Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie 1/2021

13.01.2021 | Operationen der Mamma | Leitthema

Geschlechtsangleichende Brustoperationen bei Transgendern – Frau-zu-Mann (FzM) und Mann-zu-Frau (MzF)

verfasst von: Dr. med. Andreas Wolter, Prof. Dr. med. Christoph Andree

Erschienen in: Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie | Ausgabe 1/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Mastektomie bzw. Augmentation ist für viele Transgenderpatienten aufgrund der hohen psychischen Belastung und des damit verbundenen Leidensdrucks, der im Alltag durch Kaschierung bzw. Epithesenaugmentation der weiblichen bzw. männlichen Brust entsteht, eine der ersten geschlechtsangleichenden Operationen. Im internationalen Sprachgebrauch wird neuerdings auch der Begriff Top-Surgery verwandt. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine Vorstellung der aktuellen chirurgischen Vorgehensweisen im Hinblick auf eine Maskulinisierung bzw. Feminisierung des Oberkörpers im Rahmen einer psychologisch gesicherten Geschlechtsdysphorie.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ammari T, Sluiter EC, Gast K, Kuzon WM (2019) Female-to-male gender-affirming chest reconstruction surgery. Aesthet Surg J 39:150–163PubMedCrossRef Ammari T, Sluiter EC, Gast K, Kuzon WM (2019) Female-to-male gender-affirming chest reconstruction surgery. Aesthet Surg J 39:150–163PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bockting W, Coleman E, De Cuypere G (2011) Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 364:2559–2560PubMedCrossRef Bockting W, Coleman E, De Cuypere G (2011) Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 364:2559–2560PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gooren LJ (2011) Clinical practice. Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 364:1251–1257PubMedCrossRef Gooren LJ (2011) Clinical practice. Care of transsexual persons. N Engl J Med 364:1251–1257PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Weigert R, Frison E, Sessiecq Q, Al Mutairi K, Casoli V (2013) Patient satisfaction with breasts and psychosocial, sexual, and physical well-being after breast augmentation in male-to-female transsexuals. Plast Reconstr Surg 132:1421–1429PubMedCrossRef Weigert R, Frison E, Sessiecq Q, Al Mutairi K, Casoli V (2013) Patient satisfaction with breasts and psychosocial, sexual, and physical well-being after breast augmentation in male-to-female transsexuals. Plast Reconstr Surg 132:1421–1429PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanhai RCJ, Hage JJ, Karim RB, Mulder JW (1999) Exceptional presenting conditions and outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Ann Plast Surg 43:476–483PubMedCrossRef Kanhai RCJ, Hage JJ, Karim RB, Mulder JW (1999) Exceptional presenting conditions and outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Ann Plast Surg 43:476–483PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellinger CG, Goulian DG (1973) Secondary surgery in transsexuals. Plast Reconstr Surg 51:628–631PubMedCrossRef Bellinger CG, Goulian DG (1973) Secondary surgery in transsexuals. Plast Reconstr Surg 51:628–631PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Tebbetts JB, Adams WP (2006) Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 min: the high five decision support process. Plast Reconstr Surg 118:35S–45SPubMedCrossRef Tebbetts JB, Adams WP (2006) Five critical decisions in breast augmentation using five measurements in 5 min: the high five decision support process. Plast Reconstr Surg 118:35S–45SPubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedén P et al (2015) Anatomical and round breast implants: How to select and indications for use. Plast Reconstr Surg 136:263–272PubMedCrossRef Hedén P et al (2015) Anatomical and round breast implants: How to select and indications for use. Plast Reconstr Surg 136:263–272PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Coon D, Lee E, Fischer B, Darrach H, Landford WN (2020) Breast augmentation in the transfemale patient: comprehensive principles for planning and obtaining ideal results. Plast Reconstr Surg 145:1343–1353PubMedCrossRef Coon D, Lee E, Fischer B, Darrach H, Landford WN (2020) Breast augmentation in the transfemale patient: comprehensive principles for planning and obtaining ideal results. Plast Reconstr Surg 145:1343–1353PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Laub DR, Fisk N (1974) A rehabilitation program for gender dysphoria syndrome by surgical sex change. Plast Reconstr Surg 53:388–403PubMedCrossRef Laub DR, Fisk N (1974) A rehabilitation program for gender dysphoria syndrome by surgical sex change. Plast Reconstr Surg 53:388–403PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Salgarello M, Visconti G (2017) Staying out of double-bubble and bottoming-out deformities in dual-plane breast augmentation: anatomical and clinical study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:999–1006PubMedCrossRef Salgarello M, Visconti G (2017) Staying out of double-bubble and bottoming-out deformities in dual-plane breast augmentation: anatomical and clinical study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:999–1006PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Namnoum JD, Largent J, Kaplan HM, Oefelein MG, Brown MH (2013) Primary breast augmentation clinical trial outcomes stratified by surgical incision, anatomical placement and implant device type. