Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Physical and laboratory measurements
Measurement of arterial stiffness
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics, serum LBP levels, and aortic PWV of the subjects
All subjects | Men | Women |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
N
| 196 | 101 | 95 | – |
Age (years) | 61 ± 14 | 60 ± 13 | 62 ± 15 | 0.346 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 10 (3–18) | 10 (2–20) | 10 (5–16) | 0.589 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 26.9 ± 5.5 | 27.3 ± 6.7 | 0.640 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92 ± 15 | 93 ± 13 | 91 ± 16 | 0.252 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 20 | 135 ± 19 | 135 ± 20 | 0.962 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 12 | 81 ± 11 | 77 ± 13 | 0.022 |
Smoker n (%) | 41 (20.9) | 34 (33.7) | 7 (7.4) | <0.001 |
Antihyperglycemic agents n (%) | 168 (85.7) | 86 (85.2) | 82 (86.3) | 0.816 |
Statins n (%) | 80 (40.8) | 38 (37.6) | 42 (44.2) | 0.348 |
RAS inhibitors n (%) | 72 (36.7) | 34 (33.7) | 38 (40.0) | 0.358 |
Calcium-channel blockers n (%) | 74 (37.8) | 35 (34.7) | 39 (41.1) | 0.356 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 0.205 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.95 ± 0.58 | 1.07 ± 0.59 | 0.82 ± 0.55 | 0.002 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.3 ± 23.7 | 66.3 ± 21.8 | 68.3 ± 25.7 | 0.548 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 129 ± 37 | 127 ± 39 | 132 ± 34 | 0.367 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 8.3 ± 2.0 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 0.950 |
HOMA-Ra
| 2.3 (1.5–3.7) | 2.2 (1.5–3.4) | 2.6 (1.6–3.9) | 0.287 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 120 (85–163) | 131 (88–176) | 106 (76–156) | 0.020 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45 ± 12 | 42 ± 10 | 48 ± 14 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116 ± 42 | 120 ± 49 | 111 ± 32 | 0.105 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.70 (0.27–1.58) | 0.65 (0.25–1.12) | 0.79 (0.29–1.95) | 0.221 |
LBP (μg/mL) | 18.2 ± 6.3 | 17.7 ± 5.8 | 18.7 ± 6.7 | 0.267 |
Aortic PWV (cm/s) | 1194 ± 346 | 1224 ± 350 | 1162 ± 340 | 0.209 |
Association between serum LBP levels and cardiovascular risk factors
Serum LBP levels | Aortic PWV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
| |
Age | −0.126 | 0.079 | 0.568 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.279 | <0.001 | −0.312 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference | 0.295 | <0.001 | −0.216 | 0.003 |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.082 | 0.252 | 0.498 | <0.001 |
Albumin | −0.156 | 0.029 | −0.210 | 0.003 |
eGFR | −0.015 | 0.838 | −0.473 | <0.001 |
HbA1c | 0.058 | 0.417 | −0.034 | 0.634 |
Log [HOMA-R]a
| 0.257 | 0.002 | −0.279 | <0.001 |
Log [triglycerides] | 0.234 | <0.001 | −0.108 | 0.131 |
HDL-cholesterol | −0.163 | 0.020 | −0.021 | 0.769 |
LDL-cholesterol | 0.077 | 0.284 | −0.104 | 0.148 |
Log [hs-CRP] | 0.575 | <0.001 | −0.053 | 0.462 |
LBP | – | – | 0.065 | 0.364 |
Association of aortic PWV with cardiovascular risk factors and serum LBP levels
Multivariate analyses of the factors associated with aortic PWV
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
β
|
p
|
β
|
p
| |
Age (years) | 0.344 | <0.001 | 0.327 | <0.001 |
Sex (male = 1, female = 0) | −0.117 | 0.033 | −0.158 | 0.012 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.233 | 0.001 | −0.228 | 0.007 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.382 | <0.001 | 0.310 | <0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) | −0.074 | 0.185 | −0.132 | 0.051 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.113 | 0.095 | −0.150 | 0.048 |
Log [HOMA-R]a
| – | – | −0.030 | 0.692 |
Log [triglycerides (mg/dL)] | −0.092 | 0.119 | −0.105 | 0.151 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.082 | 0.180 | −0.120 | 0.086 |
Statins (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.060 | 0.249 | 0.101 | 0.079 |
RAS inhibitors (yes = 1, no = 0) | −0.130 | 0.025 | 0.180 | 0.006 |
Calcium-channel blockers (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.049 | 0.412 | 0.056 | 0.396 |
Smokers (yes = 1, no = 0) | −0.021 | 0.698 | −0.033 | 0.606 |
Log [hs-CRP (mg/L)] | 0.024 | 0.733 | 0.005 | 0.950 |
LBP (μg/mL) | 0.135 | 0.026 | 0.125 | 0.083 |
R
2
| 0.585 | <0.001 | 0.631 | <0.001 |