural Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene and Tubipofurane. J Org Chem 61, 3815-3819. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  37. Ubillas RP, Mendez CD, Jolad SD, Luo J, King SR, Carlson TJ, Fort DM. (1999) Antihyperglycemic furanosesquiterpenes from Commiphora myrrha. Planta Med 65, 778-779. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  38. Zhu N, Kikuzaki H, Sheng S, Sang S, Rafi MM, Wang M, Nakatani N, DiPaola RS, Rosen RT, Ho CT. (2001) Furanosesquiterpenoids of Commiphora myrrha. J Nat Prod 64, 1460-1462. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Dekebo A, Dagne E, Sterner O. (2002) Furanosesquiterpenes from Commiphora sphaerocarpa and related adulterants of true myrrh. Fitoterapia 73, 48-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Yoshihara K, Ohta Y, Sakai T, Hirose Y. (1969) Germacrene D a key intermediate of cadinene group compounds and bourbonenes. Tetrahedron Lett (27), 2263-2264. Go to original source...
  41. Niwa M, Iguchi M, Yamamura S. (1980) Co-occurrence of (-)- germacrene-D and (+)-germacrene-D in Solidago-altissima L - determination of the optical-rotation of optically pure germacrene-D. Chem Pharm Bull 28, 997-999. Go to original source...
  42. Nishimura K, Shinoda N, Hirose Y. (1969) A new sesquiterpene, bicyclogermacrene. Tetrahedron Lett 10, 3097-3100. Go to original source...
  43. Nishimura K, Horibe I, Tori K. (1973) Conformations of 10-membered rings in bicyclogermacrene and isobicyclogermacrene. Tetrahedron 29, 271-274. Go to original source...
  44. Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M. (2003) Constituents of the essential oil of Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. var. molmol. J Essent Oil Res 15, 50-51. Go to original source...
  45. Baser K.HC, Demirci B, Dekebo A, Dagne E. (2003) Essential oils of some Boswellia spp., Myrrh and Opopanax. Flavour Fragrance J 18, 153-156. Go to original source...
  46. Zhu N, Sheng S, Sang S, Rosen RT, Ho C-T. (2003) Isolation and characterization of several aromatic sesquiterpenes from Commiphora myrrha. Flavour Fragrance J 18, 282-285. Go to original source...
  47. Brieskorn CH, Noble P. (1980) Drei neue furanogermacrene aus myrrhe. Tetrahedron Lett 21, 1511-1514. Go to original source...
  48. Brieskorn CH, Noble P. (1983) Two furanoeudesmanes from the essential oil of myrrh. Phytochemistry 22, 187-189. Go to original source...
  49. Brieskorn CH, Noble P. (1983) Furanosesquiterpenes from the essential oil of myrrh, Phytochemistry 22, 1207-1211. Go to original source...
  50. Wiendl RM, Müller BM, Franz G. (1995) Proteoglycans from the gum exudate of myrrh. Carbohyd Polym 28, 217-226. Go to original source...
  51. Dolara P, Luceri C, Ghelardini C, Monserrat C, Aiolli S, Luceri F, Lodovici M, Menichetti S, Romanelli MN. (1996) Analgesic effects of myrrh. Nature 379, 29. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  52. Dolara P, Corte B, Ghelardini C, Pugliese AM, Cerbai E, Menichetti S, Lo Nostro A. (2000) Local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of sesquiterpenes from myrrh. Planta Med 66, 356-358. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  53. AbdulGhani AS, Amin R. (1997) Effect of aqueous extract of Commiphora opobalsamum on blood pressure and heart rate in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 57, 219-222. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  54. Ikeda RM, Stanley WL, Vannier SH, Spitler EM. (1962) The monoterpene hydrocarbons composition of some essential oils. J Food Sci 27, 455-458. Go to original source...
  55. Nigam IC, Levi L. (1966) Essential oils and their constituents. XXXII. Gas chromatography of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 23, 217-226. Go to original source...
  56. Wenninger JA, Yates RL, Dolinsky M. (1967) High resolution infrared spectra of some naturally occurring sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. J Assoc Off Analyst Chem 50, 1313-1335. Go to original source...
  57. Regan AF, Andrews BR. (1967) Gas chromatography of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 31, 209. Go to original source...
