nach oben

Erschienen in:

06.07.2018 | Review

Malignant invasion of the central nervous system: the hidden face of a poorly understood outcome of prostate cancer

verfasst von: Eliane Gouvêa de Oliveira Barros, Nathalia Meireles Da Costa, Celia Yelimar Palmero, Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto, Luiz Eurico Nasciutti, Antonio Palumbo Jr.

Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology | Ausgabe 12/2018

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Malignancies of the central nervous system include primary brain tumors and brain metastases, the latter being the major cause of intracranial neoplasms in adults. Although prostate cancer (PCa) brain metastases are not the most common source, recent data show that the relevance of prostate cancer brain metastases (PCBM) cannot be neglected. In this review, we focus on the molecular repertory as well as on the phenotypical similarities between PCBM and primary PCa, such as the cellular evolution and the maintenance of androgen-receptor expression. Moreover, the simultaneous occurrence of PCBM with other PCa metastatic sites and the significance of the clinical heterogeneity of the disease are also discussed. In addition, a potential relationship between the heterogeneous behavior exhibited by PCBM and the co-occurrence of malignant cell clusters with distinct genetic profiles is also hypothesized, as well as the prominent role of astrocytes in the establishment of PCBM.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Gzell CE, Kench JG, Stockler MR, Hruby G (2013) Biopsy-proven brain metastases from prostate cancer: a series of four cases with review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol 45:735–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-013-0462-7 CrossRefPubMed

Humphrey PA (2012) Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their significance. Histopathology 60:59–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04039.x CrossRefPubMed

Hu C-D, Choo R, Huang J (2015) Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: a mechanism of radioresistance and treatment failure. Front Oncol 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00090 CrossRef

Vinjamoori AH, Jagannathan JP, Shinagare AB et al (2012) Atypical metastases from prostate cancer: 10-year experience at a single institution. Am J Roentgenol 199:367–372. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.7533 CrossRef

Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2013) Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 63:11–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21166 CrossRefPubMed

Siegel R, Miller K, Jemal A (2015) Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 65:29. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21254 CrossRef

Tremont-Lukats IW, Bobustuc G, Lagos GK et al (2003) Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience. Cancer 98:363–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11522 CrossRefPubMed

Grenader T, Shavit L, Lossos A et al (2007) Brain metastases: a rare initial presentation of prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 39:537–539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-006-9065-x CrossRefPubMed

Erasmus CE, Verhagen WIM, Wauters CAP, van Lindert EJ (2002) Brain metastasis from prostate small cell carcinoma: not to be neglected. Can J Neurol Sci 29:375–377CrossRefPubMed

10.

Shou J, Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhang D (2018) The prognosis of different distant metastases pattern in prostate cancer: a population based retrospective study. Prostate. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23492 CrossRefPubMed

11.

Watanabe K, Kosaka T, Hongo H et al (2017) Headache caused by brain metastases of castration-resistant prostate cancer during cabazitaxel therapy. Keio J Med 66:65–71. https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.2016-0014-CR CrossRefPubMed

12.

Gandaglia G, Karakiewicz PI, Sun M (2014) Beyond the bone: atypical metastases in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Microenviron. https://doi.org/10.14800/ccm.26 CrossRef

13.

Roberts-Thomson R, Rosenthal MA, Gonzales M, Drummond K (2009) Brain metastases in hormone refractory prostate cancer: a changing natural history? Intern Med J 39:205–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01848.x CrossRefPubMed

14.

Chakraborty PS, Kumar R, Tripathi M et al (2015) Detection of brain metastasis with ⁶⁸Ga-labeled PSMA ligand PET/CT: a novel radiotracer for imaging of prostate carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 40:328–329. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000000709 CrossRefPubMed

15.

Hatzoglou V, Patel GV, Morris MJ et al (2014) Brain metastases from prostate cancer: an 11-year analysis in the MRI era with emphasis on imaging characteristics, incidence, and prognosis. J Neuroimaging 24:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00767.x CrossRefPubMed

16.

Calabria FF, Barbarisi M, Gangemi V et al (2018) Molecular imaging of brain tumors with radiolabeled choline PET. Neurosurg Rev 41:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-016-0756-1 CrossRefPubMed

17.

McCutcheon IE, Eng DY, Logothetis CJ (1999) Brain metastasis from prostate carcinoma: antemortem recognition and outcome after treatment. Cancer 86:2301–2311. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19991201)86:11%3c2301::aid-cncr18%3e3.0.co;2-d

18.

