Background
Methods
Data collection
Step-determined physical activity
Demographic variables
Data management
Population density
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Total | Population density | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Lower | Middle | Higher | Highest | ||||||||
No. of municipalities | 62 | 13 | 3 | 12 | 5 | 29 | ||||||
Type of municipalitya | ||||||||||||
Wards | 23 | (37.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (33.3) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 22 | (75.9) |
City | 26 | (41.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (66.7) | 12 | (100.0) | 5 | (100.0) | 7 | (24.1) |
Town | 5 | (8.1) | 5 | (8.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) |
Village | 8 | (12.9) | 8 | (12.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) |
No. of peopleb,c | 212.7 | (213.6) | 6.6 | (9.2) | 89.3 | (46.3) | 171.6 | (164.8) | 157.6 | (68.9) | 344.3 | (217.6) |
Area (km2)c | ||||||||||||
Total area | 35.1 | (40.7) | 59.8 | (61.8) | 62.7 | (46.7) | 35.5 | (50.4) | 17.6 | (8.0) | 24.2 | (16.2) |
Residential area | 22.4 | (18.2) | 15.7 | (16.1) | 26.2 | (13.3) | 26.5 | (27.2) | 17.4 | (8.0) | 24.1 | (16.1) |
Population densityc,d | 9176 | (6228) | 532 | (735) | 3524 | (675) | 6555 | (810) | 9127 | (244) | 14,728 | (3315) |
Total | Population density | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowest | Lower | Middle | Higher | Highest | |||||||
Boys | |||||||||||
Elementary school | |||||||||||
Low grade | 2218 | 227 | (10.2) | 90 | (4.1) | 440 | (19.8) | 219 | (9.9) | 1242 | (56.0) |
1st, 6–7 y.o.a | 760 | 76 | (10.0) | 29 | (3.8) | 160 | (21.1) | 79 | (10.4) | 416 | (54.7) |
2nd, 7–8 y.o. | 737 | 73 | (9.9) | 32 | (4.3) | 145 | (19.7) | 74 | (10.0) | 413 | (56.0) |
3rd, 8–9 y.o. | 721 | 78 | (10.8) | 29 | (4.0) | 135 | (18.7) | 66 | (9.2) | 413 | (57.3) |
High grade | 2355 | 232 | (9.9) | 146 | (6.2) | 517 | (22.0) | 231 | (9.8) | 1229 | (52.2) |
4th, 9–10 y.o. | 788 | 80 | (10.2) | 45 | (5.7) | 162 | (20.6) | 83 | (10.5) | 418 | (53.0) |
5th, 10–11 y.o. | 756 | 71 | (9.4) | 43 | (5.7) | 174 | (23.0) | 76 | (10.1) | 392 | (51.9) |
6th, 11–12 y.o. | 811 | 81 | (10.0) | 58 | (7.2) | 181 | (22.3) | 72 | (8.9) | 419 | (51.7) |
Junior high school | |||||||||||
All grade | 2327 | 260 | (11.2) | 120 | (5.2) | 467 | (20.1) | 234 | (10.1) | 1246 | (53.5) |
1st, 12–13 y.o. | 820 | 79 | (9.6) | 40 | (4.9) | 171 | (20.9) | 74 | (9.0) | 456 | (55.6) |
2nd, 13–14 y.o. | 749 | 96 | (12.8) | 33 | (4.4) | 166 | (22.2) | 71 | (9.5) | 383 | (51.1) |
3rd, 14–15 y.o. | 758 | 85 | (11.2) | 47 | (6.2) | 130 | (17.2) | 89 | (11.7) | 407 | (53.7) |
Total | 6900 | 719 | (10.4) | 356 | (5.2) | 1424 | (20.6) | 684 | (9.9) | 3717 | (53.9) |
Girls | |||||||||||
Elementary school | |||||||||||
Low grade | 2253 | 208 | (9.2) | 109 | (4.8) | 481 | (21.3) | 210 | (9.3) | 1245 | (55.3) |
1st, 6–7 y.o. | 733 | 55 | (7.5) | 32 | (4.4) | 156 | (21.3) | 68 | (9.3) | 422 | (57.6) |
2nd, 7–8 y.o. | 756 | 59 | (7.8) | 36 | (4.8) | 169 | (22.4) | 75 | (9.9) | 417 | (55.2) |
3rd, 8–9 y.o. | 764 | 94 | (12.3) | 41 | (5.4) | 156 | (20.4) | 67 | (8.8) | 406 | (53.1) |
High grade | 2285 | 215 | (9.4) | 130 | (5.7) | 526 | (23.0) | 214 | (9.4) | 1200 | (52.5) |
4th, 9–10 y.o. | 746 | 79 | (10.6) | 33 | (4.4) | 165 | (22.1) | 75 | (10.1) | 394 | (52.8) |
5th, 10–11 y.o. | 771 | 64 | (8.3) | 42 | (5.4) | 177 | (23.0) | 69 | (8.9) | 419 | (54.3) |
6th, 11–12 y.o. | 768 | 72 | (9.4) | 55 | (7.2) | 184 | (24.0) | 70 | (9.1) | 387 | (50.4) |
