Background
Methods
Ethical considerations
Study area and design
Characteristics of target and main ethnic groups
Study instruments
Key informant interviews | Focus group discussions | Questionnaires | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | Health staff | Traditional health practitioner | School-aged children | Women | Village authorities | Health staff | Children | Women |
Ahondo (village) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 40 | 39 |
Amani-Kouadiokro (hamlet) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 19 | 15 |
Katchénou (hamlet) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 45 | 14 |
Sahoua (village) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 22 |
Taabo Cité (town) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 83 | 25 |
Total
|
1
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
1
|
200
|
115
|
Statistical analysis
Results
Socioeconomic characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | Town (N=108) | Village (N=114) | Hamlet (N=93) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Children | Women | Children | Women | Children | |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) | |
Sociodemographic indicator
| ||||||
Poorest | 2 (8.0) | 2 (2.4) | 9 (14.8) | 7 (13.0) | 28 (96.6) | 59 (90.8) |
Poor | 7 (28.0) | 30 (36.1) | 30 (49.2) | 27 (50.0) | 1 (3.5) | 6 (9.2) |
Least poor | 16 (64.0) | 51 (61.5) | 22 (36.1) | 20 (37.0) | 0 | 0 |
Mean age (years)
| 20.0 | 9.0 | 21.6 | 8.9 | 22.2 | 8.8 |
Female
| 25 (100.0) | 38 (45.8) | 61 (100.0) | 19 (35.9) | 29 (100.0) | 31 (48.4) |
Principal language of the interview
| ||||||
French | 21 (84.0) | 66 (79.5) | 28 (45.9) | 14 (26.4) | 4 (13.8) | 3 (4.7) |
Other | 4 (16.0) | 17 (20.5) | 33 (54.1) | 39 (73.6) | 25 (86.2) | 58 (95.3) |
Went to school
| 15 (60.0) | 79 (95.2) | 21 (34.4) | 43 (81.1) | 6 (20.7) | 49 (76.6) |
Can read and write
| 12 (48.0) | 73 (87.6) | 15 (24.6) | 32 (60.4) | 3 (10.3) | 26 (40.6) |
Occupation
| ||||||
Farmer | 1 (4.0) | N/A | 33 (54.1) | N/A | 25 (86.2) | N/A |
Merchant | 10 (40.0) | N/A | 18 (29.5) | N/A | 1 (3.5) | N/A |
Housekeeper | 6 (24.0) | N/A | 8 (13.1) | N/A | 1 (3.5) | N/A |
Student | 4 (16.0) | N/A | 2 (3.3) | N/A | 1 (3.5) | N/A |
Other | 4 (16.0) | N/A | 0 | N/A | 1 (3.5) | N/A |
Local terms and representations of blood and anemia-related illnesses
Ethnic groups | Language groups | Local terms for blood | Local terms for anemia | Conceptual translation of local terms for anemia |
---|---|---|---|---|
Akan
| Abidji |
mbouo
|
mbouo ohou
| Blood is over |
Agni |
modja
|
modja wa wié
| Blood is over | |
Akyé |
vûn
|
opou vûn
| Blood is over | |
o vûn ésè
| Blood decreased | |||
Alladjan |
inkrè
|
inkrè tro
| Blood is over | |
Baoulé |
modja
|
modja wa vié
| Blood is over | |
modja wa kpêssou
| Blood decreased | |||
modja djouman
| There is insufficient blood | |||
Krou
| Bété |
drou
|
drou yé bia
| Blood is over |
Gur (voltaic)
| Koulango |
tôm
|
tôm bayô
| Blood is lacking |
tôm la
| Blood is over | |||
Senoufo |
chichan
|
chichan N’kwô
| Blood is over | |
chichan yôrôgo
| Blood decreased | |||
Tagwana |
dissiant
|
dissiant wo manni
| Blood is lacking | |
North Mandé
| Malinké |
bassi; djoli
|
bassi banan
| Blood is over |
bassi dôgô yala
| Blood decreased | |||
South Mandé
| Yacouba |
gno; abèr
|
gnon gnin,
| Blood is over |
abèr yagnin
| Blood is over | |||
Gouro |
gnin
|
è gnan tara
| Blood is over |
Characteristics | Town (N=108) | Village (N=114) | Hamlet (N=93) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Children | Women | Children | Women | Children | |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) | |
