Background
Non-specific neck pain is pain that does not show pathognomonic signs and symptoms [1]. When the duration of symptoms is greater than 12 weeks of evolution, it acquires the value of chronicity and is denominated non-specific chronic neck pain (NCNP) [2]. It is a common disorder, which generates a great impact and socio-economic cost [3].
The underlying mechanisms of NCNP relapses are not clear, but the pain could be associated with a deficit and alteration of the proprioception of the neck muscles that play a decisive role in the cervical joint position, motor control of the head, muscles, and eyes, and postural stability (PS) [4‐6].
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Patients with NCNP usually have alterations in cervical proprioception and PS. They may also develop symptoms such as dizziness or vertigo [7, 8]. A recently published study shows that patients with NCNP suffer greater sensations of stunning and lack of proprioception than patients with benign paroxysmal vertigo [9].
Numerous studies downplay the efficacy of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise for pain reduction, cervical disability, and associated symptoms, such as dizziness [10‐12]. However, there is less evidence of how these treatments, common in clinical practice, influence PS [13].
PS is highly influenced by the upper cervical spine and the suboccipital muscles, which are composed of up to 200 neuromuscular spindles per gram of muscle [14, 15]. This upper cervical segment is connected to the central nervous system (CNS), visual and vestibular apparatus, and sympathetic nervous system [16‐19] in addition to cervical afferents through the cervico-ocular reflex (COR), the cervico-collic reflex (CCR), and the tonic neck reflex (TNR). The CCR activates the cervical musculature in response to stretching, maintaining good head position [20]; the COR acts through the vestibular reflex and the optokinetic reflex [21]. Finally, the TNR added to the vestibulospinal reflex achieves the maintenance of PS [22].
The alteration of this proprioceptive complex is not completely defined. Various theories have tried to explain how this system can be altered. Some studies indicate that there is a proprioceptive alteration due to sustained exposure to pain that affects PS through the CNS; these changes may be due to changes in the cortical representation and modulation of the cervical afferent contribution [23, 24]. In addition, some authors have begun to point out other psychobehavioral causes that could have a great influence on PS, such as anxiety, depression, or fear of movement [5, 6]. We must bear in mind that these variables are present in numerous patients with NCNP [25, 26].
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However, other researchers relate the loss of PS to the dysfunction of the upper cervical spine and its musculature, changes in the cervical mechanoreceptors, and the state of weakness of the musculature [27‐29], but these are not necessarily associated with traumatic events, since these types of alterations have been identified among subjects with NCNP without exposure to trauma [29].
The area of dizziness of cervicogenic cause is quite unknown; there are several theories about its cause, and there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria [30]. More research is needed about relationships between neck pain, PS, and cervicogenic dizziness.
Primary objective
The aim of our study is to compare two scientifically approved therapies for NCNP—one treatment with a greater influence on the structural component, and the other one with a greater component on the central process—to observe differences in the PS of the subjects with NCNP.
Secondary objective
A secondary objective is to analyze the evolution of cervical pain and disability according to the treatment applied and the relationship with changes produced on PS.
Hypothesis
Experimental treatments have a greater beneficial effect on PS and pain of subjects with NCNP than sham treatment. The improvement in PS is linked to an improvement in the subject’s pain.
Trial design
This study is a randomized, controlled, parallel, double-blind, three-arm clinical trial of treatment.
Methods/design
Sample selection
Individuals with NCNP will be recruited through a text message broadcast on social networks in the city of Seville (Spain) and will be selected based on the eligibility criteria listed below. The study will take place in the facilities of the physiotherapy department of the University of Seville.
Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria are:
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Age 18–50 years
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Current neck pain
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Neck pain continued for at least the last 12 weeks [2].
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Exclusion criteria
The exclusion criteria are:
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Irradiated neck pain
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Neck pain associated with vertigo
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Osteoporosis
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Psychological disorders
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Vertebral fractures
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Tumors
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Metabolic diseases
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Previous neck surgery
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Red flags (Night pain, severe muscle spasm, loss of involuntary weight, symptom mismatch)
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Physiotherapeutic treatment continued in the last 3 months
Interventions
The participants can only receive the assigned treatment; they cannot combine the treatment with drugs or other physiotherapeutic treatment. Any interference in the treatment will be grounds for exclusion.
Group 1: manual therapy
Group 2: therapeutic exercise
The “therapeutic exercise” protocol will be taught to patients in the first session and should be done once a day during the 3 weeks of treatment. It will be reinforced by the physiotherapist in each of the three individual sessions.
Week 1. Exercises 1 and 2:
1.
Cranio-cervical flexion (CCF) in supine position with towel in the posterior area of the neck (3 sets, 10 repetitions, 10 s of contraction each repetition with 10 s of rest)
2.
CCF sitting (3 sets, 10 repetitions, 10 s of contraction each repetition with 10 s of rest)
Week 2. Exercises 1, 2, 3, and 4:
3.
Co-contraction of deep and superficial neck flexors in supine decubitus (10 repetitions, 10 s of contraction with 10 s of rest)
4.