Junior high school | |||||||||||
All grade | 2250 | 247 | (11.0) | 125 | (5.6) | 522 | (23.2) | 211 | (9.4) | 1145 | (50.9) |
1st, 12–13 y.o. | 782 | 88 | (11.3) | 38 | (4.9) | 184 | (23.5) | 68 | (8.7) | 404 | (51.7) |
2nd, 13–14 y.o. | 703 | 82 | (11.7) | 42 | (6.0) | 163 | (23.2) | 64 | (9.1) | 352 | (50.1) |
3rd, 14–15 y.o. | 765 | 77 | (10.1) | 45 | (5.9) | 175 | (22.9) | 79 | (10.3) | 389 | (50.8) |
Total | 6788 | 670 | (9.9) | 364 | (5.4) | 1529 | (22.5) | 635 | (9.4) | 3590 | (52.9) |
Step count by population density subgroups
Number of weekdays with valid step count dataa | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
Total boys and girls | 923 | (6.7) | 1408 | (10.3) | 2607 | (19.0) | 4242 | (31.0) | 4508 | (32.9) |
Boys | ||||||||||
Total boys | 507 | (7.3) | 753 | (10.9) | 1292 | (18.7) | 2127 | (30.8) | 2221 | (32.2) |
Low grade, elementary school | 168 | (7.6) | 299 | (13.5) | 430 | (19.4) | 666 | (30.0) | 655 | (29.5) |
High grade, elementary school | 171 | (7.3) | 214 | (9.1) | 386 | (16.4) | 709 | (30.1) | 875 | (37.2) |
Junior high school | 168 | (7.2) | 240 | (10.3) | 476 | (20.5) | 752 | (32.3) | 691 | (29.7) |
Girls | ||||||||||
Total girls | 416 | (6.1) | 655 | (9.6) | 1315 | (19.4) | 2115 | (31.2) | 2287 | (33.7) |
Low grade, elementary school | 146 | (6.5) | 252 | (11.2) | 439 | (19.5) | 686 | (30.4) | 730 | (32.4) |
High grade, elementary school | 129 | (5.6) | 188 | (8.2) | 371 | (16.2) | 655 | (28.7) | 942 | (41.2) |
Junior high school | 141 | (6.3) | 215 | (9.6) | 505 | (22.4) | 774 | (34.4) | 615 | (27.3) |
Fixed effects of population density
Lowest | Lower | Middle | Higher | Highest | School grade | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimates (SE)a | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | |||||||
Daily total step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | −1077 | (458) | 302 | (701) | ref. | – | −371 | (576) | −987 | (373) | −617 | (17) |
p = 0.02 | p = 0.67 | – | p = 0.52 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | −1059 | (414) | 441 | (636) | ref. | – | −409 | (524) | −868 | (338) | −457 | (13) |
p = 0.01 | p = 0.49 | – | p = 0.44 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
In-school step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | 119 | (238) | 385 | (365) | ref. | – | −153 | (300) | −180 | (194) | −222 | (9) |
p = 0.62 | p = 0.29 | – | p = 0.61 | p = 0.35 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | 233 | (231) | 424 | (358) | ref. | – | −110 | (295) | −207 | (190) | −200 | (7) |
p = 0.31 | p = 0.24 | – | p = 0.71 | p = 0.28 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Out-of-school step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | −1192 | (339) | −83 | (515) | ref. | – | −219 | (422) | −806 | (274) | −395 | (14) |
p < 0.01 | p = 0.87 | – | p = 0.60 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | −1259 | (298) | 18 | (453) | ref. | – | −299 | (373) | −660 | (241) | −257 | (11) |
p < 0.01 | p = 0.97 | – | p = 0.42 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Lowest | Lower | Middle | Higher | Highest | School grade | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimates (SE)a | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | Estimates (SE) | |||||||
Daily total step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | − 1072 | (582) | − 577 | (871) | ref. | – | 4 | (700) | − 914 | (455) | 129 | (89) |