Representation of blood
| ||||||
In the body | 7 (28.0) | 47 (56.6) | 6 (9.8) | 28 (52.8) | 4 (13.8) | 19 (29.7) |
Life | 15 (60.0) | 4 (4.8) | 20 (32.8) | 2 (3.8) | 8 (27.6) | 4 (6.3) |
Health | 1 (4.0) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (6.6) | 2 (3.8) | 4 (13.8) | 6 (9.4) |
Strength | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 22 (36.1) | 1 (2.3) | 9 (31.0) | 11 (18.3) |
Other | 4 (16.0) | 26 (31.3) | 11 (18.0) | 14 (26.4) | 7 (24.1) | 14 (21.9) |
Do not know | 0 | 4 (4.8) | 1 (1.6) | 7 (13.2) | 0 | 16 (25.0) |
Representation of anemia-related illnesses
| ||||||
Death | 14 (56.0) | 58 (69.9) | 21 (34.4) | 25 (47.2) | 10 (34.5) | 43 (67.2) |
Illness | 10 (40.0) | 15 (18.1) | 37 (60.7) | 16 (30.2) | 16 (55.2) | 12 (18.8) |
Weakness | 1 (4.0) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.6) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (3.5) | 2 (3.1) |
Other | 0 | 5 (6.7) | 5 (8.2) | 4 (9.1) | 1 (3.5) | 4 (6.7) |
Do not know | 0 | 9 (10.8) | 0 | 9 (17.0) | 1 (3.5) | 4 (6.3) |
Relationship between anemia-related illnesses and local health problems
Help-seeking and risk-related reported behaviors for anemia-related illnesses
Characteristics | Women (N=115) | Children (N=200) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spontaneous n(%) | Probed n(%) |
p(KW) |
p(WRS) | Spontaneous n(%) | Probed n(%) |
p(KW) |
p(WRS) | |
Varied dieta
| 26 (22.6) | 82 (71.3) | 0.122 | 0.206 | 46 (23.0) | 121 (60.5) | 0.402 | 0.048 |
Protection from malariab
| 15 (13.0) | 90 (78.3) | 0.053 | 0.395 | 15 (7.5) | 158 (79.0) | 0.110 | 0.899 |
Drink bissap
| 14 (12.2) | 92 (80.0) | 0.073 | 0.689 | 36 (18.0) | 129 (64.5) | 0.083 | 0.553 |
Eat meat, fish | 16 (13.9) | 76 (66.1) | 0.046 | 0.191 | 10 (20.0) | 132 (66.0) | 0.448 | 0.058 |
Traditional medicine | 4 (3.5) | 95 (82.6) | 0.417 | 0.641 | 2 (1.0) | 143 (71.5) | 0.005 | 0.267 |
Prayers, spiritual practices | 0 | 65 (56.5) | 0.005 | 0.014 | 5 (2.5) | 124 (62.0) | <0.001 | 0.131 |
Good hygiene | 3 (4.5) | 0 | 0.443 | 0.707 | 13 (6.5) | N/A | 0.075 | 0.983 |
Eat leafy vegetables | 29 (25.2) | N/A | 0.705 | 0.618 | 5 (2.5) | N/A | 0.694 | 0.157 |
Drink Coca-Cola | 9 (7.8) | N/A | 0.022 | 0.238 | 13 (6.5) | N/A | 0.001 | 0.985 |
Eat tomatoes | 11 (9.6) | N/A | 0.028 | 0.109 | 10 (5.0) | 148 (74.0) | 0.679 | 0.146 |
Visit health centersc
| 32 (27.8) | 76 (66.1) | 0.106 | 0.433 | 34 (17.0) | 132 (66.0) | 0.110 | 0.794 |
Characteristics | Town (N=108) | Village (N=114) | Hamlet (N=93) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Children | Women | Children | Women | Children | |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) |
n(%) | |
Proportion of people sleeping under LLINsa
| 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.37 | |||
Ate food containing heme-ironb
| 18 (72.0) | 38 (50.7) | 38 (65.5) | 24 (54.6) | 26 (89.7) | 51 (85.0) |
Food from ≥3 groups in a single mealb
| 10 (40.0) | 19 (25.7) | 20 (34.5) | 12 (27.9) | 10 (34.5) | 26 (43.3) |
Experienced anemia | 8 (32.0) | 10 (13.3) | 10 (17.2) | 2 (4.6) | 6 (20.7) | 3 (5.0) |
Anemia diagnosed in a health center | 7 (87.6) | 6 (60.0) | 9 (90.0) | 2 (100.0) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) |
Received modern medicine | 8 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 10 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 6 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) |
Received medicine from a traditional healer | 1 (12.5) | 2 (20.0) | 3 (30.0) | 0 | 3 (50.0) | 3 (100.0) |