  58. Nigam IC, Neville GA. (1968) Essential oils and their constituents. Part XLI. Identification of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in oil of opopanax. J Chromatogr 34, 85-88. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  59. Wenninger JA, Yates RL. (1969) Constituents of Opoponax Oil: Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. J Assoc Off Analyst Chem 52, 1155- 1161. Go to original source...
  60. Delay F, Ohloff G. (1979) Syntheses and absolute configuration of (E)- and (Z)--bisabolenes. Helv Chim Acta 62, 369-377. Go to original source...
  61. Bhati A. (1950) Essential oil from the resin of Commiphora mukul. J Indian Chem Soc. 27, 436-440. Go to original source...
  62. Bose S, Gupta C. (1964) Structure of Commiphora mukul Gum: Part I - Nature of Sugars Present & the Structure of the Aldobiouronic Acid. Indian J Chem 2, 57-60.
  63. Bose S, Gupta C. (1964) Structure of Commiphora mukul Gum: Part III - Methylation & Periodate Oxidation Studies. Indian J Chem 4, 87-89.
  64. Bose S, Gupta C. (1964) Structure of Commiphora mukul Gum: Part II - Structure of the Degraded Gum. Indian J Chem 2, 156- 158.
  65. Amjad AM, Mashooda H. (1967) Chemical investigation of Commiphora mukul. Pakistan J Sci Ind Res 10, 21-23.
  66. Arora RB, Kapoor V, Gupta SK, Sharma RC. (1971) Isolation of a crystalline steroidal compound from Commiphora mukul & its anti-inflammatory activity. Indian J Exp Biol 9, 403-404.
  67. Arora RB, Taneja V, Sharma RC, Gupta SK. (1972) Anti-inflammatory studies on a crystalline steroid isolated from Commiphora mukul. Indian J Med Res 60, 929-931.
  68. Rücker G. (1972) Über monocyclische Diterpene aus dem indischen Guggul-Harz (Commiphora mukul). Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim) 305, 486-493. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  69. Raldugin VA, Shelepina OB, Sekatsis IP, Rezvukhin AI, Pentegova VA (1976) Configuration of C3 double bond and partial synthesis of allylcembrol. Khim Prir Soedin (1), 108-109. Go to original source...
  70. Patil VD, Nayak UR, Dev S. (1972) Chemistry of Ayurvedic crude drugs-I: Guggulu (resin from Commiphora mukul)-1: Steroidal constituents. Tetrahedron 28, 2341-2352. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  71. Patil VD, Nayak UR, Dev S. (1973) Chemistry of ayurvedic crude drugs-II: Guggulu (resin from Commiphora mukul)-2: Diterpenoid constituents. Tetrahedron 29, 341-348. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  72. Patil VD, Nayak UR, Dev S. (1973) Chemistry of ayurvedic crude drugs-III: Guggulu (resin from Commiphora mukul)-3 long-chain aliphatic tetrols, a new class of naturally occurring lipids. Tetrahedron 29, 1595-1598. Go to original source...
  73. Purushothaman KK, Chandrasekharan S. (1976) Gugulsterols from Commiphora mukul (Burseraceae). Indian J Chem, Sect B 14B, 802-804.
  74. Prasad RS, Dev S. (1976) Chemistry of ayurvedic crude drugs-IV: Guggulu (resin from commiphora mukul-4 absolute stereochemistry of mukulol. Tetrahedron 32, 1437-1441. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  75. Bajaj AG., Dev S, Arnold E, Tagle B, Clardy J. (1981) The stereochemistry of guggulsterol-1. Tetrahedron Lett 22, 4623-4626 Go to original source...
  76. Kakrani HK. (1981) Flavonoids from the flowers of Commiphora mukul. Fitoterapia 52, 221-223.
  77. Kakrani HK. (1982) Physicochemical examination of seed oil from Commiphora mukul Hook ex Stocks. Indian Drugs 19, 339-341.
  78. Bajaj AG, Sukh DS. (1982) Chemistry of ayurvedic crude drugs-V: Guggulu (resin from commiphora mukul)-5 some new steroidal components and, stereochemistry of guggulsterol-I at C-20 and C-22. Tetrahedron 38, 2949-2954. Go to original source...
  79. Kumar V, Dev S. (1987) Chemistry of ayurvedic crude drugs-VII: Guggulu (resin from Commiphora mukul). 6. absolute stereochemistry of guggultetrols. Tetrahedron 43, 5933-5948. Go to original source...
