Background
Correlates of adolescent loneliness
Loneliness and adolescent health
Current study
Methods
Participants and procedure
Measures
Psychological and somatic health variables
Additional files
Statistical analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Descriptive statistics
Czech Republic | Russia | U.S. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Categories | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male |
Demographic | |||||||
Age (years) | 13 | 28.4 (321) | 33.5 (359) | 13.6 (150) | 14.3 (127) | 59.7 (611) | 53.6 (550) |
14 | 43.1 (488) | 35.6 (382) | 41.8 (462) | 44.8 (399) | 34.9 (357) | 37.1 (381) | |
15 | 28.5 (323) | 30.9 (332) | 44.6 (493) | 40.9 (364) | 5.5 (56) | 9.3 (95) | |
Family structure | Intact | 70.7 (800) | 70.7 (759) | 66.4 (730) | 64.3 (571) | 31.3 (320) | 36.2 (371) |
Restructured | 11.1 (126) | 9.5 (102) | 5.8 (64) | 5.5 (49) | 18.1 (185) | 17.5 (179) | |
Single parent | 16.5 (187) | 17.2 (185) | 24.2 (266) | 24.9 (221) | 39.6 (405) | 36.4 (373) | |
Other | 1.7 (19) | 2.5 (27) | 3.6 (40) | 5.3 (47) | 11.1 (114) | 10.0 (103) | |
Parental education | Low | 43.8 (496) | 42.1 (452) | 29.9 (330) | 31.2 (278) | 54.0 (553) | 51.9 (532) |
High | 46.4 (525) | 46.6 (500) | 48.7 (538) | 46.1 (410) | 29.4 (301) | 31.2 (320) | |
Missing | 9.8 (111) | 11.3 (121) | 21.5 (237) | 22.7 (202) | 16.6 (170) | 17.0 (174) | |
Household size | 2 | 5.5 (62) | 6.0 (64) | 10.6 (114) | 8.6 (73) | 5.7 (58) | 5.3 (53) |
≥3 | 94.5 (1062) | 94.0 (1004) | 89.4 (963) | 91.5 (781) | 94.3 (953) | 94.7 (952) | |
Parenting | |||||||
Parental warmtha | Mean (SD); n | 16.6 (3.1); 1107 | 15.7 (3.1); 1032 | 16.2 (3.3); 1021 | 15.5 (3.2); 792 | 17.0 (3.5); 960 | 16.6 (3.5); 908 |
Parental involvementa | Mean (SD); n | 17.2 (3.4); 1102 | 16.6 (3.3); 1041 | 17.6 (3.6); 1010 | 16.9 (3.6); 753 | 17.9 (4.1); 937 | 17.0 (4.1); 891 |
Inconsistent parentinga | Mean (SD); n | 11.8 (3.4); 1101 | 11.8 (3.3); 1044 | 12.1 (3.3); 1022 | 11.8 (3.5); 803 | 12.6 (3.7); 902 | 12.4 (3.5); 881 |
Friendship ties | |||||||
Number of close friends | 0 | 1.3 (15) | 1.8 (19) | 3.3 (36) | 1.9 (17) | 1.9 (19) | 2.6 (26) |
≥1 | 98.7 (1104) | 98.2 (1042) | 96.7 (1048) | 98.1 (862) | 98.1 (991) | 97.5 (993) | |
Personal characteristics | |||||||
I am shy | Not True | 47.7 (534) | 57.3 (606) | 39.4 (427) | 38.7 (327) | 39.7 (392) | 56.0 (534) |
Somewhat true | 38.2 (428) | 36.2 (383) | 43.5 (472) | 47.6 (402) | 37.0 (365) | 30.0 (286) | |
Certainly true | 14.1 (158) | 6.4 (68) | 17.1 (186) | 13.7 (116) | 23.3 (230) | 14.0 (133) | |
School-based factors | |||||||
