Background
Methods
Subjects
Sample collection
DNA extraction
HPV screening
HPV genotyping
Statistical analysis
Results
Subjects used for the analyses
HPV infection profile
No. of samples with | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples compared | Indicated paired resultsa | % Agreement | Cohen’s Kappa | McNemar | |||||
+/+ | –/– | +/– | –/+ | Overall | Positive | Negative | (95% CI) | P value | |
Between genital and oral | |||||||||
Genital/oral | 5 | 129 | 53 | 11 | 67.7 | 13.5 | 80.1 | 0.01 (−0.09–0.12) | < 0.01 |
Penile/oral | 5 | 136 | 46 | 11 | 71.2 | 14.9 | 82.7 | 0.03 (−0.07–0.16) | < 0.01 |
Urethral/oral | 1 | 167 | 15 | 15 | 84.8 | 6.3 | 91.8 | −0.02 (−0.11–0.13) | 1.00 |
Urinary/oral | 1 | 174 | 8 | 15 | 88.4 | 8.0 | 93.8 | 0.02 (−0.08–0.19) | 0.21 |
Among genitals | |||||||||
Penile/urethral | 10 | 141 | 41 | 6 | 76.3 | 29.9 | 85.7 | 0.20 (0.06–0.35) | < 0.01 |
Penile/urinary | 8 | 146 | 43 | 1 | 77.8 | 26.7 | 86.9 | 0.21 (0.09–0.34) | < 0.01 |
Urethral/urinary | 8 | 181 | 8 | 1 | 95.5 | 64.0 | 97.6 | 0.62 (0.34–0.83) | 0.04 |
HPV type | Genitals, n = 58 (%) [95% CI] | Oral cavity, n = 16 (%) [95% CI] | Overall, n = 69 (%) [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|
High-riska | 42 (72.4) [58.9–83.0] | 12 (75.0) [47.4–91.7] | 50 (72.5) [60.2–82.2] |
16 | 6 (10.3) [4.3–21.8] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 7 (10.1) [4.5–20.4] |
18 | 10 (17.2) [9.0–29.9] | 9 (56.3) [30.6–79.3] | 19 (27.5) [17.8–39.8] |
31 | 2 (3.4) [0.6–13.0] | 0 | 2 (2.9) [0.5–11.0] |
33 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
35 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
39 | 4 (6.9) [2.2–17.6] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 5 (7.2) [2.7–16.8] |
45 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
51 | 5 (8.6) [3.2–19.7] | 0 | 5 (7.2) [2.7–16.8] |
52 | 10 (17.2) [9.0–29.9] | 0 | 10 (14.5) [7.5–25.5] |
56 | 2 (3.4) [0.6–13.0] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 3 (4.3) [1.1–13.0] |
58 | 5 (8.6) [3.2–19.7] | 0 | 5 (7.2) [2.7–16.8] |
59 | 4 (6.9) [2.2–17.6] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 5 (7.2) [2.7–16.8] |
68 | 7 (12.1) [5.4–23.9] | 0 | 7 (10.1) [4.5–20.4] |
Low-riska | 36 (62.1) [48.4–74.2] | 6 (37.5) [16.3–64.1] | 41 (59.4) [46.9–70.9] |
30 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
53 | 3 (5.2) [1.3–15.3] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 4 (5.8) [1.9–14.9] |
66 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 2 (2.9) [0.5–11.0] |
6 | 7 (12.1) [5.4–23.9] | 0 | 7 (10.1) [4.5–20.4] |
11 | 7 (12.1) [5.4–23.9] | 2 (12.5) [2.2–39.6] | 8 (11.6) [5.5–22.1] |
40 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
42 | 2 (3.4) [0.6–13.0] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 3 (4.3) [1.1–13.0] |
43 | 5 (8.6) [3.2–19.7] | 0 | 5 (7.2) [2.7–16.8] |
44 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
74 | 2 (3.4) [0.6–13.0] | 0 | 2 (2.9) [0.5–11.0] |
76 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
81 | 11 (19.0) [10.3–31.8] | 1 (6.3) [0.3–32.3] | 12 (17.4) [9.7–28.8] |
90 | 2 (3.4) [0.6–13.0] | 0 | 2 (2.9) [0.5–11.0] |
114 | 1 (1.7) [0.1–10.5] | 0 | 1 (1.4) [0.1–8.9] |
Total strains | 103 | 19 | 121 |
Risk factors for HPV infections
Factors | Infections/cases | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) |
P
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Older age | 58/198 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) |
0.02
| 1.05 (1.01–1.08) |
0.01
|
Marital status | |||||
No | 23/75 | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 35/123 | 0.90 (0.48–1.69) | 0.74 | 0.55 (0.25–1.21) | 0.14 |
Occupation | |||||
Unstable or no job | 16/53 | 1 | |||
