Background
“Conventional” medicine
“Unconventional” medicine
Theoretical framework: scientific rhetoric boundary work
Study aim
Methods
Study design: textual analysis
Data collection
Search Term (Preceding “Medicine” or “Therapy”) | Scopus search code | Explanation of coding | Number of articles recovered |
---|---|---|---|
Complementary and Alternative | (TITLE(“complementary and alternative medicine” OR “complementary alternative medicine” OR “complementary and alternative therapy” OR “complementary alternative therapy” AND NOT “integrative” AND NOT “integrated”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “integrative” or “integrated”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 2814 |
Complementary | (TITLE(“complementary medicine” OR “complementary therapy” AND NOT “alternative” AND NOT “integrative” AND NOT “integrated”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “alternative”, “integrative” or “integrated”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 1758 |
Alternative | (TITLE(“alternative medicine” OR “alternative therapy” AND NOT “complementary” AND NOT “integrative” AND NOT “integrated”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “complementary”, “integrative” or “integrated”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 1708 |
Integrated/ Integrative | (TITLE(“integrative medicine” OR “integrated medicine” AND NOT “alternative” AND NOT “complementary”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “alternative” or “complementary”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. The word “therapy” was removed to increase the relevance of results. | 455 |
Adjunctivea
| (TITLE(“adjunctive medicine” OR “adjunctive therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 816 |
Folka
| (TITLE(“folk medicine” OR “folk therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 429 |
Alternative and Complementary | (TITLE(“alternative and complementary medicine” OR “alternative complementary medicine” OR “alternative and complementary therapy” OR “alternative complementary therapy” AND NOT “integrated” AND NOT “integrative”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “integrative” or “integrated”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 116 |
Unconventional | (TITLE(“unconventional medicine” OR “unconventional therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 103 |
Complementary and Integrated/ Integrative | (TITLE(“complementary and integrated medicine” OR “complementary integrated medicine” OR “complementary and integrated therapy” OR “complementary integrated therapy” OR “complementary and integrative medicine” OR “complementary integrative medicine” OR “complementary and integrative therapy” OR “complementary integrative therapy” AND NOT “alternative”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “alternative” in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 27 |
Unorthodox | (TITLE(“unorthodox medicine” OR “unorthodox therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 14 |
Fringe | (TITLE(“fringe medicine” OR “fringe therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 12 |
Integrated/ Integrative and Complementary | (TITLE(“integrated and complementary medicine” OR “integrated complementary medicine” OR “integrated and complementary therapy” OR “integrated complementary therapy” OR “integrative and complementary medicine” OR “integrative complementary medicine” OR “integrative complementary therapy” OR “integrative complementary therapy” AND NOT “alternative”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “alternative” in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 8 |
Quack | (TITLE(“quack medicine” OR “quack therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 4 |
Alternative and Integrated/ Integrative | (TITLE(“alternative and integrated medicine” OR “alternative integrated medicine” OR “alternative and integrated therapy” OR “alternative integrated therapy” OR “alternative and integrative medicine” OR “alternative integrative medicine” OR “alternative and integrative therapy” OR “alternative integrative therapy” AND NOT “complementary”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “complementary”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 2 |
Unscientific | (TITLE(“unscientific medicine” OR “unscientific therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 2 |
Integrated/ Integrative and Alternative | (TITLE(“integrated and alternative medicine” OR “integrated alternative medicine” OR “integrated and alternative therapy” OR “integrated alternative therapy” OR “integrative and alternative medicine” OR “integrative alternative medicine” OR “integrative and alternative therapy” OR “integrative alternative therapy” AND NOT “complementary”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Excludes titles containing “complementary”, in order to prevent other combinations from being searched. | 1 |