  80. Satyavati GV. (1991) Guggulipid: A promising hypolipidaemic agent from gum guggul (Commiphora wightii). Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Volume 5. Plants and Traditional Medicine, 47-82.
  81. Satyavati GV. (1988) Gum guggulu (Commiphora mukul)-the success story of an ancient insight leading to a modern discovery. Indian J Med Res 87, 327-35.
  82. Sharma ML, Gour HN. (1988) Biochemical-components of Commiphora- wightii (Arnott) Bhand leaves infected with Phoma sp. Ann Arid Zone 27, 275-276.
  83. Duwiejua M, Zeitlin IJ, Waterman PG, Chapman J, Mhango GJ, Provan G. J (1993) Anti-inflammatory activity of resins from some species of the plant family Burseraceae. Planta Med 59, 12-16. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  84. Saxena VK, Sharma RN. (1998) Constituents of the essential oil from Commiphora mukul gum resin. J Med Arom Plant Sci 20, 55-56.
  85. Mesrob B, Nesbitt C, Misra R, Pandey RC. (1998) High-performance liquid chromatographic method for fingerprinting and quantitative determination of E- and Z-guggulsterones in Commiphora mukul resin and its products. J Chromatogr B 720, 189-196. Go to original source...
  86. Verma N, Singh SK, Gupta RC. (1998) Simultaneous determination of the stereoisomers of guggulsterone in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 708, 243-248. Go to original source...
  87. Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Shaheen F, Ashraf M, Jahan S. (1998) Microbial transformations of hypolipemic E-guggulsterone. J Nat Prod 61, 428-431. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  88. Kimura I, Yoshikawa M, Kobayashi S, Sugihara Y, Suzuki M, Oominami H, Murakami T, Matsuda H, Doiphode VV. (2001) New triterpenes, myrrhanol A and myrrhanone A, from guggulgum resins, and their potent anti-inflammatory effect on adjuvantinduced air-pouch granuloma of mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11, 985-989. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  89. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Ando S, Oominami H, Murakami T, Kimura I, Yoshikawa M. (2004) Absolute stereostructures of polypodane- type triterpenes, myrrhanol A and myrrhanone A, from guggul-gum resin (the resin of Balsamodendron mukul). Chem Pharm Bull 52, 1200-1203. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  90. Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Ando S, Oominami H, Murakami T, Kimura I, Yoshikawa M (2004) Absolute stereostructures of polypodane- and octanordammarane-type triterpenes with nitric oxide production inhibitory activity from guggul-gum resins. Bioorg Med Chem 12, 3037-3046. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  91. Sarkhel S, Yadava U, Prakas P, Jain GK, Singh A, Maulik PR. (2001) Guggulsterone E, a lipid-lowering agent from Commiphora mukul Acta Crystallogr E57, o285-o286. Go to original source...
  92. Zhu N, Rafi MM, DiPaola RS, Xin J, Chin C-K, Badmaev V, Ghai G, Rosen RT, Ho C-T. (2001) Bioactive constituents from gum guggul (Commiphora wightii). Phytochemistry 56, 723-727. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  93. Meselhy MR. (2003) Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by the oleogum resin of Commiphora wightii and its constituents. Phytochemistry 62, 213-218. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  94. Fatope MO, Al-Burtomani SKS, Ochei JO, Abdulnour AO, Al- Kindy M.Z, Takeda Y. (2003) Muscanone: a 3-O-(1'',8''14''-trimet hylhexadecanyl)naringenin from Commiphora wightii. Phytochemistry 62, 1251-1255. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  95. Francis JA.; Raja SN, Nair MG. (2004) Bioactive terpenoids and guggulusteroids from Commiphora mukul gum resin of potential anti-inflammatory interest. Chem Biodiversity 1, 1842-1853. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  96. Provan GJ, Gray AI, Waterman PG. (1992) Mansumbinane derivatives from stem bark of Commiphora kua. Phytochemistry 31, 2065-2068. Go to original source...
  97. Manguro LOA, Mukonyi KM, Githiomi JK. (1996) Bisabolenes and furanosesquiterpenoids of Kenyan Commiphora kua resin. Planta Med 62, 84-85. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  98. Battu GR, Zeitlin IJ, Gray AI, Waterman PG. (1999) Inhibitory actions on rat myeloperoxidease of molecules isolated from antiinflammatory extracts of Commiphora kua. Brit J Pharmacol 128, 274P Suppl. S.