School attachment (I like school) | Not true | 47.5 (536) | 61.1 (654) | 27.3 (300) | 40.5 (356) | 33.2 (337) | 40.6 (412) |
True | 52.5 (593) | 38.9 (417) | 72.7 (800) | 59.6 (524) | 66.8 (677) | 59.4 (603) | |
Peer victimisationa | Mean (SD); n | 3.6 (3.9); 1093 | 3.9 (4.5); 1030 | 4.0 (4.3); 1042 | 5.3 (5.5); 803 | 5.1 (5.0); 958 | 5.6 (6.0); 913 |
Correlates of adolescent loneliness
Czech Republic | Russia | U.S. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||
Characteristic | Categories | Adj. ORa | Adj. ORa | Adj. ORa | Adj. ORa | Adj. ORa | Adj. ORa |
Demographic | |||||||
Age (years) | 13 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
14 | 1.32 (0.77–2.26) | 0.81 (0.35–1.87) | 1.74 (0.89–3.41) | 2.21 (0.81–6.06) | 0.93 (0.65–1.35) | 2.18 (1.24–3.83)** | |
15 | 1.48 (0.86–2.56) | 1.09 (0.50–2.36) | 2.32 (1.20–4.49)* | 2.32 (0.74–7.23) | 1.15 (0.45–2.96) | 1.79 (0.47–6.80) | |
Family structure | Intact | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Restructured | 0.59 (0.27–1.29) | 1.53 (0.55–4.26) | 1.69 (0.89–3.22) | 1.50 (0.42–5.31) | 0.92 (0.39–2.14) | 0.60 (0.24–1.53) | |
Single parent | 0.83 (0.42–1.66) | 1.78 (0.75–4.19) | 1.23 (0.69–2.20) | 1.72 (1.00–2.97) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 0.64 (0.37–1.10) | |
Other | 1.80 (0.50–6.41) | 3.10 (1.12–8.57)* | 2.63 (1.31–5.27)** | 0.81 (0.12–5.35) | 0.94 (0.40–2.18) | 1.30 (0.45–3.69) | |
Parental education | High vs. Low | 1.23 (0.80–1.89) | 1.01 (0.50–2.05) | 1.15 (0.69–1.91) | 0.96 (0.43–2.13) | 0.86 (0.50–1.46) | 1.25 (0.43–3.67) |
Household size | ≥3 vs. 2 | 0.70 (0.28–1.73) | 0.81 (0.26–2.54) | 1.65 (0.73–3.69) | 0.54 (0.23–1.28) | 0.77 (0.31–1.89) | 0.90 (0.26–3.16) |
Parenting | |||||||
Parental warmthb | 0.89 (0.81–0.98)* | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98)* | 0.88 (0.76–1.03) | |
Parental involvementb | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | |
Inconsistent parentingb | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.08 (1.00–1.16)* | 1.07 (1.03–1.12)** | 1.14 (1.04–1.25)** | 1.09 (1.04–1.15)** | 1.13 (1.03–1.24)* | |
Friendship ties | |||||||
Number of close friends | ≥1 vs. 0 | 0.17 (0.05–0.62)** | 2.00 (0.34–11.77) | 0.61 (0.18–2.03) | 0.22 (0.04–1.26) | 1.93 (0.22–16.98) | 0.15 (0.07–0.35)*** |
Personal characteristics | |||||||
I am shy | Not true | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Somewhat true | 1.53 (0.93–2.51) | 1.66 (0.76–3.66) | 1.25 (0.80–1.95) | 1.08 (0.64–1.81) | 0.81 (0.44–1.48) | 2.00 (1.11–3.60)** | |
Certainly true | 4.32 (2.45–7.64)*** | 4.36 (1.79–10.60)** | 1.98 (1.20–3.27)** | 4.03 (2.08–7.80)*** | 1.36 (0.87–2.14) | 7.37 (3.88–14.00)*** | |
School-based factors | |||||||
