Background
Methods
Data collection
Surveys
Outcomes
-
“Have you ever experienced problems in your low back?” (area illustrated by a picture) (no/yes)
-
“Have you ever had surgery because of LBP?” (no/yes)
-
“Have you ever had radiating LBP?” (no/yes)
-
“Have you ever had sleeping difficulties because of LBP?”(no/yes, how often?)
-
“Have you had LBP during the previous 7 days?” (no/yes)
-
“Have you experienced low back pain that has required consultation or treatments by a physician, physiotherapist, or chiropractor in the previous 12 months?” (no/yes)
-
“How did your LBP symptoms occur?” suddenly (after an injury)/gradually (without a sudden injury)/or both
-
“Have you used pain killers (NSAID) for your low back?” (no/yes)
Statistical methods
Results
Boys (n = 772) | Girls (n = 865) | Total (n = 1637) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Member | Non-member | P-value* | Member | Non-member | P-value* | Member | Non-member | P-value* |
Age, mean (SD) | 15.5(1) | 15.5(0) | 0.643 | 15.5(1) | 15.5(0) | 0.880 | 15.5(1) | 15.5(1) | 0.839 |
BMI, mean (SD) |
20.9(2)
|
21.5(4)
|
<0.05
|
20.6(2)
|
21.1(4)
|
<0.05
|
20.7(2)
|
21.3(4)
|
<0.002
|
Menarche,% (n = 882) | - | - |
92.8 %
|
97.5 %
|
<0.001
| - | - | - | |
Chronic disease,a% | 30.4 % | 26.4 % | 0.242 | 30.1 % | 29.4 % | 0.818 | 30.2 % | 28.1 % | 0.358 |
Regular medication,b% | 23.5 % | 18.6 % | 0.113 | 29.0 % | 33.2 % | 0.189 | 26.2 % | 27.1 % | 0.680 |
NSAID use, previous month,% |
59.6 %
|
46.1 %
|
<0.001
| 75.0 % | 73.7 % | 0.655 | 67.2 % | 62.2 % |
<0.05
|
Special diet,c% | 8.0 % | 5.7 % | 0.245 | 17.2 % | 18.0 % | 0.754 | 12.5 % | 12.9 % | 0.804 |
Dietary supplements use,d% | 67.3 % | 36.8 % |
<0.001
| 70.1 % | 57.2 % |
<0.001
| 68.7 % | 48.7 % |
<0.001
|
No Smoking, % | 94.5 % | 81.4 % |
<0.001
| 92.6 % | 73.9 % |
<0.001
| 93.6 % | 77.0 % |
<0.001
|
Screen time,e mean (SD) |
4.6(4)
|
6.4(5)
|
<0.001
|
3.6(2)
|
5.6(5)
|
<0.001
|
4.1(3)
|
5.9(5)
|
<0.001
|
Leisure time PA, f, g % |
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
| ||||||
Approx. <30 min/week |
0.8 %
|
15.4 %
|
0.9 %
|
18.5 %
|
0.8 %
|
17.2 %
| |||
Approx. 1–3 h/week |
16.3 %
|
53.9 %
|
14.9 %
|
56.9 %
|
15.6 %
|
55.6 %
| |||
Approx. 4–6 h/week or more |
82.9 %
|
30.7 %
|
84.2 %
|
24.6 %
|
83.5 %
|
27.2 %
|
Low back pain
Boys (n = 772) | Girls (n = 865) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | Member | Non-member | P-value* | Member | Non-member | P-value* | ||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||
Lifetime prevalence | Yes |
259
|
52.7
|
122
|
43.4
|
<0.02
| 284 | 60.3 | 246 | 62.4 | 0.520 |
No |
232
|
47.3
|
159
|
56.6
| 187 | 39.7 | 148 | 37.6 | |||
LBPa | Yes |
138
|
28.1
|
51
|
18.1
|
0.02
| 160 | 34.0 | 143 | 36.3 | 0.475 |
No |
353
|
71.9
|
230
|
81.9
| 311 | 66.0 | 251 | 63.7 | |||
Frequent LBPb | Yes | 30 | 6.1 | 12 | 4.3 | 0.278 | 51 | 10.8 | 44 | 11.2 | 0.874 |
No | 461 | 93.9 | 269 | 95.7 | 420 | 89.2 | 350 | 88.8 | |||
LBP during the last seven daysc | Yes | 100 | 38.6 | 39 | 32.0 | 0.209 | 123 | 43.3 | 110 | 44.7 | 0.745 |
No | 159 | 61.4 | 83 | 68.0 | 161 | 56.7 | 136 | 55.3 |
Boys (n = 381) | Girls (n = 530) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Member | Non-member | P-value* | Member | Non-member | P-value* | ||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||
LBP that has demanded medical assistance in the previous 12 monthsa | Yes |
67
|
25.9
|
7
|
5.7
|
<0.001
| 47 | 16.5 | 31 | 12.6 | 0.201 |
No |
192
|
74.1
|
115
|
94.3
| 237 | 83.5 | 215 | 87.4 | |||
NSAID use due to LBP symptoms | Yes |
99
|
38.2
|
25
|
20.5
|
<0.002
| 111 | 39.1 | 112 | 45.5 | 0.134 |
No |
160
|
61.8
|
97
|
79.5
| 173 | 60.9 | 134 | 54.5 | |||