  99. Dekebo A, Dagne E, Hansen LK, Gautun OR, Arne J, Aasen AJ. (2002) Two octanordammarane triterpenes from Commiphora kua. Phytochemistry 59, 399-403. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  100. Manguro LO, Ugi I, Lemmen P. (2003) Further Bisabolenes and Dammarane Triterpenes of Commiphora kua Resin. Chem Pharm Bull 51, 479-482. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  101. Thomas AF, Müller JM. (1960) Triterpene acids from Commiphora glandulosa Schinz. Experientia 16, 62-64. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  102. Thomas AF. (1961) The triterpenes of Commiphora - II. The structure of comic acid C and comic acid D. Tetrahedron 15, 212-216. Go to original source...
  103. Thomas AF, Heusler K, Müller JM. (1961) The triterpenes of Commiphora--III : The structure of commic acid E. Tetrahedron 16, 264-270. Go to original source...
  104. Craveiro A, Corsano S, Proietti G, Strappaghetti G. (1983) Constituents of essential oil of Commiphora-guidotti. Planta Med 48, 97-98. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  105. Claeson P, Andersson R, Samuelsson G (1991) T-cadinol - a pharmacologically active constituent of scented myrrh - introductory pharmacological characterization and high-field h-1-nmr and c-13- nmr data. Planta Med 57, 352-356. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  106. Andersson M, Bergendorff O, Shan RD, Zygmunt P, Sterner O. (1997) Minor components with smooth muscle relaxing properties from scented myrrh (Commiphora guidotti). Planta Med 63, 251-254. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  107. Thulin M, Claeson P. (1991) The botanical origin of scented myrrh (bissabol or habak hadi). Econ Bot 45, 487-494. Go to original source...
  108. Thomas AF, Willhalm B. (1964) The triterpenes of Commiphora IV mass spectra and organic analysis V mass spectroscopic studies and the structure of commic acids A and B. Tetrahedron Lett 5, 3177-3183. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  109. Brieskorn CH, Noble P. (1982) Inhaltsstoffe des etherischen Öls der Myrrhe. II: Sesquiterpene und Furanosesquiterpene. Planta Med 44, 87-90. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  110. Cagnoli Bellavita B, Ceccherelli P, Damiani P. (1968) Cholesterol, campesterol, and -sitosterol from a Commiphora abyssinica. Ann Chim (Rome) 58, 541-545.
  111. Jessenne MG, Bezanger-Beauquesne L, Pinkas M, Trotin F. (1974) Gums of two gum resins, bdellium and galbanum. Plant Med Phytother 8, 241-249.
  112. Ayedoun M.A, Moudachirou M, Tomi F, Casanova J. (1997) Identification by 13C NMR and by GC/MS of the principal components of essential oils from Xylopia aethiopica (dunal). Richard and of Commiphora africana from Benin. J Soc Quest-Afr Chi. 2, 29-35.
  113. Ayedoun MA, Sohounhloue DK, Menut C, Lamaty G, Molangui T, Casanova J, Tomi F. (1998) Aromatic plants of Tropical West Africa. VI. -Oxobisabolene as main constituent of the leaf essential oil of Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. from Benin. J Essent Oil Res 10, 105-107. Go to original source...
  114. Choudhury MK, Johnson EC, Agbaji AS. (2000) Chemical investigation of the bark of Commiphora africana (Burseraceae). Ind J Pharm Sci 62, 311-312.
  115. Provan GJ, Waterman PG. (1985) Picropolygamain: a new ligand from Commiphora incise Resin. Planta Med 271-272. Go to original source...
  116. Provan GJ, Waterman PG. (1986) The mansumbinanes: Octanordammaranes from the resin of Commiphora incise. Phytochemistry 25, 917-922. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  117. Provan GJ, Waterman PG. (1988) Chemistry of the Burseraceae. 10. Major triterpenes from the resins of commiphora-incisa and C. kua and their potential chemotaxonomic significance. Phytochemistry 27, 3841-3843. Go to original source...
  118. McDowell PG, Lwande W, Deans SG, Waterman PG. (1988) Volatile resin exudate from stem bark of Commiphora rostrata: Potential role in plant defence. Phytochemistry 27, 2519-2521. Go to original source...
