Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Calcified Tissue International 2/2012

01.02.2012 | Original Research

Longitudinal Assessment of In Vivo Bone Dynamics in a Mouse Tail Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

verfasst von: Floor M. Lambers, Gisela Kuhn, Friederike A. Schulte, Kathleen Koch, Ralph Müller

Erschienen in: Calcified Tissue International | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Recently, it has been shown that transient bone biology can be observed in vivo using time-lapse micro-computed tomography (μCT) in the mouse tail bone. Nevertheless, in order for the mouse tail bone to be a model for human disease, the hallmarks of any disease must be mimicked. The aim of this study was to investigate whether postmenopausal osteoporosis could be modeled in caudal vertebrae of C57Bl/6 mice, considering static and dynamic bone morphometry as well as mechanical properties, and to describe temporal changes in bone remodeling rates. Twenty C57Bl/6 mice were ovariectomized (OVX, n = 11) or sham-operated (SHM, n = 9) and monitored with in vivo μCT on the day of surgery and every 2 weeks after, up to 12 weeks. There was a significant decrease in bone volume fraction for OVX (−35%) compared to SHM (+16%) in trabecular bone (P < 0.001). For OVX, high-turnover bone loss was observed, with the bone resorption rate exceeding the bone formation rate (P < 0.001). Furthermore there was a significant decrease in whole-bone stiffness for OVX (−16%) compared to SHM (+11%, P < 0.001). From these results we conclude that the mouse tail vertebra mimics postmenopausal bone loss with respect to these parameters and therefore might be a suitable model for postmenopausal osteoporosis. When evaluating temporal changes in remodeling rates, we found that OVX caused an immediate increase in bone resorption rate (P < 0.001) and a delayed increase in bone formation rate (P < 0.001). Monitoring transient bone biology is a promising method for future research.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ström O, Borgström F, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B (2011) Osteoporosis: burden, health care provision and opportunities in the EU. Arch Osteoporos. doi:10.1007/s11657-011-0060-1 Ström O, Borgström F, Kanis JA, Compston J, Cooper C, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B (2011) Osteoporosis: burden, health care provision and opportunities in the EU. Arch Osteoporos. doi:10.​1007/​s11657-011-0060-1
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinwald S, Burr D (2008) Review of nonprimate, large animal models for osteoporosis research. J Bone Miner Res 23:1353–1368PubMedCrossRef Reinwald S, Burr D (2008) Review of nonprimate, large animal models for osteoporosis research. J Bone Miner Res 23:1353–1368PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimmel DB (1996) Animal models for in vivo experimentation in osteoporosis research. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J (eds) Osteoporosis. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 671–690 Kimmel DB (1996) Animal models for in vivo experimentation in osteoporosis research. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J (eds) Osteoporosis. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 671–690
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalu DN (1991) The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Bone Miner 15:175–191PubMedCrossRef Kalu DN (1991) The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Bone Miner 15:175–191PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwers JEM, Lambers FM, Gasser JA, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R (2008) Bone degeneration and recovery after early and late bisphosphonate treatment of ovariectomized Wistar rats assessed by in vivo micro-computed tomography. Calcif Tissue Int 82:202–211PubMedCrossRef Brouwers JEM, Lambers FM, Gasser JA, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R (2008) Bone degeneration and recovery after early and late bisphosphonate treatment of ovariectomized Wistar rats assessed by in vivo micro-computed tomography. Calcif Tissue Int 82:202–211PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd SK, Davison P, Müller R, Gasser JA (2006) Monitoring individual morphological changes over time in ovariectomized rats by in vivo micro-computed tomography. Bone 39:854–862PubMedCrossRef Boyd SK, Davison P, Müller R, Gasser JA (2006) Monitoring individual morphological changes over time in ovariectomized rats by in vivo micro-computed tomography. Bone 39:854–862PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Waarsing JH, Day JS, van der Linden JC, Ederveen AG, Spanjers C, De Clerck N, Sasov A, Verhaar JA, Weinans H (2004) Detecting and tracking local changes in the tibiae of individual rats: a novel method to analyse longitudinal