Irregular | (TITLE(“irregular medicine” OR “irregular therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO(SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 0 |
Non-Mainstream | (TITLE(“non-mainstream medicine” OR “non-mainstream therapy”)) AND PUBYEAR > 1969 AND PUBYEAR < 2014 AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SRCTYPE, “j”)) AND (EXCLUDE(DOCTYPE, “er”)) | Standard Codeb
| 0 |
TOTALS | -- | -- | 7016 (excluding folk and adjunctive) |
Term | 20 Most Highly-Cited Articles Per Term | |
---|---|---|
Full Journal Article Citation | Number of Citations | |
Complementary and Alternative
N = 2814 Articles excluded from sample: None | 1. Barnes, P. M., Powell-Griner, E., McFann, K., & Nahin, R. L. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002. In Seminars in Integrative Medicine, 2(2), 54–71. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders. | 834 |
2. Ernst, E. & Cassileth, B. R. (1998). The prevalence of complementary/alternative medicine in cancer. Cancer, 83(4), 777–782. | 601 | |
3. Richardson, M. A., Sanders, T., Palmer, J. L., Greisinger, A., & Singletary, S. E. (2000). Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18(13), 2505–2514. | 591 | |
4. Tindle, H. A., Davis, R. B., Phillips, R. S., & Eisenberg, D. M. (2005). Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 11(1), 42–49. | 525 | |
5. Kronenberg, F., & Fugh-Berman, A. (2002). Complementary and alternative medicine for menopausal symptoms: a review of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(10), 805–813. | 372 | |
6. Molassiotis, A., Fernadez-Ortega, P., Pud, D., Ozden, G., Scott, J. A., Panteli, V., … & Patiraki, E. (2005). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: A European survey. Annals of Oncology, 16(4), 655–663. | 359 | |
7. Barnes, P. M., Bloom, B., & Nahin, R. L. (2008). Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007. National Health Statistics Reports, (12), 1–23. | 327 | |
8. Boon, H., Stewart, M., Kennard, M. A., Gray, R., Sawka, C., Brown, J. B., … & Haines-Kamka, T. (2000). Use of complementary/alternative medicine by breast cancer survivors in Ontario: Prevalence and perceptions. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18(13), 2515–2521. | 300 | |
9. Wetzel, M. S., Eisenberg, D. M., & Kaptchuk, T. J. (1998). Courses involving complementary and alternative medicine at US medical schools. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(9), 784–787. | 292 | |
10. Ernst, E. (2000). Prevalence of use of complementary/alternative medicine: A systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78(2), 258–266. | 285 | |
11. Ni, H., Simile, C., & Hardy, A. M. (2002). Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: Results from the 1999 national health interview survey. Medical Care, 40(4), 353–358. | 283 | |
12. Kessler, R. C., Soukup, J., Davis, R. B., Foster, D. F., Wilkey, S. A., Van Rompay, M. I., & Eisenberg, D. M. (2001). The use of complementary and alternative therapies to treat anxiety and depression in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(2), 289–294. | 264 | |
13. Astin, J. A., Marie, A., Pelletier, K. R., Hansen, E., & Haskell, W. L. (1998). A review of the incorporation of complementary and alternative medicine by mainstream physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(21), 2303–2310. | 246 | |
14. MacLennan, A. H. S. P., Myers, S., & Taylor, A. (2006). The continuing use of complementary and alternative medicine in South Australia: costs and beliefs in 2004. Medical Journal of Australia, 184(1), 27–31. | 220 | |
15. Xue, C. C., Zhang, A. L., Lin, V., Da Costa, C., & Story, D. F. (2007). Complementary and alternative medicine use in Australia: a national population-based survey. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(6), 643–650. | 208 | |
16. Harris, P., & Rees, R. (2000). The prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use among the general population: a systematic review of the literature. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 8(2), 88–96. | 202 | |
17. Astin, J. A., Pelletier, K. R., Marie, A., & Haskell, W. L. (2000). Complementary and alternative medicine use among elderly persons: One-year analysis of a Blue Shield Medicare supplement. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 55(1), M4-M9. | 188 | |
18. Furnham, A., & Forey, J. (1994). The attitudes, behaviors and beliefs of patients of conventional vs. complementary (alternative) medicine. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(3), 458–469. | 172 | |
19. Fairfield, K. M., Eisenberg, D. M., Davis, R. B., Libman, H., & Phillips, R. S. (1998). Patterns of use, expenditures, and perceived efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies in HIV-infected patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(20), 2257–2264. | 162 | |