School attachment (I like school) | True vs. Not true | 1.02 (0.66–1.59) | 0.90 (0.42–1.90) | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 0.70 (0.43–1.12) | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 0.54 (0.26–1.14) |
Peer victimisationb | 1.13 (1.07–1.19)*** | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.10 (1.05–1.15)*** | 1.02 (0.97–1.09) | 1.10 (1.07–1.14)*** | 1.06 (1.03–1.09)*** |
Adolescent loneliness and psychological and somatic health
Czech Republic | Russia | U.S. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||
Outcome | Loneliness | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a | Adj. OR (95 %CI)a |
Psychological symptomsb | |||||||
Depressive symptoms | Yes vs. No | 10.65 (6.84–16.56)*** | 24.86 (13.00–47.51)*** | 10.71 (7.43–15.44)*** | 14.37 (9.83–21.02)*** | 40.13 (19.49–82.59)*** | 22.53 (10.49–48.39)*** |
Depressive symptoms | Yes vs. No | 8.04 (5.22–12.39)*** | 18.27 (9.62–34.70)*** | 13.51 (8.85–20.63)*** | 14.90 (10.41–21.32)*** | 40.13 (19.49–82.59)*** | 22.53 (10.49–48.39)*** |
(country-specific cut-off) | |||||||
Anxiety symptoms | Yes vs. No | 2.98 (1.91–4.64)*** | 2.68 (1.30–5.51)** | 1.66 (1.04–2.64)* | 1.63 (1.07–2.48)* | 2.98 (2.10–4.25)*** | 5.49 (3.41–8.82)*** |
Anxiety symptoms | Yes vs. No | 3.38 (2.30–4.97)*** | 3.04 (1.65–5.61)*** | 1.30 (0.70–2.41) | 2.01 (1.11–3.67)* | 3.06 (2.33–4.03)*** | 6.17 (3.81–10.00)*** |
(country-specific cut-off) | |||||||
Somatic symptomsc | |||||||
I had headaches | Yes vs. No | 2.20 (1.46–3.31)*** | 1.88 (1.07–3.31)* | 1.53 (1.06–2.22)* | 1.78 (1.21–2.63)** | 2.55 (1.74–3.74)*** | 3.12 (2.20–4.43)*** |
I had stomach aches | Yes vs. No | 1.73 (1.09–2.75)* | 2.14 (1.19–3.85)* | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 1.18 (0.78–1.78) | 2.61 (1.82–3.73)*** | 3.04 (2.09–4.43)*** |
I had aches or pains | Yes vs. No | 1.34 (0.83–2.18) | 1.94 (1.11–3.39)* | 1.43 (0.99–2.07) | 1.32 (0.83–2.12) | 3.03 (1.98–4.66)*** | 5.25 (2.42–11.40)*** |
I had nausea | Yes vs. No | 1.56 (0.97–2.49) | 2.30 (1.16–4.56)* | 1.49 (1.12–1.97)** | 2.25 (1.54–3.27)*** | 3.70 (2.15–6.35)*** | 4.52 (2.18–9.37)*** |
I had problems with my eyes | Yes vs. No | 2.02 (1.41–2.90)*** | 1.52 (0.84–2.73) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | 0.75 (0.34–1.66) | 2.33 (1.45–3.74)*** | 2.62 (1.17–5.84)* |
I had rashes/other skin problems | Yes vs. No | 1.36 (0.88–2.11) | 2.08 (1.01–4.28)* | 1.18 (0.73–1.89) | 1.58 (0.93–2.70) | 1.46 (1.25–1.71)*** | 2.26 (1.07–4.76)* |
I was vomiting | Yes vs. No | 1.30 (0.71–2.37) | 3.29 (1.52–7.09)** | 0.96 (0.48–1.89) | 2.58 (1.64–4.08)*** | 3.20 (2.32–4.40)*** | 3.47 (1.70–7.10)** |