Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Clinical examination
Nerve conduction velocity
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence of low skeletal muscle mass, weak grip strength, and sarcopenia
n (males/females) | 183 (126/57) |
Age (years) | 64.7 ± 12.6 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9 (3–21) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 4.7 |
WC (cm) | 93.8 ± 12.9 |
Males | 93.1 ± 13.0 |
Females | 95.2 ± 12.8 |
eVFA (cm2) | 137.7 ± 57.8 |
Males | 145.2 ± 60.0 |
Females | 121.0 ± 49.2 |
Grip strength (kg) | 23.5 ± 9.5 |
Males | 27.5 ± 8.1 |
Females | 14.8 ± 6.1 |
Skeletal mass index (kg/m2) | 7.1 ± 1.2 |
Males | 7.5 ± 1.0 |
Females | 6.1 ± 1.1 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.7 ± 19.3 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.4 ± 12.0 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.5 ± 2.1 |
Serum C-peptide (ng/ml) | 1.8 ± 1.3 |
ALT (U/l) | 31.2 ± 31.1 |
UA (mg/dl) | 5.3 ± 1.6 |
eGFR (ml/min) | 67.3 ± 28.3 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 46.1 ± 16.8 |
TG (mg/dl) | 148 (105–217) |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 106.5 ± 36.8 |
hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 0.12 (0.06–0.35) |
Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 7.3 (4.6–11.3) |
BNP (pg/ml) | 15.7 (7.7–35.3) |
CCA max IMT (mm) | 0.9 ± 0.5 |
PWV (m/s) | 1810 ± 379 |
MCV (m/s) | 49.5 ± 4.4 |
Hypertension | 68% |
Hyperuricemia | 26% |
Dyslipidemia | 86% |
Fatty liver | 58% (105/180) |
Cardiovascular disease | 34% |
Clinical parameters associated with muscle quality
Simple linear regression model | ||
---|---|---|
r | p value | |
Age (years) | − 0.185 |
0.012
|
Duration of diabetes (years) | − 0.191 |
0.018
|
BMI (kg/m2) | − 0.350 | < 0.001 |
eVFA (cm2) | − 0.266 | < 0.001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | − 0.062 | 0.407 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 0.085 | 0.255 |
HbA1c (%) | 0.103 | 0.173 |
Serum C-peptide (ng/ml) | − 0.126 | 0.091 |
ALT (U/l) | 0.062 | 0.404 |
UA (mg/dl) | − 0.002 | 0.981 |
eGFR (ml/min) | 0.245 |
0.001
|
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 0.129 | 0.081 |
TG (mg/dl) | 0.120 | 0.105 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 0.204 |
0.006
|
hs-CRP (mg/dl) | − 0.097 | 0.205 |
Adiponectin (μg/ml) | − 0.071 | 0.341 |
BNP (pg/ml) | 0.088 | 0.242 |
CCA max IMT (mm) | − 0.159 |
0.044
|
PWV (m/s) | − 0.196 |
0.009
|
MCV (m/s) | 0.303 | < 0.001 |
Multiple regression model | ||
---|---|---|
Std β | p value | |
Age (years) | − 0.048 | 0.599 |
Sex | 0.405 | < 0.001 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | − 0.094 | 0.270 |
eVFA (cm2) | − 0.348 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min) | − 0.085 | 0.320 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 0.081 | 0.270 |
CCA max IMT (mm) | − 0.116 | 0.120 |
PWV (m/s) | − 0.127 | 0.140 |
MCV (m/s) | 0.301 | < 0.001 |
Clinical features of T2DM patients with visceral fat accumulation and low muscle quality
Visceral fat accumulation (−) group | Visceral fat accumulation (+) group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle quality | p value | Muscle quality | p value | |||
High group | Low group | High group | Low group | |||
n (males/females) | 36 (25/11) | 18 (8/10) | 0.087a | 56 (46/10) | 73 (47/26) |
0.030
a
|
Age (years) | 65.5 ± 11.4 | 74.3 ± 7.7 | 0.005 | 61.4 ± 13.3 | 64.4 ± 12.5 | 0.192 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 5 (0–30) | 20 (8–29) | 0.344 | 5 (1–13) | 12 (6–21) |