Sleeping difficulties due to LBP | Yes | 13 | 5.0 | 7 | 5.7 | 0.769 |
33
|
11.6
|
44
|
17.9
|
<0.05
|
No | 246 | 95.0 | 115 | 94.3 |
251
|
88.4
|
202
|
82.1
| |||
Radiating LBPb | Yes | 57 | 22.0 | 19 | 15.6 | 0.143 |
66
|
23.2
|
37
|
15.0
|
<0.02
|
No | 202 | 78.0 | 103 | 84.4 |
218
|
76.8
|
209
|
85.0
| |||
Operation due to your LBP | Yes | 2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.330 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.919 |
No | 257 | 99.2 | 122 | 100.0 | 283 | 99.6 | 245 | 99.6 | |||
LBP origin | 0.413 | 0.653 | |||||||||
Acutec | 46 | 17.8 | 17 | 13.9 | 23 | 8.1 | 22 | 8.9 | |||
Overused | 185 | 71.4 | 95 | 77.9 | 239 | 84.2 | 200 | 81.3 | |||
Both | 28 | 10.8 | 10 | 8.2 | 22 | 7.7 | 24 | 9.8 |
Neck and shoulder pain
Boys (n = 772) | Girls (n = 865) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Member | Non-member | P-value* | Member | Non-member | P-value* | ||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | ||||
NSPa | Yes | 130 | 26.5 | 81 | 28.8 | 0.481 |
222
|
47.1
|
236
|
59.9
|
<0.001
|
No | 361 | 73.5 | 200 | 71.2 |
249
|
52.9
|
158
|
40.1
| |||
Frequent NSPb | Yes |
19
|
3.9
|
23
|
8.2
|
<0.02
|
67
|
14.2
|
104
|
26.4
|
<0.001
|
No |
472
|
96.1
|
258
|
91.8
|
404
|
85.8
|
290
|
73.6
|
Risk factors for low back pain
LBPa | Frequent LBPb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | ||||
ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ||
Chronic diseasesd | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes | 0.71 | (0.44–1.13) | 1.36 | (0.95–1.96) | 0.72 | (0.34–1.55) | 1.38 | (0.84–2.25) | |
BMI | 1.04 | (0.97–1.11) | 0.96 | (0.91–1.02) | 1.14 | (0.44–2.99) | 1.01 | (0.94–1.09) | |
Neck pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
1.83
| (1.13–2.96) |
2.13
| (1.47–3.09) | 1.65 | (0.72–3.77) | 1.74 | (0.91–3.33) | |
Thoracic spine pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
9.39
| (5.39–16.34) |
6.31
| (4.15–9.59) |
2.88
|
(1.22–6.82)
|
4.49
| (2.61–7.74) | |
Upper limb pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
1.87
|
(1.02–3.44)
| 1.41 | (0.90–2.12) | 0.77 | (0.26–2.27) |
1.95
| (1.12–3.40) | |
Lower limb pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
1.74
| (1.02–2.96) |
1.53
| (1.03–2.27) | 1.52 | (0.61–3.76) | 1.42 | (0.82–2.46) |
LBPa | Frequent LBPb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | ||||
ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ||
Screen timed |
1.07
|
(1.01–1.12)
|
1.06
| (1.01–1.10) | 1.04 | (0.99–1.10) | 1.03 | (0.99–1.09) | |
Leisure time PAe | Approx. <30 min/week | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Approx. 1–3 h/week | 1.38 | (0.58–3.29) | 1.31 | (0.74–2.31) | 2.04 | (0.40–10.27) | 0.79 | (0.35–1.79) | |
Approx.4-6 h/week or more | 1.56 | (0.63–3.82) | 1.75 | (0.95–3.23) | 1.11 | (0.20–6.10) | 1.20 | (0.50–2.85) | |
Sports club membership | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes |
2.35
| (1.48–3.72) | 0.97 | (0.67–1.42) |
2.73
|
(1.17–6.34)
| 0.99 | (0.56–1.76) | |
Use of alcohol | <1x month | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
1 x month | 1.15 | (0.59–2.22) | 1.40 | (0.77–2.55) | 1.39 | (0.45–4.29) | 1.63 | (0.76–3.50) | |
≥2–3 x month |
2.25
|
(1.04–4.90)
| 1.17 | (0.61–2.25) | 2.73 | (0.87–8.60) | 0.57 | (0.19–1.75) | |
Smoking | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes |
2.32
| (1.29–4.19) |
1.96
| (1.26–3.04) | 1.42 | (0.53–3.78) | 1.46 | (0.78–2.76) |
Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Training Characteristics | ORa | 95 % CI | ORa | 95 % CI |
Active playing/practicing years (boys n = 488, girls n = 465) | 1.05 | (0.97–1.13) | 1.07 | (1.00–1.14) |
Training hours per week during training season (boys n = 486, girls n = 463) |