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 66:1165–1172CrossRefPubMed Namnoum JD, Largent J, Kaplan HM, Oefelein MG, Brown MH (2013) Primary breast augmentation clinical trial outcomes stratified by surgical incision, anatomical placement and implant device type. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 66:1165–1172CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Ueberreiter K et al (2010) BEAULI – Eine neue Methode zur einfachen und zuverlässigen Fettzell-Transplantation. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 42:379–385PubMedCrossRef Ueberreiter K et al (2010) BEAULI – Eine neue Methode zur einfachen und zuverlässigen Fettzell-Transplantation. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 42:379–385PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwiatkowska K, Krapohl BD, Tanzella U, Ueberreiter K (2019) Long-term clinical results and quality of life in patients undergoing autologous fat transplantation for breast augmentation using the BEAULITM protocol. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 8:Doc10PubMedPubMedCentral Kwiatkowska K, Krapohl BD, Tanzella U, Ueberreiter K (2019) Long-term clinical results and quality of life in patients undergoing autologous fat transplantation for breast augmentation using the BEAULITM protocol. GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 8:Doc10PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Ueberreiter K, Tanzella U, Cromme F, Doll D, Krapohl BD (2013) One stage rescue procedure after capsular contracture of breast implants with autologous fat grafts collected by water assisted liposuction (“BEAULI Method”). GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 2:Doc3PubMedPubMedCentral Ueberreiter K, Tanzella U, Cromme F, Doll D, Krapohl BD (2013) One stage rescue procedure after capsular contracture of breast implants with autologous fat grafts collected by water assisted liposuction (“BEAULI Method”). GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW 2:Doc3PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kontoes P, Gounnaris G (2017) Complications of fat transfer for breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:1078–1082PubMedCrossRef Kontoes P, Gounnaris G (2017) Complications of fat transfer for breast augmentation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:1078–1082PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Strong AL, Cederna PS, Rubin JP, Coleman SR, Levi B (2015) The current state of fat grafting: a review of harvesting, processing, and injection techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 136:897–912PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Strong AL, Cederna PS, Rubin JP, Coleman SR, Levi B (2015) The current state of fat grafting: a review of harvesting, processing, and injection techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 136:897–912PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Maxwell GP, Birchenough SA, Gabriel A (2009) Efficacy of neopectoral pocket in revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J 29:379–385PubMedCrossRef Maxwell GP, Birchenough SA, Gabriel A (2009) Efficacy of neopectoral pocket in revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J 29:379–385PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Spear SL et al (2009) The “neosubpectoral” pocket for the correction of symmastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:695–703PubMedCrossRef Spear SL et al (2009) The “neosubpectoral” pocket for the correction of symmastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:695–703PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Foustanos A, Zavrides H (2008) Surgical reconstruction of iatrogenic symmastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:143e–144ePubMedCrossRef Foustanos A, Zavrides H (2008) Surgical reconstruction of iatrogenic symmastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:143e–144ePubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Chasan PE, Francis CS (2008) Capsulorrhaphy for revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J 28:63–69PubMedCrossRef Chasan PE, Francis CS (2008) Capsulorrhaphy for revisionary breast surgery. Aesthet Surg J 28:63–69PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Weyers S et al (2010) Mammography and breast sonography in transsexual women. Eur J Radiol 74:508–513PubMedCrossRef Weyers S et al (2010) Mammography and breast sonography in transsexual women. Eur J Radiol 74:508–513PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartley RL, Stone JP, Temple-Oberle C (2018) Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 1: male to female. Eur J Surg Oncol 44:1455–1462PubMedCrossRef Hartley RL, Stone JP, Temple-Oberle C (2018) Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 1: male to female. Eur J Surg Oncol 44:1455–1462PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone JP, Hartley RL, Temple-Oberle C (2018) Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 2: female to male. Eur J Surg Oncol 44:1463–1468PubMedCrossRef Stone JP, Hartley RL, Temple-Oberle C (2018) Breast cancer in transgender patients: a