in vivo micro-CT data. Bone 34:163–169PubMedCrossRef Waarsing JH, Day JS, van der Linden JC, Ederveen AG, Spanjers C, De Clerck N, Sasov A, Verhaar JA, Weinans H (2004) Detecting and tracking local changes in the tibiae of individual rats: a novel method to analyse longitudinal in vivo micro-CT data. Bone 34:163–169PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Scott KS, Cintron M (1989) Long-term effects of ovariectomy and aging on the rat skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 45:360–366PubMedCrossRef Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Scott KS, Cintron M (1989) Long-term effects of ovariectomy and aging on the rat skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 45:360–366PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian XY, Liu XQ, Chen HY, Setterberg RB, Li M, Jee WS (2008) Greater efficacy of alfacalcidol in the red than in the yellow marrow skeletal sites in adult female rats. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8:257–266PubMed Tian XY, Liu XQ, Chen HY, Setterberg RB, Li M, Jee WS (2008) Greater efficacy of alfacalcidol in the red than in the yellow marrow skeletal sites in adult female rats. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8:257–266PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Horner SL (1989) Time course of vertebral osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Bone 10:295–301PubMedCrossRef Wronski TJ, Dann LM, Horner SL (1989) Time course of vertebral osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Bone 10:295–301PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyakoshi N, Sato K, Abe T, Tsuchida T, Tamura Y, Kudo T (1999) Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of ovariectomy on bone turnover in rat caudal vertebrae. Calcif Tissue Int 64:318–324PubMedCrossRef Miyakoshi N, Sato K, Abe T, Tsuchida T, Tamura Y, Kudo T (1999) Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of ovariectomy on bone turnover in rat caudal vertebrae. Calcif Tissue Int 64:318–324PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Li M, Shen Y, Qi H, Wronski TJ (1996) Comparative study of skeletal response to estrogen depletion at red and yellow marrow sites in rats. Anat Rec 245:472–480PubMedCrossRef Li M, Shen Y, Qi H, Wronski TJ (1996) Comparative study of skeletal response to estrogen depletion at red and yellow marrow sites in rats. Anat Rec 245:472–480PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Klein RF (2008) Genetics of osteoporosis—utility of mouse models. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8:287–290PubMed Klein RF (2008) Genetics of osteoporosis—utility of mouse models. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 8:287–290PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Alexander JM, Bab I, Fish S, Müller R, Uchiyama T, Gronowicz G, Nahounou M, Zhao Q, White DW, Chorev M, Gazit D, Rosenblatt M (2001) Human parathyroid hormone 1–34 reverses bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 16:1665–1673PubMedCrossRef Alexander JM, Bab I, Fish S, Müller R, Uchiyama T, Gronowicz G, Nahounou M, Zhao Q, White DW, Chorev M, Gazit D, Rosenblatt M (2001) Human parathyroid hormone 1–34 reverses bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 16:1665–1673PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Cano A, Dapia S, Noguera I, Pineda B, Hermenegildo C, del Val R, Caeiro JR, Garcia-Perez MA (2008) Comparative effects of 17beta-estradiol, raloxifene and genistein on bone 3D microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in the ovariectomized mice. Osteoporos Int 19:793–800PubMedCrossRef Cano A, Dapia S, Noguera I, Pineda B, Hermenegildo C, del Val R, Caeiro JR, Garcia-Perez MA (2008) Comparative effects of 17beta-estradiol, raloxifene and genistein on bone 3D microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in the ovariectomized mice. Osteoporos Int 19:793–800PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein ML, Myers KS, Shultz KL, Donahue LR, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG (2005) Ovariectomy-induced bone loss varies among inbred strains of mice. J Bone Miner Res 20:1085–1092PubMedCrossRef Bouxsein ML, Myers KS, Shultz KL, Donahue LR, Rosen CJ, Beamer WG (2005) Ovariectomy-induced bone loss varies among inbred strains of mice. J Bone Miner Res 20:1085–1092PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Li CY, Schaffler MB, Wolde-Semait HT, Hernandez CJ, Jepsen KJ (2005) Genetic background influences cortical bone response to ovariectomy. J Bone Miner Res 20:2150–2158PubMedCrossRef Li CY, Schaffler MB, Wolde-Semait HT, Hernandez CJ, Jepsen KJ (2005) Genetic background influences cortical bone response to ovariectomy. J Bone Miner Res 20:2150–2158PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwaniec UT, Yuan D, Power RA, Wronski TJ (2006) Strain-dependent