20. Söllner, W., Maislinger, S., DeVries, A., Steixner, E., Rumpold, G., & Lukas, P. (2000). Use of complementary and alternative medicine by cancer patients is not associated with perceived distress or poor compliance with standard treatment but with active coping behavior. Cancer, 89(4), 873–880. | 159 | |
Complementary
N = 1758 Articles excluded from sample: #16 | 1. Fisher, P., & Ward, A. (1994). Medicine in Europe: Complementary medicine in Europe. British Medical Journal, 309(6947), 107–111. | 495 |
2. Thomas, K. J., Nicholl, J. P., & Coleman, P. (2001). Use and expenditure on complementary medicine in England: A population based survey. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 9(1), 2–11. | 449 | |
3. Eisenberg, D. M., Kessler, R. C., Van Rompay, M. I., Kaptchuk, T. J., Wilkey, S. A., Appel, S., & Davis, R. B. (2001). Perceptions about complementary therapies relative to conventional therapies among adults who use both: Results from a national survey. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135(5), 344–351. | 399 | |
4. Ernst, E., & White, A. (2000). The BBC survey of complementary medicine use in the UK. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 8(1), 32–36. | 303 | |
5. Vincent, C., & Furnham, A. (1996). Why do patients turn to complementary medicine? An empirical study. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 37–48. | 284 | |
6. Downer, S. M., Cody, M. M., McCluskey, P., Wilson, P. D., Arnott, S. J., Lister, T. A., & Slevin, M. L. (1994). Pursuit and practice of complementary therapies by cancer patients receiving conventional treatment. British Medical Journal, 309(6947), 86–89. | 249 | |
7. Rao, J. K., Mihaliak, K., Kroenke, K., Bradley, J., Tierney, W. M., & Weinberger, M. (1999). Use of complementary therapies for arthritis among patients of rheumatologists. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131(6), 409–416. | 228 | |
8. Zollman, C., & Vickers, A. (1999). ABC of complementary medicine: What is complementary medicine? British Medical Journal, 319(7211), 693. | 156 | |
9. Paltiel, O., Avitzour, M., Peretz, T., Cherny, N., Kaduri, L., Pfeffer, R. M., … & Soskolne, V. (2001). Determinants of the use of complementary therapies by patients with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19(9), 2439–2448. | 146 | |
10. Zollman, C., & Vickers, A. (1999). ABC of complementary medicine: Users and practitioners of complementary medicine. British Medical Journal, 319(7213), 836. | 145 | |
11. Morris, K. T., Johnson, N., Homer, L., & Walts, D. (2000). A comparison of complementary therapy use between breast cancer patients and patients with other primary tumor sites. The American Journal of Surgery, 179(5), 407–411. | 141 | |
12. Goldbeck-Wood, S., Dorozynski, A., Lie, L. G., Yamauchi, M., Zinn, C., Josefson, D., & Ingram, M. (1996). Complementary medicine is booming worldwide. British Medical Journal, 313(7050), 131–133. | 134 | |
13. Sirois, F. M., & Gick, M. L. (2002). An investigation of the health beliefs and motivations of complementary medicine clients. Social Science & Medicine, 55(6), 1025–1037. | 132 | |
14. Sparber, A., Bauer, L., Curt, G., Eisenberg, D., Levin, T., Parks, S., … & Wootton, J. (2000). Use of complementary medicine by adult patients participating in cancer clinical trials. Oncology Nursing Forum, 27(4), 623–630. | 132 | |
15. Pirotta, M. V., Cohen, M. M., Kotsirilos, V., & Farish, S. J. (2000). Complementary therapies: Have they become accepted in general practice? The Medical Journal of Australia, 172(3), 105–109. | 125 | |
16. Vas, J., Méndez, C., Perea-Milla, E., Vega, E., Dolores Panadero, M., León, J. M., … & Jurado, R. (2004). Acupuncture as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 329(7476), 1216–1220. | 117 | |
17. Ernst, E., Resch, K. L., & White, A. R. (1995). Complementary medicine: What physicians think of it: A meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 155(22), 2405–2408. | 116 | |
18. Ernst, E., Rand, J. I., & Stevinson, C. (1998). Complementary therapies for depression: An overview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(11), 1026–1032. | 104 | |
19. Fulder, S., & Munro, R. (1985). Complementary medicine in the United Kingdom: Patients, practitioners, and consultations. The Lancet, 326(8454), 542–545. | 104 | |
20. Nam, R. K., Fleshner, N., Rakovitch, E., Klotz, L., Trachtenberg, J., Choo, R., … & Danjoux, C. (1999). Prevalence and patterns of the use of complementary therapies among prostate cancer patients: an epidemiological analysis. The Journal of Urology, 161(5), 1521–1524. | 103 | |
Alternative
N = 1708 Articles excluded from sample: #4, 15, 17, 19 | 1. Eisenberg, D. M., Davis, R. B., Ettner, S. L., Appel, S., Wilkey, S., Van Rompay, M., & Kessler, R. C. (1998). Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(18), 1569–1575. | 4589 |
2. Astin, J. A. (1998). Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(19), 1548–1553. | 1729 | |