0.007
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.0 ± 2.4 | 21.5 ± 2.7 |
0.040
| 26.5 ± 3.8 | 27.9 ± 4.0 |
0.042
|
WC (cm) | 79.3 ± 6.7 | 83.3 ± 8.5 | 0.066 | 97.8 ± 10.3 | 100.5 ± 10.5 | 0.125 |
eVFA (cm2) | 63.3 ± 21.7 | 75.1 ± 21.5 | 0.067 | 164.8 ± 39.7 | 168.9 ± 40.0 | 0.565 |
Grip strength (kg) | 24.8 ± 7.7 | 13.4 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 | 30.9 ± 8.0 | 20.0 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 |
Skeletal mass index (kg/m2) | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 0.213 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 0.945 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.7 ± 24.1 | 140.0 ± 22.2 | 0.224 | 130.2 ± 15.3 | 130.9 ± 18.6 | 0.831 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.0 ± 11.5 | 72.9 ± 9.4 | 0.196 | 77.8 ± 11.0 | 76.0 ± 13.4 | 0.414 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 0.605 | 9.9 ± 1.9 | 9.2 ± 1.7 |
0.032
|
Serum C-peptide (ng/ml) | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.8 | 0.058 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 0.679 |
ALT (U/l) | 29.2 ± 37.6 | 21.1 ± 12.8 | 0.380 | 35.2 ± 26.3 | 31.5 ± 33.8 | 0.580 |
UA (mg/dl) | 4.5 ± 1.6 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 0.355 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 0.394 |
eGFR (ml/min) | 76.8 ± 31.9 | 57.0 ± 26.5 |
0.027
| 72.9 ± 26.0 | 61.1 ± 26.6 |
0.016
|
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 57.3 ± 23.1 | 47.9 ± 17.4 | 0.135 | 45.0 ± 13.3 | 41.1 ± 12.5 | 0.090 |
TG (mg/dl) | 123 (82–173) | 116 (82–167) | 0.890 | 187 (127–267) | 152 (113–213) | 0.077 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 101.7 ± 33.9 | 91.1 ± 38.5 | 0.306 | 119.4 ± 38.3 | 102.7 ± 34.4 |
0.011
|
hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.6) | 0.153 | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.301 |
Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 11.3 (7.3–16.9) | 8.2 (6.5–15.7) | 0.878 | 5.3 (3.7–8.2) | 6.6 (4.8–10.6) |
0.009
|
BNP (pg/ml) | 22.4 (15.0–59.5) | 28.0 (15.1–49.9) | 0.302 | 10.7 (4.9–21.7) | 16.4 (8.1–29.8) | 0.726 |
CCA max IMT (mm) | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.8 |
0.013
| 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.505 |
PWV (m/s) | 1791 ± 463 | 2051 ± 370 | 0.054 | 1744 ± 329 | 1814 ± 358 | 0.262 |
MCV (m/s) | 50.2 ± 3.7 | 48.3 ± 4.1 | 0.100 | 50.8 ± 3.9 | 48.5 ± 4.9 |
0.003
|
Hypertension | 58% | 72% | 0.382a | 64% | 75% | 0.180a |
Hyperuricemia | 17% | 17% | 1.000a | 30% | 30% | 1.000a |
Dyslipidemia | 72% | 89% | 0.298a | 91% | 89% | 0.775a |
Fatty liver | 33% | 28% | 0.764a | 76% (41/54) | 65% (47/72) | 0.241a |
Cardiovascular disease | 33% | 61% | 0.080a | 18% | 41% |
0.007
a
|
Association of low muscle quality with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
Odds ratio | p value | |
---|---|---|
All | ||
Not adjusted | 2.61 (1.40–4.97) |
0.003
|
Sex adjusted | 2.40 (1.27–4.62) |
0.007
|
Age adjusted | 2.42 (1.28–4.66) |
0.006
|
Sex, age adjusted | 2.28 (1.20–4.42) |
0.012
|
eVFA < 100 cm2 | ||
Not adjusted | 3.14 (0.99–10.61) | 0.052 |
Sex adjusted | 3.39 (1.03–12.27) |
0.045
|
Age adjusted | 2.43 (0.70–8.81) | 0.162 |
Sex, age adjusted | 2.64 (0.74–10.05) | 0.134 |
eVFA ≥ 100 cm2 | ||
Not adjusted | 3.21 (1.44–7.64) |
0.004
|
Sex adjusted | 2.83 (1.24–6.83) |
0.013
|
Age adjusted | 3.05 (1.36–7.31) |
0.007
|
Sex, age adjusted | 2.72 (1.19–6.61) |
0.018
|