variations in the response of cancellous bone to ovariectomy in mice. J Bone Miner Res 21:1068–1074PubMedCrossRef Iwaniec UT, Yuan D, Power RA, Wronski TJ (2006) Strain-dependent variations in the response of cancellous bone to ovariectomy in mice. J Bone Miner Res 21:1068–1074PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Klinck J, Boyd SK (2008) The magnitude and rate of bone loss in ovariectomized mice differs among inbred strains as determined by longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography. Calcif Tissue Int 83:70–79PubMedCrossRef Klinck J, Boyd SK (2008) The magnitude and rate of bone loss in ovariectomized mice differs among inbred strains as determined by longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography. Calcif Tissue Int 83:70–79PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster D, Wasserman E, Ehrbar M, Weber F, Bab I, Müller R (2010) Mechanical loading of mouse caudal vertebrae increases trabecular and cortical bone mass-dependence on dose and genotype. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 9:737–747PubMedCrossRef Webster D, Wasserman E, Ehrbar M, Weber F, Bab I, Müller R (2010) Mechanical loading of mouse caudal vertebrae increases trabecular and cortical bone mass-dependence on dose and genotype. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 9:737–747PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lambers FM, Schulte FA, Kuhn G, Webster DJ, Muller R (2011) Mouse tail vertebrae adapt to cyclic mechanical loading by increasing bone formation rate and decreasing bone resorption rate as shown by time-lapsed in vivo imaging of dynamic bone morphometry. Bone. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.035 Lambers FM, Schulte FA, Kuhn G, Webster DJ, Muller R (2011) Mouse tail vertebrae adapt to cyclic mechanical loading by increasing bone formation rate and decreasing bone resorption rate as shown by time-lapsed in vivo imaging of dynamic bone morphometry. Bone. doi:10.​1016/​j.​bone.​2011.​08.​035
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Reginster JY, Sarlet N, Lecart MP (2005) Fractures in osteoporosis: the challenge for the new millennium. Osteoporos Int 16(Suppl 1):S1–S3PubMedCrossRef Reginster JY, Sarlet N, Lecart MP (2005) Fractures in osteoporosis: the challenge for the new millennium. Osteoporos Int 16(Suppl 1):S1–S3PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Bilezikian JP, Matsumoto T, Bellido T, Khosla S, Martin J, Recker RR, Heaney R, Seeman E, Papapoulos S, Goldring SR (2009) Targeting bone remodeling for the treatment of osteoporosis: summary of the proceedings of an ASBMR workshop. J Bone Miner Res 24:373–385PubMedCrossRef Bilezikian JP, Matsumoto T, Bellido T, Khosla S, Martin J, Recker RR, Heaney R, Seeman E, Papapoulos S, Goldring SR (2009) Targeting bone remodeling for the treatment of osteoporosis: summary of the proceedings of an ASBMR workshop. J Bone Miner Res 24:373–385PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Egermann M, Goldhahn J, Schneider E (2005) Animal models for fracture treatment in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 16(Suppl 2):S129–S138PubMedCrossRef Egermann M, Goldhahn J, Schneider E (2005) Animal models for fracture treatment in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 16(Suppl 2):S129–S138PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC, Knudsen UB (1993) The effect of aging and ovariectomy on the vertebral bone mass and biomechanical properties of mature rats. Bone 14:1–6PubMedCrossRef Mosekilde L, Danielsen CC, Knudsen UB (1993) The effect of aging and ovariectomy on the vertebral bone mass and biomechanical properties of mature rats. Bone 14:1–6PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Fonseca D, Ward WE (2004) Daidzein together with high calcium preserve bone mass and biomechanical strength at multiple sites in ovariectomized mice. Bone 35:489–497PubMedCrossRef Fonseca D, Ward WE (2004) Daidzein together with high calcium preserve bone mass and biomechanical strength at multiple sites in ovariectomized mice. Bone 35:489–497PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwers JEM, Lambers FM, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Huiskes R (2009) Comparison of bone loss induced by ovariectomy and neurectomy in rats analyzed by in vivo micro-CT. J Orthop Res 27:1521–1527PubMedCrossRef Brouwers JEM, Lambers FM, van Rietbergen B, Ito K, Huiskes R (2009) Comparison of bone loss induced by ovariectomy and neurectomy in rats analyzed by in vivo micro-CT. J Orthop Res 27:1521–1527PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva MJ, Brodt MD, Uthgenannt BA (2004) Morphological and mechanical properties of caudal vertebrae in the SAMP6 mouse model of senile osteoporosis. Bone 35:425–431PubMedCrossRef Silva MJ, Brodt MD, Uthgenannt BA (2004) Morphological