3. MacLennan, A. H., Wilson, D. H., & Taylor, A. W. (1996). Prevalence and cost of alternative medicine in Australia. The Lancet, 347(9001), 569–573. | 667 | |
4. McNeil, B. J., Pauker, S. G., Sox Jr, H. C., & Tversky, A. (1982). On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies. New England Journal of Medicine, 306(21), 1259–1262. | 513 | |
5. Angell, M., & Kassirer, J. P. (1998). Alternative medicine-the risks of untested and unregulated remedies. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(12), 839–841. | 475 | |
6. Burstein, H. J., Gelber, S., Guadagnoli, E., & Weeks, J. C. (1999). Use of alternative medicine by women with early-stage breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(22), 1733–1739. | 441 | |
7. MacLennan, A. H., Wilson, D. H., & Taylor, A. W. (2002). The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Preventive Medicine, 35(2), 166–173. | 308 | |
8. Spigelblatt, L., Laîné-Ammara, G., Pless, I. B., & Guyver, A. (1994). The use of alternative medicine by children. Pediatrics, 94(6), 811–814. | 282 | |
9. Lee, M. M., Lin, S. S., Wrensch, M. R., Adler, S. R., & Eisenberg, D. (2000). Alternative therapies used by women with breast cancer in four ethnic populations. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(1), 42–47. | 256 | |
10. Kaptchuk, T. J. (2002). The placebo effect in alternative medicine: Can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance? Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(11), 817–825. | 254 | |
11. Heck, A. M., Dewitt, B. A., & Lukes, A. L. (2000). Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 57(13), 1221–1227. | 232 | |
12. Paramore, L. C. (1997). Use of alternative therapies: Estimates from the 1994 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation national access to care survey. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 13(2), 83–89. | 205 | |
13. Kelner, M., & Wellman, B. (1997). Health care and consumer choice: Medical and alternative therapies. Social Science & Medicine, 45(2), 203–212. | 188 | |
14. Fontanarosa, P. B., & Lundberg, G. D. (1998). Alternative medicine meets science. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(18), 1618–1619. | 187 | |
15. Das, D. K., & Maulik, N. (2006). Resveratrol in cardioprotection: A therapeutic promise of alternative medicine. Molecular Interventions, 6(1), 36. | 157 | |
16. Newton, K. M., Buist, D. S., Keenan, N. L., Anderson, L. A., & LaCroix, A. Z. (2002). Use of alternative therapies for menopause symptoms: Results of a population-based survey. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 100(1), 18–25. | 150 | |
17. Trenk, D., Stone, G. W., Gawaz, M., Kastrati, A., Angiolillo, D. J., Müller, U., … & Neumann, F. J. (2012). A randomized trial of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of drug-eluting stents: Results of the TRIGGER-PCI (Testing Platelet Reactivity In Patients Undergoing Elective Stent Placement on Clopidogrel to Guide Alternative Therapy With Prasugrel) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(24), 2159–2164. | 149 | |
18. Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H. (1997). Alternative therapy bias. Nature, 385(6616), 480. | 147 | |
19. Meeker, W. C., & Haldeman, S. (2002). Chiropractic: A profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(3), 216–227. | 145 | |
20. Unützer, J., Klap, R., Sturm, R., Young, A. S., Marmon, T., Shatkin, J., & Wells, K. B. (2000). Mental disorders and the use of alternative medicine: Results from a national survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11). | 144 | |
Integrated/ Integrative
N = 455 Articles excluded from sample: #7, 9, 12, 14, 15 | 1. Bell, I. R., Caspi, O., Schwartz, G. E., Grant, K. L., Gaudet, T. W., Rychener, D., … & Weil, A. (2002). Integrative medicine and systemic outcomes research: Issues in the emergence of a new model for primary health care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(2), 133–140. | 146 |
2. Kligler, B., Maizes, V., Schachter, S., Park, C. M., Gaudet, T., Benn, R., … & Remen, R. N. (2004). Core competencies in integrative medicine for medical school curricula: A proposal. Academic Medicine, 79(6), 521–531. | 91 | |
3. Snyderman, R., & Weil, A. T. (2002). Integrative medicine: Bringing medicine back to its roots. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(4), 395–397. | 76 | |
4. Girman, A., Lee, R., & Kligler, B. (2003). An integrative medicine approach to premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(5), S56-S65. | 51 | |
5. Wang, J., & Xiong, X. (2012). Current situation and perspectives of clinical study in integrative medicine in China. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. | 47 | |
6. Xu, H., & Chen, K. (2008). Integrative medicine: The experience from China. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 14(1), 3–7. | 41 | |