Blue collar | 11/47 | 0.71 (0.29–1.73) | 0.45 | – | – |
White collar | 31/98 | 1.07 (0.52–2.21) | 0.86 | – | – |
Education | |||||
< College | 17/84 | 1 | 1 | ||
≥ College | 41/114 | 2.21 (1.15–4.26) |
0.02
| 2.17 (1.08–4.35) |
0.03
|
Smoking | |||||
No | 39/123 | 1 | |||
Yes | 19/75 | 0.73 (0.38–1.39) | 0.34 | – | – |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
No | 5/24 | 1 | |||
Yes | 53/174 | 1.66 (0.59–4.69) | 0.34 | – | – |
Family member with cancer | |||||
No | 53/175 | 1 | |||
Yes | 5/23 | 0.64 (0.23–1.81) | 0.40 | – | – |
STI knowledge | |||||
Yes | 5/10 | 1 | 1 | ||
No | 53/188 | 2.55 (0.71–9.16) | 0.15 | 4.21 (1.08–16.42) |
0.04
|
Circumcision | |||||
No | 41/139 | 1 | |||
Yes | 17/59 | 0.97 (0.50–1.90) | 0.92 | – | – |
Age at sexual debut | |||||
Older age | 58/198 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.58 | – | – |
Total number of sexual partners | |||||
Higher number | 58/198 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.68 | – | – |
Number of sexual partners in last 6 months | |||||
Higher number | 58/198 | 0.98 (0.93–1.05) | 0.60 | – | – |
Female sex worker as a sexual partner in last 6 months | |||||
No | 46/164 | 1 | |||
Yes | 12/34 | 1.40 (0.64–3.06) | 0.40 | – | – |
Condom usage | |||||
Rarely or Never | 10/48 | 1 | |||
Sometimes | 34/104 | 1.85 (0.82–4.14) | 0.14 | – | – |
Everytime | 14/46 | 1.66 (0.65–4.25) | 0.29 | – | – |
STI history | |||||
No | 17/66 | 1 | |||
Yes | 41/132 | 1.30 (0.67–2.52) | 0.44 | – | – |
Urethritis | |||||
No | 8/27 | 1 | |||
Yes | 50/171 | 0.98 (0.40–2.39) | 0.97 | – | – |
Oral sex | |||||
No | 38/126 | 1 | |||
Yes | 20/72 | 0.89 (0.47–1.69) | 0.72 | – | – |
Factors | Infections/cases | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
P
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Older age | 16/198 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
0.02
| 1.05 (1.01–1.10) |
0.02
|
Marital status | |||||
No | 2/75 | 1 | |||
Yes | 14/123 | 4.69 (1.04–21.24) |
0.05
| – | – |
Occupation | |||||
Unstable or no job | 2/53 | 1 | |||
Blue collar | 4/47 | 2.37 (0.41–13.59) | 0.33 | – | – |
White collar | 10/98 | 2.90 (0.611–13.75) | 0.18 | – | – |
Education | |||||
< College | 6/84 | 1 | |||
≥ College | 10/114 | 1.25 (0.44–3.59) | 0.68 | – | – |
Smoking | |||||
No | 9/123 | 1 | |||
Yes | 7/75 | 1.30 (0.46–3.66) | 0.61 | – | – |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
No | 1/24 | 1 | |||
Yes | 15/174 | 2.17 (0.27–17.21) | 0.46 | – | – |
Family member with cancer | |||||
No | 12/175 | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 4/23 | 2.86 (0.84–9.76) | 0.09 | 3.45 (0.97–12.29) | 0.06 |
STI knowledge | |||||
Yes | 15/188 | 1 | |||
No | 1/10 | 1.28 (0.15–10.81) | 0.82 | – | – |
Circumcision | |||||
No | 9/139 | 1 | |||
Yes | 7/59 | 1.94 (0.69–5.49) | 0.21 | – | – |
Age at sexual debut | |||||
Older age | 16/198 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 0.18 | – | – |
Total number of sexual partners | |||||
Higher number | 16/198 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 0.83 | – | – |
Number of sexual partners in last 6 months | |||||
Higher number | 16/198 | 0.88 (0.64–1.23) | 0.46 | – | – |
Female sex worker as a sexual partner in last 6 months | |||||
No | 16/164 | 1 | |||
Yes | 0/34 | NE (NE-NE) | 1.00 | – | – |
Condom usage | |||||
Rarely or Never | 3/48 | 1 | |||
Sometimes | 11/104 | 1.77 (0.47–6.68) | 0.40 | – | – |
Every time | 2/46 | 0.68 (0.11–4.28) | 0.68 | – | – |
STI history | |||||
No | 4/66 | 1 | |||
Yes | 12/132 | 1.55 (0.48–5.01) | 0.46 | – | – |
Urethritis | |||||
No | 1/27 | 1 | |||
Yes | 15/171 | 2.50 (0.32–19.74) | 0.39 | – | – |
Oral sex | |||||
No | 10/126 | 1 | |||
Yes | 6/72 | 1.06 (0.37–3.03) | 0.92 | – | – |