  119. Lwande W, Hassanali A, Mcdowell PG, Moreka L, Nokoe SK, Waterman, PG. (1992) Constituents of Commiphora rostrata and some of their analogs as maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais repellents. Insect Sci Its Appl 13, 679-683. Go to original source...
  120. Fourie TG, Snyckers FO. (1989) A pentacyclic triterpene with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity from the roots of Commiphora merkeri. J Nat Prod 52, 1129-1131. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  121. Waterman PG, Ampofo S. (1985) Dammarane Triterpenes from the stem bark of Commiphora Dalzielii. Phytochemistry 24, 2925- 2928. Go to original source...
  122. Assad YOH, Torto B, Hassanali A, Njagi PGN, Bashir NHH, Mahamat H. (1997) Seasonal variation in the essential oil composition of Commiphora quadricincta and its effect on the maturation of immature adults of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Phytochemistry 44, 833-841. Go to original source...
  123. Asres K, Tei A, Moges G, Sporer F, Wink M. (1998) Terpenoid composition of the wound-induced bark exudate of Commiphora tenuis from Ethiopia. Planta Med 64, 473-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  124. Dekebo A, Dagne E, Hansen LK, Gautun OR, Aasen AJ. (2000) Crystal structures of two furanosesquiterpenes from Commiphora sphaerocarpa. Tetrahedron Lett 41, 9875-9878. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  125. Vollesen K. 1989 In Burseraceae. Flora of Ethiopia. Hedberg I., Edwards S., Eds., Addis Ababa University Press, Addis Ababa, Vol. 3, pp. 442-478.
  126. Dekebo A, Lang M, Polborn K, Dagne E, Steglich W. (2002) Four lignans from Commiphora erlangeriana. J Nat Prod 65, 1252-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  127. Habtemariam S. (2003) Cytotoxic and cytostatic activity of erlangerins from Commiphora erlangeriana. Toxicon 41,723-727. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  128. Blitzke T, Schmidt J, Masaoud M. (2001) 7-O-methylaloeresin A - a new chromone glycoside from Commiphora socotrana. Nat. Prod. Lett 15, 27-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  129. Provan G.J, Gray AI, Waterman PG. (1987) Chemistry of the Burseraceae. Part 6. Monoterpene-rich resins from some Kenyan Burseraceae. Flavour Fragrance J 2, 115-118. Go to original source...
  130. Ma J, Jones SH, Hecht, Sidney M. (2005) A Dihydroflavonol Glucoside from Commiphora africana that Mediates DNA Strand Scission. J Nat Prod 68, 115-117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  131. Abegaz B, Dagne E, Bates C,. Waterman PG. (1989) Chemistry of the Burseraceae. Part 12. Monoterpene-rich resins from two Ethiopian species of Commiphora. Flavour Fragrance J 4, 99-101. Go to original source...
  132. Cavanagh IS, Cole MD, Gibbons S, Gray AI, Provan GJ, Waterman, PG. (1993) Chemistry of the Burseraceae. Part 16. A novel sesquiterpene, 1,2-epoxyfurano-10(15)-germacren-6-one, from the resin of Commiphora holtziana Engl. Flavour Fragrance J 8, 39-41. Go to original source...
  133. Balawant JJ, Hegde VR. (1979) Extractives of Balsamodendron pubescens: Stocks, Hook. Isolation and a new synthesis of siderin. Proc. - Indian Acad Sci, Sect A 88A (Pt.1, No.3), 185-190. Go to original source...
  134. Dekebo A, Dagne E, Curry P, Gautun OR, Aasen AJ. (2002d) Dammarane triterpenes from the resins of Commiphora confuse. Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 16, 81-86. Go to original source...
  135. Cardoso do Vale .J (1962) Chemical study of the barks of Commiphora angolensis. Bol Escola Farm, Univ Coimbra, Ed Cient 22, 113-128.
  136. Schmeer K, Nicholson G, Zhang S, Bayer E, Bohning-Gaese K (1996) Identification of the lipids and the ant attractant 1,2-dioleoylglycerol in the arils of Commiphora guillaumini Perr. (Burseraceae) by supercritical fluid chromatography - atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 727, 139-146. Go to original source...
  137. Manguro LO, Ugi I, Lemmen P. (2003) Dammarane Triterpenes of Commiphora confusa Resin. Chem Pharm Bull 51, 483-486. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...