Alva A, Hussain M (2013) The changing natural history of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer J 19:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0b013e318281197e CrossRefPubMed

19.

Doctor SM, Tsao CK, Godbold JH et al (2014) Is prostate cancer changing?: Evolving patterns of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer 120:833–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28494 CrossRefPubMed

20.

Craig J, Woulfe J, Sinclair J, Malone S (2015) Isolated brain metastases as first site of recurrence in prostate cancer: case report and review of the literature. 22:493–497

21.

Barakat T, Agarwal A, McDonald R et al (2016) Solitary brain metastasis from prostate cancer: a case report. Ann Palliat Med 5:402. https://doi.org/10.21037/apm.2016.04.02 CrossRef

22.

Lam A, Gan PYC (2017) Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma to the brain: case reports and literature review. J Neurol Surg Rep 78(1):e62–e65PubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Chang J, Kwan B, Panjwani N et al (2017) Prostate adenocarcinoma metastases to the testis and brain: case report and review of the literature. Oxf Med Case Rep 2017:142–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/omcr/omx042 CrossRef

24.

Sutton MA, Watkins HL, Green LK, Kadmon D (1996) Intracranial metastases as the first manifestation of prostate cancer. Urology 48:789–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00238-5 CrossRefPubMed

25.

Mandaliya H, Sung J, Hill J et al (2015) Prostate cancer: cases of rare presentation and rare metastasis. Case Rep Oncol 8:526–529. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442045 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Fitzgerald DP, Palmieri D, Hua E et al (2008) Reactive glia are recruited by highly proliferative brain metastases of breast cancer and promote tumor cell colonization. Clin Exp Metastasis 25:799–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-008-9193-z CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Lorger M, Felding-Habermann B (2010) Capturing changes in the brain microenvironment during initial steps of breast cancer brain metastasis. Am J Pathol 176:2958–2971. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2010.090838 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

O’Brien ER, Kersemans V, Tredwell M et al (2014) Glial activation in the early stages of brain metastasis: TSPO as a diagnostic biomarker. J Nucl Med 55:275–280. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.127449 CrossRefPubMed

29.

Wasilewski D, Priego N, Fustero-Torre C, Valiente M (2017) Reactive astrocytes in brain metastasis. Front Oncol 7:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2017.00298 CrossRef

30.

Zhang C, Yu D (2011) Microenvironment determinants of brain metastasis. Cell Biosci 1:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-3701-1-8 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Fokas E, Engenhart-Cabillic R, Daniilidis K et al (2007) Metastasis: the seed and soil theory gains identity. Cancer Metastasis Rev 26:705–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-007-9088-5 CrossRefPubMed

32.

Palumbo A, de Oliveira Meireles Da Costa N, Bonamino MH et al (2015) Genetic instability in the tumor microenvironment: a new look at an old neighbor. Mol Cancer 14:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-015-0409-y CrossRef

33.

Langley RR, Fidler IJ (2011) The seed and soil hypothesis revisited—the role of tumor-stroma interactions in metastasis to different organs. Int J Cancer 128:2527–2535. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26031 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Yao D, Dai C, Peng S (2011) Mechanism of the mesenchymal–epithelial transition and its relationship with metastatic tumor formation. Mol Cancer Res 9:1608–1620. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0568 CrossRefPubMed

35.

Deryugina EI, Quigley JP (2006) Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:9–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-006-7886-9 CrossRefPubMed

36.

Quail DF, Joyce JA (2013) Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 19:1423–1437. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3394 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Gandaglia G, Abdollah F, Schiffmann J et al (2014) Distribution of metastatic sites in patients with prostate cancer: a population-based analysis. Prostate 74:210–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22742 CrossRefPubMed

38.

Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas YM et al (2010) Fibroblast and prostate tumor cell cross-talk: fibroblast differentiation, TGF-β, and extracellular matrix down-regulation. Exp Cell Res 316:3207–3226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.08.005 CrossRefPubMed

39.

Thudi NK, Shu ST, Martin CK et al (2011) Development of a brain metastatic canine prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 71:1251–1263. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.21341 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Pollard ME, Moskowitz AJ, Diefenbach MA, Hall SJ (2017) Cost-effectiveness analysis of treatments for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 4:37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2016.11.005 CrossRefPubMed

41.