systematic review. Part 2: female to male. Eur J Surg Oncol 44:1463–1468PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kadin ME, Glicksman CA (2017) Commentary on: breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 37:NP88–NP89PubMedCrossRef Kadin ME, Glicksman CA (2017) Commentary on: breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 37:NP88–NP89PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat De Boer M et al (2017) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 37:NP83–NP87PubMedCrossRef De Boer M et al (2017) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a transgender woman. Aesthet Surg J 37:NP83–NP87PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Patzelt M et al (2018) Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants: a case report of a transgender female. Aesthetic Plast Surg 42:451–455PubMedCrossRef Patzelt M et al (2018) Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma associated with breast implants: a case report of a transgender female. Aesthetic Plast Surg 42:451–455PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaveri S, Yao A, Schmidt H (2020) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma following gender reassignment surgery: a review of presentation, management, and outcomes in the Transgender patient population. Eur J Breast Health 16:162–166PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zaveri S, Yao A, Schmidt H (2020) Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma following gender reassignment surgery: a review of presentation, management, and outcomes in the Transgender patient population. Eur J Breast Health 16:162–166PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan IT, Dy GW, Levitt N (2019) Considerations in gender-affirming surgery: demographic trends. Urol Clin North Am 46:459–465PubMedCrossRef Nolan IT, Dy GW, Levitt N (2019) Considerations in gender-affirming surgery: demographic trends. Urol Clin North Am 46:459–465PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Wierckx K et al (2014) Short- and long-term clinical skin effects of testosterone treatment in trans men. J Sex Med 11:222–229PubMedCrossRef Wierckx K et al (2014) Short- and long-term clinical skin effects of testosterone treatment in trans men. J Sex Med 11:222–229PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Irwig MS (2017) Testosterone therapy for transgender men. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5:301–311PubMedCrossRef Irwig MS (2017) Testosterone therapy for transgender men. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 5:301–311PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat McEvenue G, Xu FZ, Cai R, McLean H (2017) Female-to-male gender affirming top surgery: a single surgeon’s 15-year retrospective review and treatment algorithm. Aesthet Surg J 38:49–57PubMedCrossRef McEvenue G, Xu FZ, Cai R, McLean H (2017) Female-to-male gender affirming top surgery: a single surgeon’s 15-year retrospective review and treatment algorithm. Aesthet Surg J 38:49–57PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Bluebond-Langner R et al (2017) Top surgery in transgender men: how far can you push the envelope? Plast Reconstr Surg 139:873e–882ePubMedCrossRef Bluebond-Langner R et al (2017) Top surgery in transgender men: how far can you push the envelope? Plast Reconstr Surg 139:873e–882ePubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen WA, Shah NR, Iwanicki M, Therattil PJ, Keith JD (2019) Female-to-male transgender chest contouring: a systematic review of outcomes and knowledge gaps. Ann Plast Surg 83:589–593PubMedCrossRef Cohen WA, Shah NR, Iwanicki M, Therattil PJ, Keith JD (2019) Female-to-male transgender chest contouring: a systematic review of outcomes and knowledge gaps. Ann Plast Surg 83:589–593PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Frederick MJ, Berhanu AE, Bartlett R (2017) Chest surgery in female to Male transgender individuals. Ann Plast Surg 78:249–253PubMedCrossRef Frederick MJ, Berhanu AE, Bartlett R (2017) Chest surgery in female to Male transgender individuals. Ann Plast Surg 78:249–253PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kääriäinen M, Salonen K, Helminen M, Karhunen-Enckell U (2017) Chest-wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transgender patients: a one-center retrospective analysis of applied surgical techniques and results. Scand J Surg 106:74–79PubMedCrossRef Kääriäinen M, Salonen K, Helminen M, Karhunen-Enckell U (2017) Chest-wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transgender patients: a one-center retrospective analysis of applied surgical techniques and results. Scand J Surg 106:74–79PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Donato DP, Walzer NK, Rivera A, Wright L, Agarwal CA (2017) Female-to-male chest reconstruction: a review of technique and outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 79:259–263PubMedCrossRef Donato DP, Walzer NK, Rivera A, Wright L, Agarwal CA (2017) Female-to-male chest reconstruction: a review of technique and outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 79:259–263PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat van de Grift TC et al (2018) Subcutaneous mastectomy improves satisfaction with body and psychosocial function in trans