and mechanical properties of caudal vertebrae in the SAMP6 mouse model of senile osteoporosis. Bone 35:425–431PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulte FA, Lambers FM, Kuhn G, Müller R (2011) In vivo micro-computed tomography allows direct three-dimensional quantification of both bone formation and bone resorption parameters using time-lapsed imaging. Bone 48:433–442PubMedCrossRef Schulte FA, Lambers FM, Kuhn G, Müller R (2011) In vivo micro-computed tomography allows direct three-dimensional quantification of both bone formation and bone resorption parameters using time-lapsed imaging. Bone 48:433–442PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Buie HR, Moore CP, Boyd SK (2008) Postpubertal architectural developmental patterns differ between the L3 vertebra and proximal tibia in three inbred strains of mice. J Bone Miner Res 23:2048–2059PubMedCrossRef Buie HR, Moore CP, Boyd SK (2008) Postpubertal architectural developmental patterns differ between the L3 vertebra and proximal tibia in three inbred strains of mice. J Bone Miner Res 23:2048–2059PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouxsein ML, Boyd SK, Christiansen BA, Guldberg RE, Jepsen KJ, Müller R (2010) Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro-computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res 25:1468–1486PubMedCrossRef Bouxsein ML, Boyd SK, Christiansen BA, Guldberg RE, Jepsen KJ, Müller R (2010) Guidelines for assessment of bone microstructure in rodents using micro-computed tomography. J Bone Miner Res 25:1468–1486PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Thevenaz P, Ruttimann UE, Unser M (1998) A pyramid approach to subpixel registration based on intensity. IEEE Trans Image Process 7:27–41PubMedCrossRef Thevenaz P, Ruttimann UE, Unser M (1998) A pyramid approach to subpixel registration based on intensity. IEEE Trans Image Process 7:27–41PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster DJ, Morley PL, van Lenthe GH, Müller R (2008) A novel in vivo mouse model for mechanically stimulated bone adaptation—a combined experimental and computational validation study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 11:435–441CrossRef Webster DJ, Morley PL, van Lenthe GH, Müller R (2008) A novel in vivo mouse model for mechanically stimulated bone adaptation—a combined experimental and computational validation study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 11:435–441CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Christen P, van Rietbergen B, Lambers FM, Müller R, Ito K (2011) Bone morphology allows estimation of loading history in a murine model of bone adaptation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. doi:10.1007/s10237-011-0327-x Christen P, van Rietbergen B, Lambers FM, Müller R, Ito K (2011) Bone morphology allows estimation of loading history in a murine model of bone adaptation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. doi:10.​1007/​s10237-011-0327-x
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Melton LJ 3rd, Christen D, Riggs BL, Achenbach SJ, Müller R, van Lenthe GH, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S (2010) Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 21:1161–1169PubMedCrossRef Melton LJ 3rd, Christen D, Riggs BL, Achenbach SJ, Müller R, van Lenthe GH, Amin S, Atkinson EJ, Khosla S (2010) Assessing forearm fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 21:1161–1169PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bain SD, Bailey MC, Celino DL, Lantry MM, Edwards MW (1993) High-dose estrogen inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in the ovariectomized mouse. J Bone Miner Res 8:435–442PubMedCrossRef Bain SD, Bailey MC, Celino DL, Lantry MM, Edwards MW (1993) High-dose estrogen inhibits bone resorption and stimulates bone formation in the ovariectomized mouse. J Bone Miner Res 8:435–442PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimble RB, Bain S, Pacifici R (1997) The functional block of TNF but not of IL-6 prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 12:935–941PubMedCrossRef Kimble RB, Bain S, Pacifici R (1997) The functional block of TNF but not of IL-6 prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J Bone Miner Res 12:935–941PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Parfitt AM (1994) Osteonal and hemi-osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone. J Cell Biochem 55:273–286PubMedCrossRef Parfitt AM (1994) Osteonal and hemi-osteonal remodeling: the spatial and temporal framework for signal traffic in adult human bone. J Cell Biochem 55:273–286PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Maldague B (2001) Normal bone marrow: dynamic aspects in magnetic resonance imaging. J Radiol 82:127–135 Vande Berg BC, Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Maldague B (2001) Normal bone marrow: dynamic aspects in magnetic resonance imaging. J Radiol 82:127–135