Geldof AA (1997) Models for cancer skeletal metastasis: a reappraisal of Batson’s plexus. Anticancer Res 17:1535–1539PubMed

42.

Bubendorf L, Schöpfer A, Wagner U et al (2000) Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study of 1,589 patients. Hum Pathol 31:578–583. https://doi.org/10.1053/hp.2000.6698 CrossRefPubMed

43.

Arya M, Bott SR, Shergill IS et al (2006) The metastatic cascade in prostate cancer. Surg Oncol 15:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2006.10.002 CrossRefPubMed

44.

Benjamin R (2002) Neurologic complications of prostate cancer. Am Fam Physician 65:1834–1840PubMed

45.

Nathoo N, Caris EC, Wiener JA, Mendel E (2011) History of the vertebral venous plexus and the significant contributions of breschet and batson. Neurosurgery 69:1007–1014. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182274865 CrossRefPubMed

46.

Batson O (1940) The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread of metastases. Ann Surg 112:138–149CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Ehninger A, Trumpp A (2011) The bone marrow stem cell niche grows up: mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages move in. J Exp Med 208(3):421–428. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20110132 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Nishijima J, Koiso K, Nemoto R (1995) The role of the vertebral veins in the dissemination of prostate carcinoma. Jpn J Urol 86:927–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)54735-7 CrossRef

49.

Morgan JWM, Adcock KA, Donohue RE (1990) Distribution of skeletal metastases in prostatic and lung cancer. Mechanisms of skeletal metastases. Urology 36:31–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(90)80308-A CrossRefPubMed

50.

Chiang P-H, Lee T-C, Huang C-C (2004) Intracranial metastasis of prostate cancer: report of two cases. Chang Gung Med J 27:770–776PubMed

51.

Olson KB, Pienta KJ (2006) Prostate cancer presenting as visual changes. Anticancer Res 26:755–758PubMed

52.

Guedes BDVS, Da Rocha AJ, Gama HPP, Da Silva CJ (2011) Dural metastases from prostate carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature apropos of six patients. Eur J Radiol 80:236–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.06.007 CrossRef

53.

Scarrow AM, Rajendran PR, Marion D (2000) Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma of the dura mater. Br J Neurosurg 14:473–474CrossRefPubMed

54.

Penley MW, Kim YC, Pribram HFW (1981) Subdural metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma. Surg Neurol 16:131–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(81)90114-2 CrossRefPubMed

55.

Confavreux CBN, Cotton F, Tebib JG (2006) Advanced MRI could help to differentiate meningeal carcinomatosis with mass effect from cerebral metastasis in prostate cancer. Bull Cancer 93(4):E31–35PubMed

56.

Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB (1982) Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer 49:759–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19820215)49:4%3c759::aid-cncr2820490427%3e3.0.co;2-7

57.

Lin C, Turner S, Gurney H, Peduto A (2008) Increased detections of leptomeningeal presentations in men with hormone refractory prostate cancer: an effect of improved systemic therapy? J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 52:376–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.2008.01973.x CrossRefPubMed

58.

Orphanos G, Ardavanis A (2010) Leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical conundrum. Clin Exp Metastasis 27:19–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-009-9298-z CrossRefPubMed

59.

Izumi K, Mizokami A, Narimoto K et al (2010) Cranial nerve deficit caused by skull metastasis of prostate cancer: three Japanese castration-resistant prostate cancer cases. Int J Clin Oncol 15:631–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-010-0098-x CrossRefPubMed

60.

Deinsberger R, Regatschnig R, Kaiser B, Bankl HC (2006) Spinal leptomeningeal metastases from prostate cancer. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:467–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0687-z CrossRef

61.

Preusser M, Capper D, Ilhan-Mutlu A et al (2012) Brain metastases: pathobiology and emerging targeted therapies. Acta Neuropathol 123:205–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-011-0933-9 CrossRefPubMed

62.

Vandenhaute E, Stump-Guthier C, Losada ML et al (2015) The choroid plexus may be an underestimated site of tumor invasion to the brain: an in vitro study using neuroblastoma cell lines. Cancer Cell Int 15:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0257-2 CrossRef

63.

Strazielle N, Ghersi-Egea JF (2013) Physiology of blood–brain interfaces in relation to brain disposition of small compounds and macromolecules. Mol Pharm 10:1473–1491. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp300518e CrossRefPubMed

64.