men: findings of a cross-sectional study using the BODY‑Q chest module. Plast Reconstr Surg 142:1125–1132PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van de Grift TC et al (2018) Subcutaneous mastectomy improves satisfaction with body and psychosocial function in trans men: findings of a cross-sectional study using the BODY‑Q chest module. Plast Reconstr Surg 142:1125–1132PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindsay WRN (1979) Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals. Ann Plast Surg 3:39–46PubMedCrossRef Lindsay WRN (1979) Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals. Ann Plast Surg 3:39–46PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaczynski A, McKissock PK, Dubrow T, Lesavoy MA (1989) Breast reduction in the male-to-female transsexual. Ann Plast Surg 23:323–326PubMedCrossRef Kaczynski A, McKissock PK, Dubrow T, Lesavoy MA (1989) Breast reduction in the male-to-female transsexual. Ann Plast Surg 23:323–326PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Wise TN (1982) Transsexualism: a clinical approach to gender dysphoria. Med Trial Tech Q 29:167–208PubMed Wise TN (1982) Transsexualism: a clinical approach to gender dysphoria. Med Trial Tech Q 29:167–208PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hage JJ, Van Kesteren PJM (1995) Chest-wall contouring in female-to-male transsexuals: Basic considerations and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:386–391PubMedCrossRef Hage JJ, Van Kesteren PJM (1995) Chest-wall contouring in female-to-male transsexuals: Basic considerations and review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:386–391PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolter A, Diedrichson J, Scholz T, Arens-Landwehr A, Liebau J (2015) Sexual reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: an algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68:184–191PubMedCrossRef Wolter A, Diedrichson J, Scholz T, Arens-Landwehr A, Liebau J (2015) Sexual reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: an algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 68:184–191PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornstein AN, Cinelli PB (1992) Inferior pedicle reduction technique for larger forms of gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg 16:331–335PubMedCrossRef Kornstein AN, Cinelli PB (1992) Inferior pedicle reduction technique for larger forms of gynecomastia. Aesthetic Plast Surg 16:331–335PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Benelli L (1990) A new periareolar mammaplasty: the “round block” technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 14:93–100PubMedCrossRef Benelli L (1990) A new periareolar mammaplasty: the “round block” technique. Aesthetic Plast Surg 14:93–100PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Lo Russo G, Tanini S, Innocenti M (2017) Masculine chest-wall contouring in FtM transgender: a personal approach. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:369–374PubMedCrossRef Lo Russo G, Tanini S, Innocenti M (2017) Masculine chest-wall contouring in FtM transgender: a personal approach. Aesthetic Plast Surg 41:369–374PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Sabino J, Fischer B, Matthews J, Singh D, Bluebond-Langner R (2013) Mastectomy for female-to-male transsexuals: a two technique algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 132:64CrossRef Sabino J, Fischer B, Matthews J, Singh D, Bluebond-Langner R (2013) Mastectomy for female-to-male transsexuals: a two technique algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 132:64CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson SC et al (2018) Masculinizing top surgery: a systematic review of techniques and outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 80:679–683PubMedCrossRef Wilson SC et al (2018) Masculinizing top surgery: a systematic review of techniques and outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 80:679–683PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat East EG et al (2017) Clinicopathological findings in female-to-male gender-affirming breast surgery. Histopathology 71:859–865PubMedCrossRef East EG et al (2017) Clinicopathological findings in female-to-male gender-affirming breast surgery. Histopathology 71:859–865PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Renterghem SMJ et al (2018) Routine histopathological examination after female-to-male gender-confirming mastectomy. Br J Surg 105:885–892PubMedCrossRef Van Renterghem SMJ et al (2018) Routine histopathological examination after female-to-male gender-confirming mastectomy. Br J Surg 105:885–892PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolter A et al (2018) Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: Optimizing perioperative and operative management in 8 years clinical experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 71:344–352PubMedCrossRef Wolter A et al (2018) Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: Optimizing perioperative and operative management in 8 years clinical experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 71:344–352PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Antoszewski B, Bratoś R, Sitek A, Fijałkowska M (2012) Long-term results of breast reduction in female-to-male transsexuals. Pol Prz Chir Pol J Surg 84:144–151 Antoszewski B, Bratoś R, Sitek A, Fijałkowska M (2012) Long-term results of breast reduction in female-to-male transsexuals. Pol Prz Chir Pol J Surg 84:144–151
