Background
Maternal and child health in Tanzania
Behavior change communication to reduce maternal mortality
The Wazazi Nipendeni Campaign
Methods
Study design and participants
Procedure
Measures
Demographics
Intervention exposure
Behavioral outcomes
Analyses
Results
Demographics
No Exposure n (%) | Any source exposure n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age | 18-24 | 555 (46.5%) | 254 (49.8%) |
25-34 | 459 (38.5%) | 196 (38.4%) | |
35-44 | 171 (14.3%) | 58 (11.4%) | |
45+ | 8 (0.01%) | 2 (0.003%) | |
Employment | Farmer | 796 (66.5%) | 275 (53.8%) |
Housewife | 260 (21.7%) | 102 (20.0%) | |
Other | 134 (11.2%) | 129 (25.2%) | |
Unemployed | 7 (0.01%) | 5 (0.01%) | |
Number of household possessions | 1-2 | 418 (34.9%) | 76 (14.9%) |
3-4 | 514 (42.9%) | 229 (44.8%) | |
5-6 | 230 (19.2%) | 151 (29.5%) | |
7-10 | 35 (3.0%) | 55 (10.8%) | |
Residence | Urban | 134 (11.2%) | 91 (17.8%) |
Peri-Urban | 234 (19.5%) | 123 (24.1%) | |
Rural | 829 (69.2%) | 297 (58.1%) | |
Education | None | 309 (25.8%) | 68 (13.3%) |
Primary | 791 (66.1%) | 324 (63.4%) | |
Secondary | 92 (7.7%) | 111 (21.7%) | |
Post-secondary | 5 (0.04%) | 8 (0.2%) |
Intervention exposure
Intervention Material | n(%) (total n = 600) |
---|---|
radio | 500 (83.3%) |
brochure | 224 (37.3%) |
poster | 137 (22.8%) |
television | 123 (20.5%) |
billboard | 89 (14.8%) |
banner | 60 (10.0%) |
tire cover | 45 (7.5%) |
sticker | 56 (93.0%) |
SMS | 53 (8.8%) |
t-shirt | 42 (7.0%) |
newspaper | 28 (4.7%) |
magazine | 30 (5.3%) |
bag | 23 (3.8%) |
community event | 20 (3.3%) |
blog | 4 (0.7%) |
other | 346 (5.7%) |
No sources (n = 1112) | One Source (n = 304) | Two Sources (n = 102) | Three Sources (n = 55) | Four Sources (n = 46) | Five or more Sources (n = 88) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birth Plan |
Mean (SD) | ||||||
Prenatal | 3.92 (1.53) | 4.15 (1.65) | 4.93 (1.17)a
| 4.35 (1.63) | 5.07 (0.96)b
| 4.56 (1.54)b
| |
Postnatal | 4.67 (1.69) | 4.77 (1.64) | 4.56 (1.76) | 4.95 (1.47) | 4.97 (1.63) | 5.02 (1.36) | |
Timing of first ANC visit |
Mean
Weeks
(SD)
| ||||||
Prenatal | 17.11 (5.70) | 17.55 (5.89) | 15.23 (5.27)e
| 16.68 (5.43) | 20.14 (5.42)e
| 15.49 (5.81) | |
Postnatal | 16.91 (5.15) | 15.58 (5.94)b
| 16.98 (4.82) | 17.90 (6.40) | 16.65 (5.94) | 15.85 (5.09) | |
Number of ANC visits |
Mean (SD) | ||||||
Prenatal | 2.30 (1.25) | 2.19 (1.15) | 2.61 (1.13) | 2.29 (1.03) | 2.47 (1.46) | 2.38 (1.29) | |
Postnatal | 2.66 (1.32) | 2.93 (1.43)b
| 2.81 (1.29) | 3.00 (1.38) | 2.87 (1.41) | 3.29 (1.82)b
| |
Health facility deliveryc
|
% (n for exposure category)
| ||||||
Postnatal | 83.6 (574) | 85.4 (137) | 89.8 (59) | 95.2 (21) | 96.8 (31) | 91.8 (49) | |
Prenatal HIV testing | |||||||
Self |
% (n for exposure category)
| 82.4 (534) | 81.4 (167) | 88.6 (44) | 82.4 (34) | 80.0 (15) | 89.5 (38) |
With partnerd
| % (n for exposure category) | 47.6 (534) | 52.7 (167) | 52.3 (44) | 55.9 (34) | 53.3 (15) | 57.9 (38) |
B |
SE B | β | 95% CIs |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Birth planning | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.02 – 0.06 | < .001 |
Antenatal care 12 weeks or less | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.04 | 1.02 – 1.06 | .001 |
Delivery at a health care facility | 0.07 | 0.02 | 1.07 | 1.03 – 1.12 | .002 |
Education | |||||
Birth planning | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 – 0.35 | .004 |
Delivery at a health care facility | 0.23 | 0.10 | 1.25 | 1.03 – 1.12 | .02 |
Number of prior live births | |||||
Antenatal care 12 weeks or less | −0.20 | 0.04 | 0.82 | 0.75 – 0.89 | < .001 |
Number of ANC visits before delivery | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.01 – 0.11 | .01 |
Delivery at a health care facility | −0.28 | 0.08 | 0.76 | 0.65 – 0.88 | < .001 |
Individual birth planning outcomes by exposure
Timing of first ANC visit by exposure
Number of ANC visits by exposure
Delivery in facility outcomes by exposure
HIV testing by exposure
Partner HIV testing
Discussion
Predictor | B |
SE B | 95% CIs |
p
| β | OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | ||||||
Birth planning | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.05 – 0.14 | <.001 | .10 | -- |
First antenatal visit during 1st trimester | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.98 – 1.09 | .26 | -- | 1.03 |
Number of antenatal visits before delivery | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 - 0.09 | .002 | .08 | -- |
Delivery at a health care facility | 0.13 | 0.07 | 1.00 – 1.31 | .05 | -- | 1.14 |
HIV testing (self) | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.95 – 1.22 | .24 | -- | 1.08 |
HIV testing with partner | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.98 – 1.18 | .05 | -- | 1.09 |
Adjusted with covariates | ||||||
Birth planning | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.03 – 0.12 | .001 | .09 | -- |
First antenatal visit during 1st trimester | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.96 - 1.08 | .62 | -- | 1.02 |
Number of antenatal visits before delivery | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 - 0.09 | .004 | .07 | -- |
Delivery at a health care facility | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.94 – 1.25 | .28 | -- | 1.08 |
HIV testing (self) | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.93 – 1.22 | .34 | -- | 1.07 |
HIV testing with partner | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.96 – 1.15 | .30 | -- | 1.05 |