Nabavizadeh SA, Feygin T, Harding BN et al (2014) Imaging findings of patients with metastatic neuroblastoma to the brain. Acad Radiol 21:329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.016 CrossRefPubMed

65.

Codreanu I, Dasanu CA, Zhuang H (2014) Neuroblastoma with a solitary intraventricular brain metastasis visualized on I-123 MIBG scan. J Neuroimaging 24:202–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00754.x CrossRefPubMed

66.

Suki D, Khoury Abdulla R, Ding M et al (2014) Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. J Neurosurg Pediatr 14:372–385. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.7.peds13318 CrossRefPubMed

67.

Shapira Y, Hadelsberg UP, Kanner AA et al (2014) The ventricular system and choroid plexus as a primary site for renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 156:1469–1474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-014-2108-7 CrossRef

68.

Siomin V, Lin JL, Marko NF et al (2011) Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases to the choroid plexus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80:1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.03.016 CrossRefPubMed

69.

Sharifi G, Bakhtevari MH, Alghasi M et al (2015) Bilateral choroid plexus metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 84:1142–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.05.027 CrossRefPubMed

70.

Platz EA, Giovannucci E (2004) The epidemiology of sex steroid hormones and their signaling and metabolic pathways in the etiology of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92:237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.002 CrossRefPubMed

71.

Bailey KC, Funaro K, Aguila S et al (2014) A case of intraventricular primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Radiol Case Rep 8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3941/jrcr.v8i3.1361 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Patchell RA (2003) The management of brain metastases. Cancer Treat Rev 29:533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00105-1 CrossRefPubMed

73.

Norden AD, Wen PYKS (2005) Brain metastases. Curr Opin Neurol 18:654–661PubMed

74.

Eichler AF, Chung E, Kodack DP et al (2011) The biology of brain metastases—translation to new therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 8:344–356. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.58 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Stone KR, Mickey DD, Wunderli H et al (1978) Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145). Int J Cancer 21:274–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910210305 CrossRefPubMed

76.

Martin V, Cuenca X, Lopez S et al (2015) Iris metastasis from prostate carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Cancer Radiother 19:331–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canrad.2014.12.008 CrossRefPubMed

77.

Hutton R, Maguire J, Amer T et al (2015) Intracranial metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate presenting with symptoms of spinal cord compression. Indian J Surg 77:75–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-014-1143-1 CrossRefPubMed

78.

Witkowska-Patena E, Gizewska A, Stembrowicz-Nowakowska Z et al (2015) Brain metastases in patient with prostate cancer found in ¹⁸F-choline PET/CT. Nucl Med Rev Nucl Med Rev 18:39–41. https://doi.org/10.5603/NMR.2015.0010 CrossRef

79.

Chan M, Hsiao E, Turner J (2017) Cerebellar metastases from prostate cancer on ⁶⁸Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med 42:193–194. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000001526 CrossRefPubMed

80.

Wei X, Schlenkhoff C, Schwarz B et al (2017) Combination of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and external radiotherapy for the treatment of cerebral metastases in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Nucl Med 42:704–706. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000001763 CrossRefPubMed

81.

Dureja S, Thakral P, Pant V, Sen I (2017) Rare sites of metastases in prostate cancer detected on Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT scan-a case series. Indian J Nucl Med 32:13. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-3919.198450 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Flannery T, Kano H, Niranjan A et al (2010) Stereotactic radiosurgery as a therapeutic strategy for intracranial metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Neurooncol 96:369–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-009-9966-5 CrossRefPubMed

83.

Hobisch A, Culig Z, Radmayr C et al (1995) Distant metastases from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein. Cancer Res 55:3068–3072PubMed

84.

Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, Dehm SM, Luo J (2016) Androgen receptor variant-driven prostate cancer: clinical implications and therapeutic targeting. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 19:231–241. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2016.17 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

85.

Abeshouse A, Ahn J, Akbani R et al (2015) The molecular taxonomy of primary prostate cancer. Cell 163:1011–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.025 CrossRef

86.

Grigore AD, Ben-Jacob E, Farach-Carson MC (2015) Prostate cancer and neuroendocrine differentiation: more neuronal, less endocrine? Front Oncol 5:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2015.00037 CrossRef

87.

Marcu M, Radu E, Sajin M (2010) Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of prostate carcinoma cells and its prognostic significance. Rom J Morphol Embryol 51:7–12PubMed

88.

