Background
Methods
Participants and procedures
Measures
Headache characteristics and clinical features
Pain Catastrophizing
Inhibitory Control
Anthropometric characteristics
Demographic characteristics
Psychological characteristics
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of the sample
Demographic and anthropometric characteristics | |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 38.0 (1.2) |
Race (% of participants) | |
African American | 9.3% |
White | 78.5% |
Other | 12.2% |
Ethnicity (% of participants) | |
Non-Hispanic | 84.0% |
Hispanic | 16.0% |
Education (% of participants) | |
High school or less than 12 years | 10.2% |
Some College | 30.2% |
College Degree | 40.6% |
Graduate/Professional Education | 18.9% |
Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 35.1 (6.5) |
Migraine Initial Onset (% of participants) | |
Childhood | 39.3% |
Teenage years | 26.2% |
Early Adulthood (20’s – 30’s) | 31.8% |
Over age 40 | 2.8% |
Migraine Severity | |
Migraine Parameters | |
Frequency, mean (SD) days/mo. (# episodes) | 5.5 (2.6) |
Migraine Days, mean (SD) | 8.4 (4.4) |
Intensity, mean (SD) on scale of 1 to 10 | 5.9 (1.4) |
Duration, mean (SD) hours | 20.0 (14.2) |
Medication Use (% of participants using) | |
Migraine Preventative Medications | 21.5% |
Abortive medications | 90.7% |
NSAID | 66.4% |
Excedrin | 24.3% |
Triptan | 33.6% |
Other | 36.4% |
Pain Catastrophizing (mean, SD) | |
Total Score | 22.6 (11.0) |
Rumination | 9.1 (4.3) |
Magnification | 4.3 (3.1) |
Helplessness | 9.2 (4.9) |
Inhibitory Control | |
Stroop Color-Word Reaction Time, mean (SD) msec | 1203.5 (275.8) |
Stroop Color-Word (% correct responses) | 93.8 (0.1) |
Independent and joint associations of pain catastrophizing and inhibitory control with migraine severity components
Migraine Pain Intensity (Table 2 Column 1)
Pain Intensity | Duration | Attack Frequency | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B |
SE
|
β
|
p
|
R
2
| B |
β
|
SE
|
p
|
R
2
| B |
β
|
SE
|
p
|
R
2
| |
PCS Total | .12 | .11 | .13 | ||||||||||||
Age | .0003 | .02 | .002 | .99 | -.15 | .18 | -.09 | .40 | -.06 | .05 | -.12 | .26 | |||
BMI | -.03 | .02 | -.13 | .22 | -.29 | .23 | -.13 | .20 | -.12 | .07 | -.17 | .09 | |||
Depression | .01 | .04 | .04 | .73 | .15 | .41 | .05 | .71 | .15 | .13 | .15 | .23 | |||
Anxiety | .05 | .04 | .15 | .22 | .20 | .37 | .06 | .60 | .16 | .11 | .17 | .16 | |||
PCS-Total | -.10 | .06 | -.78 | .08 | .05 | .57 | .04 | .93 | -.24 | .18 | -.60 | .17 | |||
IC | -.002 | .001 | -.33 | .10 | -.001 | .01 | -.03 | .90 | -.003 | .003 | -.17 | .40 | |||
PCS-Total*IC | .0001 | .00005 | 1.02 | .04 | .0002 | .0005 | .23 | .64 | .0002 | .0001 | .63 | .19 | |||
Rumination | .11 | .09 | .16 | ||||||||||||
Age | -.001 | .02 | -.008 | .94 | -.17 | .18 | -.10 | .34 | -.06 | .05 | -.11 | .26 | |||
BMI | -.03 | .02 | -.11 | .28 | -.30 | .23 | -.14 | .19 | -.11 | .07 | -.16 | .12 | |||
Depression | .02 | .04 | .05 | .68 | .20 | .42 | .06 | .64 | .15 | .12 | .14 | .23 | |||
Anxiety | .05 | .04 | .15 | .22 | .22 | .38 | .07 | .55 | .17 | .11 | .18 | .12 | |||
Rumination | -.30 | .16 | -.91 | .06 | -.89 | 1.58 | -.27 | .58 | −1.00 | .47 | -.97 | .18 | |||
IC | -.002 | .001 | -.34 | .11 | -.005 | .01 | -.10 | .64 | -.004 | .003 | -.28 | .18 | |||
Rumination*IC | .0003 | .0001 | 1.05 | .04 | .001 | .001 | .48 | .36 | .001 | .0004 | .88 | .08 | |||
Magnification | .12 | .14 | .13 | ||||||||||||
Age | -.001 | .02 | -.004 | .97 | -.09 | .18 | -.05 | .61 | -.06 | .06 | -.11 | .28 | |||
BMI | -.02 | .02 | -.11 | .29 | -.29 | .22 | -.13 | .19 | -.12 | .07 | -.18 | .08 | |||
Depression | .02 | .04 | .05 | .70 | .04 | .41 | .01 | .92 | .15 | .13 | .14 | .24 | |||
Anxiety | .05 | .04 | .16 | .17 | .19 | .36 | .06 | .61 | .16 | .11 | .16 | .17 | |||
Magnification | -.30 | .20 | -.64 | .15 | -.43 | 2.02 | -.09 | .83 | -.78 | .63 | -.53 | .23 | |||
IC | -.001 | .001 | -.18 | .22 | -.004 | .008 | -.08 | .58 | -.002 | .002 | -.10 | .52 | |||
Magnification*IC | .0003 | .0002 | .86 | .07 | .002 | .002 | .44 | .34 | .001 | .0005 | .61 | .19 | |||
Helplessness | .12 | .09 | .11 | ||||||||||||
Age | -.002 | .02 | -.01 | .92 | -.21 | .18 | -.12 | .26 | -.07 | .06 | -.12 | .24 | |||
BMI | -.03 | .02 | -.12 | .26 | -.22 | .23 | -.10 | .33 | -.12 | .07 | -.17 | .10 | |||
Depression | .02 | .04 | .05 | .65 | .24 | .41 | .07 | .56 | .16 | .13 | .15 | .22 | |||
Anxiety | .05 | .04 | .15 | .20 | .27 | .37 | .09 | .46 | .15 | .11 | .15 | .20 | |||
Helplessness | -.18 | .13 | -.63 | .16 | .97 | 1.30 | .33 | .46 | -.13 | .40 | -.15 | .74 | |||
IC | -.001 | .001 | -.26 | .18 | .006 | .01 | .11 | .57 | -.0003 | .003 | -.02 | .92 | |||
Helplessness*IC | .0002 | .0001 | .86 | .08 | -.0003 | .001 | -.16 | .75 | .0001 | .0003 | .21 | .66 |