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjerrome Ahlin H, Kölby L, Elander A, Selvaggi G (2014) Improved results after implementation of the Ghent algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 48:362–367PubMedCrossRef Bjerrome Ahlin H, Kölby L, Elander A, Selvaggi G (2014) Improved results after implementation of the Ghent algorithm for subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 48:362–367PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Berry MG, Curtis R, Davies D (2012) Female-to-male transgender chest reconstruction: a large consecutive, single-surgeon experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 65:711–719PubMedCrossRef Berry MG, Curtis R, Davies D (2012) Female-to-male transgender chest reconstruction: a large consecutive, single-surgeon experience. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 65:711–719PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Takayanagi S, Nakagawa C (2006) Chest wall contouring for female-to-male transsexuals. Aesthetic Plast Surg 30:206–212PubMedCrossRef Takayanagi S, Nakagawa C (2006) Chest wall contouring for female-to-male transsexuals. Aesthetic Plast Surg 30:206–212PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Monstrey S et al (2008) Chest-wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: a new algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:849–859PubMedCrossRef Monstrey S et al (2008) Chest-wall contouring surgery in female-to-male transsexuals: a new algorithm. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:849–859PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Top H, Balta S (2017) Transsexual mastectomy: selection of appropriate technique according to breast characteristics. Balkan Med J 34:147–155PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Top H, Balta S (2017) Transsexual mastectomy: selection of appropriate technique according to breast characteristics. Balkan Med J 34:147–155PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Agarwal CA, Scheefer MF, Wright LN, Walzer NK, Rivera A (2018) Quality of life improvement after chest wall masculinization in female-to-male transgender patients: a prospective study using the BREAST‑Q and Body Uneasiness Test. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 71:651–657PubMedCrossRef Agarwal CA, Scheefer MF, Wright LN, Walzer NK, Rivera A (2018) Quality of life improvement after chest wall masculinization in female-to-male transgender patients: a prospective study using the BREAST‑Q and Body Uneasiness Test. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 71:651–657PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Cregten-Escobar P, Bouman MB, Buncamper ME, Mullender MG (2012) Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: a retrospective cohort-analysis of 202 patients. J Sex Med 9:3148–3153PubMedCrossRef Cregten-Escobar P, Bouman MB, Buncamper ME, Mullender MG (2012) Subcutaneous mastectomy in female-to-male transsexuals: a retrospective cohort-analysis of 202 patients. J Sex Med 9:3148–3153PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Morath S, Papadopulos N, Schaff J (2011) Operatives management und techniken der mastektomie bei frau-zu-mann transsexuellen. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 43:232–239PubMedCrossRef Morath S, Papadopulos N, Schaff J (2011) Operatives management und techniken der mastektomie bei frau-zu-mann transsexuellen. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 43:232–239PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Beckenstein MS, Windle BH, Stroup RT (1996) Anatomical parameters for nipple position and areolar diameter in males. Ann Plast Surg 36:33–36PubMedCrossRef Beckenstein MS, Windle BH, Stroup RT (1996) Anatomical parameters for nipple position and areolar diameter in males. Ann Plast Surg 36:33–36PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Beer GM et al (2001) Configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1947–1952PubMedCrossRef Beer GM et al (2001) Configuration and localization of the nipple-areola complex in men. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1947–1952PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Colebunders B, T’Sjoen G, Weyers S, Monstrey S (2014) Hormonal and surgical treatment in trans-women with BRCA1 mutations: a controversial topic. J Sex Med 11:2496–2499PubMedCrossRef Colebunders B, T’Sjoen G, Weyers S, Monstrey S (2014) Hormonal and surgical treatment in trans-women with BRCA1 mutations: a controversial topic. J Sex Med 11:2496–2499PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Geschlechtsangleichende Brustoperationen bei Transgendern – Frau-zu-Mann (FzM) und Mann-zu-Frau (MzF)
verfasst von
Dr. med. Andreas Wolter
Prof. Dr. med. Christoph Andree
Publikationsdatum
13.01.2021
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie / Ausgabe 1/2021
Print ISSN: 1867-4305
Elektronische ISSN: 1867-4313
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12631-020-00247-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