Vashchenko N, Abrahamsson P (2005) Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: implications for new treatment modalities. Eur Urol 47:147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.09.007 CrossRefPubMed

89.

Li Q, Zhang CS, Zhang Y (2016) Molecular aspects of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Chin J Cancer Res 28:122–129. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2016.01.02 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Bonkhoff H (2001) Neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostate cancer. Morphogenesis, proliferation and androgen receptor status. Ann Oncol 12(Suppl 2):S141–S144CrossRefPubMed

91.

Epstein JI, Amin MB, Beltran H et al (2014) Proposed morphologic classification of prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 38:756–767. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2012.2196707.Separate CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Evans AJ, Humphrey PA, Belani J et al (2006) Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of prostate: a clinicopathologic summary of 7 cases of a rare manifestation of advanced prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 30:684–693CrossRefPubMed

93.

Hobisch A, Culig Z, Radmayr C et al (1995) Distant metastases from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein distant metastases from prostatic carcinoma express androgen receptor protein 1:3068–3072

94.

Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S et al (2012) Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 366:883–892. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1113205 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

95.

Armstrong AJ, Garrett-Mayer ES, Yang YCO et al (2007) A contemporary prognostic nomogram for men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer: a TAX327 study analysis. Clin Cancer Res 13:6396–6403. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1036 CrossRefPubMed

96.

Pouessel D, Gallet B, Bibeau F et al (2007) Liver metastases in prostate carcinoma: clinical characteristics and outcome. BJU Int 99:807–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06663.x CrossRefPubMed

97.

Gundem G, Van Loo P, Kremeyer B, Alexandrov LB, Tubio JMC, Papaemmanuil E, Brewer DS, Kallio HML, Hӧgnäs G, Annala M, Kivinummi K, Goody V, Latimer C, O’Meara S, Dawson KJ, Isaacs W, Emmert-Buck MR et al (2015) The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14347.the (in press) CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

98.

Hansson J, Abrahamsson P-A (2003) Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 148:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80060-6 CrossRef

99.

Chandrasekar T, Yang JC, Gao AC, Evans CP (2015) Mechanisms of resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Transl Androl Urol 4:365–380. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.05.02 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

100.

Zejnullahu K, Arevalo MG, Ryan CJ, Aggarwal R (2016) Approaches to minimize castration in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 34(8):368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.02.001 CrossRefPubMed

101.

Katzenwadel A, Wolf P (2015) Androgen deprivation of prostate cancer: leading to a therapeutic dead end. Cancer Lett 367:12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.021 CrossRefPubMed

102.

Magnan S, Zarychanski R, Pilote L et al (2015) Intermittent vs continuous androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol 1:1261–1269. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2895 CrossRefPubMed

103.

Schroeder A, Herrmann A, Cherryholmes G et al (2014) Loss of androgen receptor expression promotes a stem-like cell phenotype in prostate cancer through STAT3 signaling. Cancer Res 74:1227–1237. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0594 CrossRefPubMed

104.

Kessenbrock K, Plaks V, Werb Z (2010) Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell 141:52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.015 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

105.

Rakic P (2003) Elusive radial glial cells: historical and evolutionary perspective. Glia 43:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.10244 CrossRefPubMed

106.

Verkhratsky A, Steinhauser C (2000) Ion channels in glial cells. Brain Res Rev 32:380–412CrossRefPubMed

107.

Seifert G, Schilling K, Steinhäuser C (2006) Astrocyte dysfunction in neurological disorders: a molecular perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:194–206. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1870 CrossRefPubMed

108.

Gonzalez-Perez O, Lopez-Virgen V, Quiñones-Hinojosa A (2015) Astrocytes: everything but the glue. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2:115–117. https://doi.org/10.4103/2347-8659.153979 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

109.

Yang CZ, Zhao R, Dong Y et al (2008) Astrocyte and neuron intone through glutamate. Neurochem Res 33:2480–2486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9758-x CrossRefPubMed

110.

Abbott NJ, Patabendige AAK, Dolman DEM et al (2010) Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 37:13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030 CrossRefPubMed

111.

Crooks DA, Scholtz CL, Vowles G et al (1991) The glial reaction in closed head injuries. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 17:407–414CrossRefPubMed

112.

Ridet JL, Malhotra SK, Privat A, Gage FH (1997) Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci 20:570–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01139-9 CrossRefPubMed

113.

