Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Instrument
Analysis
Ethics
Results
Control (n = 128) | Exposed (n = 367) | P | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean ± SD) | 42 ± 10 | 44 ± 11 | 0.262* |
BMI (Mean ± SD) | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 26.3 ± 3.9 | 0.293* |
Marital status (number, %)
| 0.892** | ||
Single | 11(8.6) | 33(9.0) | |
Married | 117(91.4) | 334(91.) | |
Education (number, %)
|
<0.001** | ||
Primary and secondary school | 99(77.3) | 214(58.3) | |
High school and upper | 29(27.3) | 153(41.7) | |
Employment status (number, %)
| 0.237** | ||
Employed | 73(57) | 231 (62.9) | |
Unemployed | 55 (43.0) | 136 (37.1) | |
Somatization (mean ± SD)
| 1.50(0.88) | 1.78(0.82) |
0.002* |
Obsessive-compulsive (mean ± SD)
| 1.37 (0.85) | 1.55(0.79) |
0.031* |
Interpersonal sensitivity (mean ± SD)
| 1.08 (0.76) | 1.17(0.75) | 0.246* |
Depression (mean ± SD)
| 1.20 (0.75) | 1.42(0.81) |
0.007* |
Anxiety (mean ± SD)
| 1.24 (0.81) | 1.41(0.80) |
0.042* |
Hostility (mean ± SD)
| 1.10 (0.84) | 1.36(0.78) |
0.002* |
Phobic anxiety (mean ± SD)
| 0.76 (0.72) | 0.74(0.81) | 0.780* |
Paranoid ideation (mean ± SD)
| 1.20 (0.80) | 1.26(0.74) | 0.479* |
Psychoticism (mean ± SD)
| 0.78 (0.66) | 0.83(0.69) | 0.540* |
Global severity index (GSI) (mean ± SD)
| 1.16 (0.70) | 1.31(0.68) |
0.045* |
Positive symptom total (PST) (Mean ± SD)
| 51.10 (23.25) | 52.91(19.80) | 0.406* |
Positive symptom distress index (PSDI) (mean ± SD)
| 1.94 (0.46) | 2.14(0.48) |
<0.001* |
Age (years) | BMI (kg/m
2) | Marital | Education | Occupation | Exposure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Somatization
| Beta | −0.002 | 0.008 | 0.248 | 0.050 | 0.065 | 0.313 |
P-value | 0.587 | 0.416 | 0.141 | 0.558 | 0.458 |
0.002
| |
Obsessive-compulsive
| Beta | −0.003 | 0.001 | 0.134 | 0.060 | 0.086 | 0.225 |
P-value | 0.493 | 0.926 | 0. 411 | 0.469 | 0.316 |
0.019
| |
Interpersonal sensitivity
| Beta | −0.012 | −0.002 | 0.128 | 0.058 | 0.108 | 0.125 |
P-value |
0.004
| 0.857 | 0.397 | 0.450 | 0.173 | 0.161 | |
Depression
| Beta | −0.009 | 0.003 | 0.170 | 0.113 | −0.063 | 0.304 |
P-value |
0.046
| 0.794 | 0.295 | 0.169 | 0.456 |
0.002
| |
Anxiety
| Beta | −0.012 | 0.006 | 0.245 | 0.096 | 0.112 | 0.194 |
P-value |
0.005
| 0.525 | 0.128 | 0.238 | 0.182 |
0.040
| |
Hostility
| Beta | −0.009 | 0.007 | 0.086 | 0.102 | 0.050 | 0.223 |
P-value |
0.049
| 0.491 | 0.598 | 0.220 | 0.556 |
0.020
| |
Phobic anxiety
| Beta | −0.010 | −0.002 | −0.055 | −0.015 | 0.158 | −0.020 |
P-value |
0.016
| 0.843 | 0.733 | 0.856 | 0.061 | 0.830 | |
Paranoid ideation
| Beta | −0.014 | 0.011 | −0.064 | 0.086 | 0.338 | −0.002 |
P-value |
<0.001
| 0.212 | 0.665 | 0.251 |
<0.001
| 0.978 | |
Psychoticism
| Beta | −0.011 | −0.003 | −0.086 | 0.036 | 0.101 | 0.069 |
P-value |
0.004
| 0.696 | 0.538 | 0.608 | 0.164 | 0.400 | |
GSI
| Beta | −0.009 | 0.003 | 0.096 | 0.065 | 0.090 | 0.169 |
P-value |
0.021
| 0.730 | 0.491 | 0.354 | 0.219 |
0.039
| |
PST
| Beta | −0.335 | 0.132 | 2.024 | 1.359 | 2.815 | 2.669 |
P-value |
0.002
| 0.602 | 0.628 | 0.520 | 0.197 | 0.276 | |
PSDI
| Beta | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.107 | 0.068 | −0.018 | 0.233 |
P-value | 0.417 | 0.996 | 0.272 | 0.167 | 0.720 |
<0.001
|
Control (n = 128) | Exposed (n = 397) | ||
---|---|---|---|
No. (%)
|
No. (%)
|
P* | |
Psychological status
| 0.006 | ||
Normal (global severity index < 0.4)
| 20 (15.5) | 27 (7.3) | |
Probable case (global severity index ≥ 0.4)
| 108 (84.5) | 340 (92.7) |
Control (n = 128) | Exposed (n = 367) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-hospitalized (n = 192) | Hospitalized (n = 162) | |||||
Mean (SD)
|
Mean (SD)
|
P*
|
Mean (SD)
|
P*
|
P**
| |
Somatization
| 1.50(0.88) | 1.78(0.83) | 0.014 | 1.78(0.82) | 0.016 | 0.998 |
Obsessive-compulsive
| 1.37(0.85) | 1.54(0.81) | 0.155 | 1.56(0.77) | 0.109 | 0.963 |
Interpersonal sensitivity
| 1.08(0.76) | 1.19(0.75) | 0.428 | 1.15(0.75) | 0.707 | 0.891 |
Depression
| 1.20(0.75) | 1.40(0.80) | 0.073 | 1.45(0.82) | 0.024 | 0.840 |
Anxiety
| 1.24(0.81) | 1.41(0.78) | 0.184 | 1.42(0.81) | 0.146 | 0.978 |
Hostility
| 1.10(0.84) | 1.37(0.79) | 0.013 | 1.36(0.78) | 0.019 | 0.999 |
Phobic anxiety
| 0.76(0.72) | 0. 75(0.81) | 0.999 | 0.71(0.82) | 0.883 | 0.883 |
Paranoid ideation
| 1.20(0.80) | 1.31(0.75) | 0.431 | 1.20(0.74) | 0.998 | 0.339 |
Psychoticism
| 0.78(0.66) | 0.82(0.69) | 0.891 | 0.84(0.70) | 0.795 | 0.972 |
Global severity index (GSI)
| 1.16(0.70) | 1.31(0.68) | 0.160 | 1.31(0.68) | 0.188 | 1.000 |
Positive symptom total (PST)
| 51.10(23.25) | 53.05(19.75) | 0.695 | 52.73(19.93) | 0.788 | 0.989 |
Positive symptom distress index (PSDI)
| 1.94(0.46) | 2.14(0.50) | 0.001 | 2.15(0.46) | 0.001 | 0.986 |