Journal für Ästhetische Chirurgie 1/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Einführung zum Thema

Brustchirurgie Teil 2

Passend zum Thema

ANZEIGE

Mittelgradige Depressionen & Johanniskraut: Das hat sich geändert

Die Behandlungsempfehlungen bei mittelgradiger Depression wurden erneuert und der Einsatz von Johanniskraut entscheidend präzisiert – welche zwei Empfehlungen Sie aus der aktualisierten Depressions-Leitlinie jetzt kennen sollten.

ANZEIGE

3 Kernaussagen: Cochrane-Analyse untersucht Johanniskrautextrakte

Johanniskraut gehört zu den am besten untersuchten pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln. Die Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit bei Depressionen wurden u. a. in einem Cochrane-Review analysiert [1]. Wie das pflanzliche Antidepressivum dabei abschnitt und welche drei Kernaussagen Sie für die Praxis kennen sollten, lesen Sie hier.

ANZEIGE

Depression behandeln. Natürlich.

Content Hub

Aktuelle Ergebnisse aus in-vitro- und in-vivo-Untersuchungen liefern detaillierte Erklärungen zum Wirkmechanismus von hochdosiertem Johanniskraut-Extrakt: Neu ist die Erkenntnis, dass der Johanniskraut-Extrakt bei chronischem Stress die deregulierte Stressantwort der überaktiven HPA-Achse sowie die Expression des Stressgens FKBP5 normalisieren kann. Mehr zum aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft bei der Therapie von Depressionen erfahren Sie hier. 

Bayer Vital GmbH