p = 0.07 | p = 0.51 | – | p = 1.00 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.15 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | − 1274 | (665) | −113 | (993) | ref. | – | − 696 | (820) | − 1390 | (531) | −287 | (88) |
p = 0.06 | p = 0.91 | – | p = 0.40 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Junior high school | − 569 | (658) | 1094 | (1000) | ref. | – | − 130 | (818) | − 418 | (532) | − 918 | (94) |
p = 0.39 | p = 0.27 | – | p = 0.87 | p = 0.43 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | − 686 | (505) | 209 | (757) | ref. | – | −63 | (620) | − 545 | (400) | −50 | (68) |
p = 0.17 | p = 0.78 | – | p = 0.92 | p = 0.17 | p = 0.46 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | −993 | (508) | 54 | (755) | ref. | – | − 628 | (623) | − 916 | (402) | − 416 | (62) |
p = 0.05 | p = 0.94 | – | p = 0.31 | p = 0.02 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Junior high school | − 1230 | (577) | 905 | (867) | ref. | – | − 483 | (715) | −1100 | (462) | − 778 | (75) |
p = 0.03 | p = 0.30 | – | p = 0.50 | p = 0.02 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
In-school step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | 101 | (336) | 260 | (510) | ref. | – | 187 | (414) | −43 | (268) | 153 | (43) |
p = 0.76 | p = 0.61 | – | p = 0.65 | p = 0.87 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | − 439 | (350) | 34 | (523) | ref. | – | − 273 | (432) | −455 | (280) | −59 | (46) |
p = 0.21 | p = 0.95 | – | p = 0.53 | p = 0.10 | p = 0.20 | |||||||
Junior high school | 788 | (349) | 693 | (533) | ref. | – | − 260 | (437) | 95 | (284) | − 183 | (48) |
p = 0.02 | p = 0.19 | – | p = 0.55 | p = 0.74 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | 368 | (330) | 628 | (509) | ref. | – | 452 | (418) | 67 | (270) | 109 | (33) |
p = 0.27 | p = 0.22 | – | p = 0.28 | p = 0.80 | < 0.01 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | − 341 | (280) | −54 | (419) | ref. | – | − 144 | (345) | − 290 | (223) | − 129 | (32) |
p = 0.22 | p = 0.90 | – | p = 0.68 | p = 0.19 | < 0.01 | |||||||
Junior high school | 822 | (360) | 678 | (554) | ref. | – | − 571 | (456) | −324 | (295) | − 155 | (34) |
p = 0.02 | p = 0.22 | – | p = 0.21 | p = 0.27 | < 0.01 | |||||||
Out-of-school step count | ||||||||||||
Boys | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | − 1134 | (519) | − 837 | (782) | ref. | – | −177 | (632) | − 869 | (410) | −25 | (73) |
p = 0.03 | p = 0.28 | – | p = 0.78 | p = 0.03 | p = 0.73 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | − 815 | (456) | − 149 | (662) | ref. | – | −424 | (547) | − 938 | (355) | − 227 | (73) |
p = 0.07 | p = 0.82 | – | p = 0.44 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Junior high school | − 1358 | (471) | 403 | (707) | ref. | – | 128 | (578) | − 513 | (376) | − 736 | (77) |
p < 0.01 | p = 0.57 | – | p = 0.83 | p = 0.17 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Girls | ||||||||||||
Low grade, elementary school | − 973 | (384) | − 421 | (569) | ref. | – | − 517 | (466) | − 613 | (301) | −162 | (57) |
p = 0.01 | p = 0.46 | – | p = 0.27 | p = 0.04 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
High grade, elementary school | −627 | (368) | 110 | (539) | ref. | – | −483 | (445) | − 625 | (287) | − 288 | (52) |
p = 0.09 | p = 0.84 | – | p = 0.28 | p = 0.03 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Junior high school | −2016 | (413) | 235 | (607) | ref. | – | 95 | (501) | −762 | (324) | − 626 | (66) |
p < 0.01 | p = 0.70 | – | p = 0.85 | p = 0.02 | p < 0.01 |