1.05
|
(1.01–1.09)
| 1.01 | (0.96–1.05) |
Training hours per week during competition season (boys n = 482, girls n = 448) | 1.03 | (0.99–1.08) | 1.03 | (0.99–1.08) |
Number of competitions/games during previous 12 months (boys n = 485, girls n = 462) |
1.01
|
(1.00–1.02)
| 1.00 | (0.98–1.01) |
Number of rest days during training season (boys n = 483, girls n = 461) |
0.78
|
(0.65–0.94)
| 0.96 | (0.83–1.11) |
Number of rest days during competition season (boys n = 480, girls n = 459) |
0.79
|
(0.66–0.94)
|
0.84
|
(0.72–1.00)
|
Risk factors for neck and shoulder pain
NSPa | Frequent NSPb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | ||||
ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ||
Chronic diseasesd | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes |
1.85
|
(1.23–2.80)
|
1.49
|
(1.05–2.10)
| 1.00 | (0.46–2.18) | 1.21 | (0.81–1.79) | |
BMI | 1.03 | (0.97–1.10) | 1.03 | (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 | (0.91–1.15) |
1.07
|
(1.01–1.13)
| |
Low back pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
1.88
|
(1.16–3.03)
|
2.15
|
(1.48–3.11)
| 1.84 | (0.73–4.66) |
1.88
|
(1.22–2.91)
| |
Thoracic spine pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
3.53
|
(1.97–6.33)
|
4.87
|
(2.92–8.11)
|
4.91
|
(1.94–12.42)
|
3.87
|
(2.48–6.06)
| |
Upper limb pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese |
6.47
|
(3.73–11.23)
|
4.00
|
(2.39–6.61)
| 1.00 | (0.35–2.88) |
1.94
|
(1.21–3.10)
| |
Lower limb pain | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yese | 1.39 | (0.83–2.33) | 1.44 | (0.98–2.12) | 0.65 | (0.23–1.88) | 1.07 | (0.68–1.68) |
NSPa | Frequent NSPb | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | Boys (n = 768) | Girls (n = 856) | ||||
ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ORc | 95 % CI | ||
Screen timed |
1.05
| (1.00–1.10) | 1.03 | (0.98–1.07) | 1.03 | (0.98–1.09) | 1.02 | (0.98–1.06) | |
Leisure time PAe | Approx. <30 min/week | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Approx. 1–3 h/week | 0.81 | (0.40–1.65) | 1.37 | (0.80–2.33) | 1.94 | (0.53–7.11) | 1.29 | (0.69–2.39) | |
Approx. 4–6 h/week or more | 0.79 | (0.37–1.66) | 1.07 | (0.60–1.90) | 1.27 | (0.31–5.15) | 1.23 | (0.62–2.41) | |
Sports club membership | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes | 1.09 | (0.72–1.65) | 0.76 | (0.53–1.10) | 0.64 | (0.30–1.37) |
0.52
| (0.33–0.82) | |
Use of alcohol | <1 x month | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
1 x month | 1.70 | (0.91–3.17) | 1.84 | (0.97–3.49) | 1.46 | (0.47–4.54) | 1.34 | (0.68–2.62) | |
≥2–3 x month |
2.75
| (1.29–5.83) | 1.52 | (0.77–2.99) | 2.73 | (0.92–8.09) | 0.96 | (0.45–2.06) | |
Smoking | No | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) | ||||
Yes | 1.36 | (0.76–2.43) |
1.65
|
(1.04–2.59)
| 1.56 | (0.61–3.98) | 1.42 | (0.87–2.32) |
Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Training Characteristics | ORa | 95 % CI | ORa | 95 % CI |
Active playing/practicing years (boys n = 488, girls n = 465) | 0.94 | (0.87–1.01) |
1.07
|
(1.00–1.14)
|
Training hours per week during training season (boys n = 486, girls n = 463) | 1.00 | (0.96–1.04) | 0.98 | (0.94–1.02) |
Training hours per week during competition season (boys n = 482, girls n = 448) | 0.98 | (0.93–1.02) | 1.00 | (0.96–1.04) |
Number of competitions/games during previous 12 months (boys n = 485, girls n = 462) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) |
Number of rest days during training season (boys n = 483, girls n = 461) | 1.10 | (0.92–1.30) | 1.05 | (0.91–1.21) |
Number of rest days during competition season (boys n = 480, girls n = 459) | 1.15 | (0.96–1.37) | 0.96 | (0.83–1.10) |