7. Scullin, C., Scott, M. G., Hogg, A., & McElnay, J. C. (2007). An innovative approach to integrated medicines management. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 13(5), 781–788. | 41 | |
8. Edelman, D., Oddone, E. Z., Liebowitz, R. S., Yancy, W. S., Olsen, M. K., Jeffreys, A. S., … & Gaudet, T. W. (2006). A multidimensional integrative medicine intervention to improve cardiovascular risk. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(7), 728–734. | 41 | |
9. Hellström, L. M., Bondesson, Å., Höglund, P., Midlöv, P., Holmdahl, L., Rickhag, E., & Eriksson, T. (2011). Impact of the Lund Integrated Medicines Management (LIMM) model on medication appropriateness and drug-related hospital revisits. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 67(7), 741–752. | 39 | |
10. Maizes, V., Rakel, D., & Niemiec, C. (2009). Integrative medicine and patient-centered care. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 5(5), 277–289. | 39 | |
11. Sundberg, T., Halpin, J., Warenmark, A., & Falkenberg, T. (2007). Towards a model for integrative medicine in Swedish primary care. BMC Health Services Research, 7(1), 107. | 38 | |
12. Kidd, P. M. (2002). Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 1: The knowledge base. Alternative Medicine Review, 7(4), 292–316. | 38 | |
13. Gaudet, T. W. (1998). Integrative medicine: The evolution of a new approach to medicine and to medical education. Integrative Medicine, 1(2), 67–73. | 38 | |
14. Kidd, P. M. (2002). Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part II: Medical management. Alternative Medicine Review, 7(6), 472–499. | 37 | |
15. Bergkvist, A., Midlöv, P., Höglund, P., Larsson, L., Bondesson, Å., & Eriksson, T. (2009). Improved quality in the hospital discharge summary reduces medication errors—LIMM: Landskrona Integrated Medicines Management. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65(10), 1037–1046. | 35 | |
16. Hsiao, A. F., Ryan, G. W., Hays, R. D., Coulter, I. D., Andersen, R. M., & Wenger, N. S. (2006). Variations in provider conceptions of integrative medicine. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 2973–2987. | 34 | |
17. Weil, A. (2000). The significance of integrative medicine for the future of medical education. American Journal of Medicine, 108(5), 441–443. | 31 | |
18. Lu, A. P., & Chen, K. J. (2009). Integrative medicine in clinical practice: From pattern differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine to disease treatment. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 15(2), 152–152. | 29 | |
19. Bell, I. R., Cunningham, V., Caspi, O., Meek, P., & Ferro, L. (2004). Development and validation of a new global well-being outcomes rating scale for integrative medicine research. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(1), 1–10. | 29 | |
20. Wang, J., Yao, K., Yang, X., Liu, W., Feng, B., Ma, J., … & Xiong, X. (2012). Chinese patent medicine liu wei di huang wan combined with antihypertensive drugs, a new integrative medicine therapy, for the treatment of essential hypertension: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. | 28 | |
Unconventional
N = 103 Articles excluded from sample: None | 1. Eisenberg, D. M., Kessler, R. C., Foster, C., Norlock, F. E., Calkins, D. R., & Delbanco, T. L. (1993). Unconventional medicine in the United States--prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(4), 246–252. | 2788 |
2. Druss, B. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (1999). Association between use of unconventional therapies and conventional medical services. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(7), 651–656. | 310 | |
3. Kelly, K. M., Jacobson, J. S., Kennedy, D. D., Braudt, S. M., Mallick, M., & Weiner, M. A. (2000). Use of unconventional therapies by children with cancer at an urban medical center. Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 22(5), 412–416. | 109 | |
4. Menniti-Ippolito, F., Gargiulo, L., Bologna, E., Forcella, E., & Raschetti, R. (2002). Use of unconventional medicine in Italy: A nation-wide survey. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58(1), 61–64. | 104 | |
5. Ernst, E. (2003). Serious adverse effects of unconventional therapies for children and adolescents: A systematic review of recent evidence. European Journal of Pediatrics, 162(2), 72–80. | 100 | |
6. Eidinger, R. N., & Schapira, D. V. (1984). Cancer patients' insight into their treatment, prognosis, and unconventional therapies. Cancer, 53(12), 2736–2740. | 88 | |
7. Vickers, A., Cassileth, B., Ernst, E., Fisher, P., Goldman, P., Jonas, W., … & Silagy, C. (1997). How should we research unconventional therapies? A panel report from the Conference on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Research Methodology, National Institutes of Health. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 13(1), 111–121. | 77 | |
8. Vickers, A. J., & Cassileth, B. R. (2001). Unconventional therapies for cancer and cancer-related symptoms. The Lancet Oncology, 2(4), 226–232. | 75 | |