Lee SJ, Benveniste EN (1999) Adhesion molecule expression and regulation on cells of the central nervous system. J Neuroimmunol 98:77–88CrossRefPubMed

114.

Taylor AR, Robinson MB, Gifondorwa DJ et al (2007) Regulation of heat shock protein 70 release in astrocytes: role of signaling kinases. Dev Neurobiol 67:1815–1829. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20559 CrossRefPubMed

115.

Araque A (2006) Astrocyte-neuron signaling in the brain—implications for disease. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 7:619–624PubMed

116.

Chen Q, Boire A, Jin X et al (2016) Carcinoma–astrocyte gap junctions promote brain metastasis by cGAMP transfer. Nature 533:493–498. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18268 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

117.

Lin Q, Balasubramanian K, Fan D et al (2010) Reactive astrocytes protect melanoma ells from chemotherapy by sequestering intracellular calcium through gap junction communication channels. Neoplasia 12:748–754. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.10602 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

118.

Kim S-J, Kim J-S, Park ES et al (2011) Astrocytes upregulate survival genes in tumor cells and induce protection from chemotherapy. Neoplasia 13:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM10-3428 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

119.

Xing F, Kobayashi A, Okuda H et al (2013) Reactive astrocytes promote the metastatic growth of breast cancer stem-like cells by activating Notch signalling in brain. EMBO Mol Med 5:384–396. https://doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201201623 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

120.

Dai W, Zhu H, Chen G et al (2016) Orchestration of the crosstalk between astrocytes and cancer cells affects the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer sufferers with brain metastasis. J Thorac Dis 8:E1450–E1454. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2016.11.11 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

121.

Marchetti D, Li J, Shen R (2000) Astrocytes Contribute to the Brain-metastatic Specificity of Melanoma Cells by Producing Heparanase. Cancer Res 60(17):4767–4770PubMed

122.

Kaverina N, Borovjagin AV, Kadagidze Z et al (2017) Astrocytes promote progression of breast cancer metastases to the brain via a KISS1-mediated autophagy. Autophagy 13:1905–1923. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2017.1360466 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

123.

Seike T, Fujita K, Yamakawa Y et al (2011) Interaction between lung cancer cells and astrocytes via specific inflammatory cytokines in the microenvironment of brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 28:13–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-010-9354-8 CrossRefPubMed

124.

Klein A, Schwartz H, Sagi-Assif O et al (2015) Astrocytes facilitate melanoma brain metastasis via secretion of IL-23. J Pathol 236:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4509 CrossRefPubMed

125.

Wang L, Cossette SM, Rarick KR et al (2013) Astrocytes directly influence tumor cell invasion and metastasis in vivo. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080933 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

126.

de Oliveira Barros EG, Palumbo A, Mello PLP et al (2014) The reciprocal interactions between astrocytes and prostate cancer cells represent an early event associated with brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-014-9640-y CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Malignant invasion of the central nervous system: the hidden face of a poorly understood outcome of prostate cancer
verfasst von: Eliane Gouvêa de Oliveira Barros
Nathalia Meireles Da Costa
Celia Yelimar Palmero
Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
Antonio Palumbo Jr.
Publikationsdatum: 06.07.2018
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: World Journal of Urology / Ausgabe 12/2018
Print ISSN: 0724-4983
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-8726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2392-6

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

25.04.2024 | Nierenkarzinom | Nachrichten

Update Urologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Malignant invasion of the central nervous system: the hidden face of a poorly understood outcome of prostate cancer

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

Stufenschema weist Prostatakarzinom zuverlässig nach

Harnwegsinfektprophylaxe: Es geht auch ohne Antibiotika

Update Urologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2018

WHO/ISUP classification, grading and pathological staging of renal cell carcinoma: standards and controversies

Hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes: diagnosis, surveillance and management

Single-use versus reusable ureterorenoscopes for retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS): systematic comparative analysis of physical and optical properties in three different devices

Renal cell carcinoma: standards and controversies

Advanced non-contrasted computed tomography post-processing by CT-Calculometry (CT-CM) outperforms established predictors for the outcome of shock wave lithotripsy

External validation of a predictive model of survival after cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Neu im Fachgebiet Urologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

Stufenschema weist Prostatakarzinom zuverlässig nach

Harnwegsinfektprophylaxe: Es geht auch ohne Antibiotika

Update Urologie