Background
Methods
Study design
Smoking
Number of teeth
Confounders
Statistical analysis
Results
Never smoker* (n = 3062) | Former smoker** (n = 1525) | Current smoker*** (n = 1757) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| |
Gender (n = 6344) | ||||||
Male | 40 | 1213 | 52 | 786 | 52 | 916 |
Female | 60 | 1849 | 48 | 739 | 48 | 841 |
Education (n = 6248) | ||||||
Basic | 4 | 114 | 8 | 112 | 11 | 197 |
Secondary | 27 | 817 | 40 | 603 | 46 | 794 |
Higher | 69 | 2094 | 52 | 783 | 43 | 734 |
Tooth brushing (n = 6324) | ||||||
Once daily or less | 28 | 862 | 38 | 573 | 45 | 782 |
At least twice daily | 72 | 2191 | 62 | 947 | 55 | 969 |
Alcohol use, g/week (n = 6336) | ||||||
Moderate to heavy drinkera | 5 | 162 | 11 | 165 | 19 | 327 |
Non-drinker or light drinkerb | 95 | 2895 | 89 | 1359 | 81 | 1428 |
Diabetes (n = 6256) | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 103 | 4 | 65 | 5 | 85 |
No | 97 | 2925 | 96 | 1423 | 95 | 1655 |
Number of teethc (n = 5540) | ||||||
0–27 | 35 | 933 | 42 | 559 | 49 | 742 |
28–32 | 65 | 1763 | 58 | 785 | 51 | 758 |
Male (n = 670) | Female (n = 674) | Total (n = 1344) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | Number of teeth | Participants | Number of teeth | Participants | Number of teeth | ||||
% | Mean | ≥28: % | % | Mean | ≥28: % | % | Mean | ≥28: % | |
Years since smoking cessation (n = 1344) | |||||||||
0–9 years | 44 | 26.4 | 51 | 37 | 27.3 | 62 | 40 | 26.8 | 56 |
10–19 years | 31 | 27.4 | 61 | 28 | 27.5 | 62 | 30 | 27.4 | 61 |
20 or more years | 25 | 27.7 | 62 | 35 | 27.4 | 56 | 30 | 27.5 | 58 |
Years of smoking (n = 1324) | |||||||||
1–9 years | 28 | 27.6 | 65 | 46 | 27.5 | 62 | 37 | 27.6 | 63 |
10–19 years | 34 | 27.1 | 57 | 29 | 27.5 | 56 | 32 | 27.3 | 57 |
20 or more years | 38 | 26.4 | 51 | 25 | 27.1 | 61 | 31 | 26.7 | 56 |
Education (n = 1319) | |||||||||
Basic | 9 | 26.8 | 47 | 5 | 25.9 | 33 | 7 | 26.4 | 42 |
Secondary | 47 | 26.4 | 51 | 31 | 27.0 | 52 | 39 | 26.7 | 52 |
Higher | 44 | 27.8 | 67 | 64 | 27.7 | 65 | 54 | 27.7 | 65 |
Tooth brushing (n = 1340) | |||||||||
Once daily or less | 49 | 26.3 | 49 | 24 | 27.1 | 57 | 36 | 26.6 | 52 |
At least twice daily | 51 | 27.7 | 65 | 76 | 27.5 | 61 | 64 | 27.6 | 62 |
Alcohol use, g/week (n = 1343) | |||||||||
Moderate to heavy drinker | 16 | 27.4 | 68 | 6 | 27.7 | 70 | 11 | 27.5 | 68 |
Non-drinker or light drinker | 84 | 27.0 | 55 | 94 | 27.4 | 59 | 89 | 27.2 | 57 |
Diabetes (n = 1312) | |||||||||
Yes | 4 | 27.4 | 54 | 4 | 27.2 | 58 | 4 | 27.3 | 56 |
No | 96 | 27.1 | 58 | 96 | 27.4 | 60 | 96 | 27.2 | 59 |
Total (n = 1344) | 100 | 27.0 | 57 | 100 | 27.4 | 60 | 100 | 27.2 | 58 |
n
| Cohen’s kappa | 95 % CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 745 | 0.76 | 0.72–0.81 |
Female | 929 | 0.79 | 0.75–0.83 |
Education | |||
Basic | 79 | 0.85 | 0.73–0.96 |
Secondary | 584 | 0.74 | 0.69–0.79 |
Higher | 988 | 0.79 | 0.75–0.83 |
Tooth brushing | |||
Once daily or less | 549 | 0.80 | 0.75–0.85 |
At least twice daily | 1123 | 0.77 | 0.73–0.81 |
Smoking status | |||
Never | 784 | 0.78 | 0.73–0.82 |
Former | 400 | 0.82 | 0.76–0.88 |
Current | 360 | 0.75 | 0.68–0.82 |
Alcohol use, g/week | |||
Moderate to heavy drinker | 170 | 0.74 | 0.64–0.85 |
Non-drinker or light drinker | 1504 | 0.78 | 0.75–0.81 |
Diabetes | |||
Yes | 67 | 0.82 | 0.68–0.96 |
No | 1586 | 0.78 | 0.75–0.81 |
Total | 1674 | 0.78 | 0.75–0.81 |
Smoking status | Gender | Years of smoking (ref. = Never smoker) | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |||
Current | Male | |||||
1–9 (n = 74) | 1.43 | 0.88–2.30 | 1.38 | 0.85–2.25 | ||
10+ (n = 621) | 2.17 | 1.76–2.66 | 1.74 | 1.40–2.16 | ||
Female | ||||||
1–9 (n = 101) | 1.20 | 0.80–1.82 | 1.13 | 0.74–1.72 | ||
10+ (n = 559) | 1.80 | 1.48–2.18 | 1.65 | 1.34–2.02 | ||
Total | ||||||
1–9 (n = 175) | 1.29 | 0.95–1.77 | 1.21 | 0.88–1.67 | ||
10+ (n = 1180) | 1.99 | 1.73–2.29 | 1.70 | 1.46–1.97 | ||
Former | Male | |||||
1–9 (n = 180) | 0.98 | 0.70–1.37 | 0.93 | 0.66–1.30 | ||
10+ (n = 458) | 1.53 | 1.22–1.92 | 1.35 | 1.07–1.71 | ||
Female | ||||||
1–9 (n = 287) | 1.15 | 0.89–1.49 | 1.12 | 0.86–1.46 | ||
10+ (n = 338) | 1.35 | 1.06–1.72 | 1.27 | 1.00–1.62 | ||
Total | ||||||
1–9 (n = 467) | 1.09 | 0.88–1.33 | 1.04 | 0.85–1.28 | ||
10+ (n = 796) | 1.46 | 1.24–1.71 | 1.31 | 1.11–1.55 |