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Data analysis
Results
“Alternative”, “unconventional”, “complementary” and “complementary and alternative” medicine: an analysis of terms defined by “what they are not”
“The most common CAM [complementary and alternative medicine] interventions/therapies included in the surveys, in order of most common inclusion, were chiropractic care, acupuncture, herbal medicine, hypnosis, massage therapy, relaxation techniques, biofeedback, and homeopathic treatment. CAM interventions/therapies such as chelation therapy, energy therapies, qi gong, tai chi, yoga, high-dose vitamins, and spirituality/prayer for health purposes were less commonly included.” ([31], p. 64)
Medical interventions neither taught widely at U.S. medical schools or generally available in US hospitals.” (emphasis added)
“Diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention which complements mainstream medicine by contributing to a common whole, by satisfying a demand not met by orthodoxy or by diversifying the conceptual frameworks of medicine” (emphasis added)
“Providers, methods and modes of diagnostics, treatment and/or prevention, for which, without sound evidence, specificity, sensitivity and/or therapeutic efficacy is commonly claimed in respect to a definite medical problem.” (emphasis added) ([49], p. 315)
“In light of these observations, we suggest that federal agencies, private corporations, foundations, and academic institutions adopt a more proactive posture concerning the implementation of clinical and basic science research, the development of relevant educational curricula, credentialing and referral guidelines, improved quality control of dietary supplements, and the establishment of postmarket surveillance of drug-herb (and drug supplement) interactions.” ([37], p. 1575)
“Alternative treatments should be subjected to scientific testing no less rigorous than that required for conventional treatments.” ([32], p. 841
“Integrated/integrative” medicine: an analysis of terms defined by “what is”
“Integrative medicine is not a radical movement, but it can produce major change. Its point is to position medicine in such a way that it can continue to build on its fundamental platform of science and at the same time reposition itself to create a health care system that more broadly focuses on the well-being of patients as well as practitioners.” ([9], p. 397)
“The challenge is to sort through all the evidence about all healing systems and try to extract those ideas and practices that are useful, safe, and cost-effective. Then we must try to merge them into a new, comprehensive system of practice that has an evidence base and also address consumer demands. The most appropriate term for this new system is integrative medicine.” (emphasis added) ([50], p. 442)
“We believe that the health care system must be reconfigured to restore the primacy of caring and the patient-physician relationship, to promote health and healing as well as treatment of disease, and to take account of the insufficiency of science and technology alone to shape the ideal practice of medicine. The new design must also incorporate compassion, promote the active engagement of patients in their care, and be open to what are now termed complementary and alternative approaches to improve health and well-being.” (emphasis added) ([9], p. 396)
“A published case study of communication has shown that IM [integrative medicine] panel members representing a wide range of theories of health and healing were able to communicate easily with one another, when they limited themselves to the scientific language of biomedicine.” (emphasis added) [51]
“Integrative medicine represents a higher-order system of systems of care that emphasizes wellness and healing of the entire person (bio-psycho-socio-spiritual dimensions) as primary goals, drawing on both conventional and CAM approaches in the context of a supportive and effective physician-patient relationship.” (emphasis added) ([52], p. 133)
“All factors that influence health, wellness and disease are taken into consideration, including mind, spirit and community, as well as body. These multiple influences on health have been firmly documented in the literature but are not often recognized as important in medical practice. Conventional medical care tends to focus on the physical influences on health. An integrative approach also addresses the importance of the nonphysical (eg, emotions, spirit, social) influences on physical health and disease.” (emphasis added) ([53], p. 279)
“In addition to providing the best conventional care, integrative medicine focuses on preventive maintenance of health by paying attention to all relative components of lifestyle, including diet, exercise, stress management, and emotional well-being.” (emphasis added) ([9], p. 396).