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Donnelly EH, Nemhauser JB, Smith JM, Kazzi ZN, Farfan EB, Chang AS, Naeem SF (2010) Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management. South Med J 103:541–546PubMedCrossRef Donnelly EH, Nemhauser JB, Smith JM, Kazzi ZN, Farfan EB, Chang AS, Naeem SF (2010) Acute radiation syndrome: assessment and management. South Med J 103:541–546PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Willinghamm MD, Brodt MD, Lee KL, Stephens AL, Ye J, Silva MJ (2010) Age-related changes in bone structure and strength in female and male BALB/c mice. Calcif Tissue Int 86:470–483PubMedCrossRef Willinghamm MD, Brodt MD, Lee KL, Stephens AL, Ye J, Silva MJ (2010) Age-related changes in bone structure and strength in female and male BALB/c mice. Calcif Tissue Int 86:470–483PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Glatt V, Canalis E, Stadmeyer L, Bouxsein ML (2007) Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57Bl/6 J mice. J Bone Miner Res 22:1197–1207PubMedCrossRef Glatt V, Canalis E, Stadmeyer L, Bouxsein ML (2007) Age-related changes in trabecular architecture differ in female and male C57Bl/6 J mice. J Bone Miner Res 22:1197–1207PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Halloran BP, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Burghardt A, Venton LL, Majumdar S (2002) Changes in bone structure and mass with advancing age in the male C57Bl/6 J mouse. J Bone Miner Res 17:1044–1050PubMedCrossRef Halloran BP, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Burghardt A, Venton LL, Majumdar S (2002) Changes in bone structure and mass with advancing age in the male C57Bl/6 J mouse. J Bone Miner Res 17:1044–1050PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Brodt MD, Silva MJ (2010) Aged mice have enhanced endocortical response and normal periosteal response compared with young-adult mice following 1 week of axial tibial compression. J Bone Miner Res 25:2006–2015PubMedCrossRef Brodt MD, Silva MJ (2010) Aged mice have enhanced endocortical response and normal periosteal response compared with young-adult mice following 1 week of axial tibial compression. J Bone Miner Res 25:2006–2015PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Okada Y, Morimoto I, Ura K, Nakano Y, Tanaka Y, Nishida S, Nakamura T, Eto S (1998) Short-term treatment of recombinant murine interleukin-4 rapidly inhibits bone formation in normal and ovariectomized mice. Bone 22:361–365PubMedCrossRef Okada Y, Morimoto I, Ura K, Nakano Y, Tanaka Y, Nishida S, Nakamura T, Eto S (1998) Short-term treatment of recombinant murine interleukin-4 rapidly inhibits bone formation in normal and ovariectomized mice. Bone 22:361–365PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ward WE, Fonseca D (2007) Soy isoflavones and fatty acids: effects on bone tissue postovariectomy in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:824–831PubMedCrossRef Ward WE, Fonseca D (2007) Soy isoflavones and fatty acids: effects on bone tissue postovariectomy in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 51:824–831PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Waarsing JH, Day JS, Verhaar JA, Ederveen AG, Weinans H (2006) Bone loss dynamics result in trabecular alignment in aging and ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Res 24:926–935PubMedCrossRef Waarsing JH, Day JS, Verhaar JA, Ederveen AG, Weinans H (2006) Bone loss dynamics result in trabecular alignment in aging and ovariectomized rats. J Orthop Res 24:926–935PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Brouwers JEM, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R (2007) No effects of in vivo micro-CT radiation on structural parameters and bone marrow cells in proximal tibia of Wistar rats detected after eight weekly scans. J Orthop Res 25:1325–1332PubMedCrossRef Brouwers JEM, van Rietbergen B, Huiskes R (2007) No effects of in vivo micro-CT radiation on structural parameters and bone marrow cells in proximal tibia of Wistar rats detected after eight weekly scans. J Orthop Res 25:1325–1332PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Longitudinal Assessment of In Vivo Bone Dynamics in a Mouse Tail Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
verfasst von
Floor M. Lambers
Gisela Kuhn
Friederike A. Schulte
Kathleen Koch
Ralph Müller
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Calcified Tissue International / Ausgabe 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0171-967X
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0827
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-011-9553-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

Calcified Tissue International 2/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.