Co-contraction flexors, rotators, and inclines. Patient will perfom cranial nerve flexion, while physiotherapist asks him to tilt, rotate, and look toward the same side while he opposes a resistance with his hand (10 repetitions, 10 s of contraction with 10 s of rest)
Week 3. Exercises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6:
5.
Eccentric for extensors. With the patient seated, should perform cervical extension, then they must realize a CCF and then finish doing a cervical flexion (10 repetitions)
6.
Eccentric for flexors. The patient will be in quadrupedal and neutral neck position. He should perform neck flexion, and then must realize a CCF and, maintaining that posture, extend the neck and then finally lose the CCF (10 repetitions).
Group 3: sham treatment
For the “control” protocol, the patient will be placed in the supine position, while the physiotherapist will lay his hands without therapeutic intention on the patient’s neck for 3 min, the physiotherapist will simulate the technique of suboccipital inhibition [34]. Later, with the laser pointer off, the patient will be contacted without exerting pressure for 10 s. Patients assigned to the control group will receive treatment 1 or 2 after completing the study.
Outcome measures
Neck Disability Index (NDI)
The NDI is a self-assessment instrument of the specific functional status of subjects with neck pain with 10 elements, including pain, personal care, weight gain, reading, headache, concentration, work, driving, sleeping, and leisure. Each section is rated on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0 means “painless” and 5 means “the worst pain imaginable.” The points obtained are added to a total score. The questionnaire is interpreted as a percentage. The disability categories for NDI are 0–8%, without disability; 10–28%, mild; 30–48%, moderate; 50–64%, serious; and 70–100%, complete [35, 36].
Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain
The subjects participating in the study will indicate the intensity of their pain by means of a VAS of 100 mm. They must signal on a horizontal line of 100 mm where they would place their pain, where 0 mm indicated “no pain” and 100 mm would be “the worst pain imaginable” [37].
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT)
The PPT is recorded in newtons/square centimeter using a digital algometer (Force Ten™ -Model FDX; Wagner, Greenwich, CT, USA) with a round tip surface area of 1 cm2. The measurement is taken on the spinous process of vertebra C2, the evaluator gradually increasing the pressure until the patient indicates through a “Yes” when the pain or discomfort appears. Three measurements are taken, obtaining an average value of these three measurements for the statistical analysis [38, 39].
Overall Balance Index (OBI)
We obtain the OBI measurement through a dynamic stabilometric platform (Balance System™ SD; Biodex, Shirley, NY, USA). The General Stability Test is applied at level of difficulty 4, with 1 being the most and 8 the least difficult level. The platform is free in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes, and it allows one to obtain the OBI through deviations with respect to a zero point established before the test, with the platform stable. Two 20-s tests are performed, with 1 min between each test, with the score of the second test chosen for the statistical analysis. The index is calculated through the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral relationship + standard deviation [40, 41].
These variables will be measured in the pre-evaluation, first evaluation (week 2), second evaluation (week 4, short-term), and third evaluation (week 12, medium term). These evaluations will be carried out by an evaluator trained in these procedures, and the data will be stored in an Excel document.
Participants’ timeline
Sample size calculation
The sample size was calculated using the Granmo calculator v.7.12. Based on the analysis of the variance of means, and estimating an alpha risk of 5% (0.05), a beta risk of 10% (0.10), a unilateral contrast, a typical deviation of 10% (0.10), a minimum difference to detect of 9.8% (0.098) which is based as the minimum clinically important differences in OBI [42], and a rate of follow-up losses of 15%, 10 subjects are required in each group, assuming that there are three groups. Finally, we will include 66 patients who will be divided into three groups, each group with at least 20 subjects, so as to overcome this value to assume the possible loss of follow-up.
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Randomization
Subjects will be divided into three groups by means of balanced randomization performed with free software (https://www.randomizer.org/). The randomization sequence will only be performed by the principal investigator and auditor.
Blinding
The evaluator and participants in the study will be blinded during the entire process.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis will be carried out using IBM-SPSS Statistics 24 software. The normality test applied to all the variables will be the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For the contrast of intragroup hypotheses, Student’s t test for paired variables will be applied in the case of parametric distributions and Kruskal-Wallis H for non-parametric distributions. For the intergroup hypothesis contrast, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used in the case of parametric distributions and Kruskal-Wallis H for non-parametric distributions. Post hoc analysis will be obtained through Bonferroni’s contrast for parametric distributions and Mann-Whitney’s U for non-parametric ones. Associations between pain (clinical improvement) and PS will be analyzed through Pearson’s R or Spearman’s rho. The confidence level used will be 95% (0.05), and the power of the study will be 90% (0.1).
Discussion
This article presents a detailed description of a randomized controlled trial designed to analyze the results in terms of pain, disability, and postural stability of two types of treatments for non-specific chronic neck pain.
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We intend to investigate a little-studied field such as postural stability in these subjects and to try to understand the mechanisms that may produce these alterations. We propose two types of treatments: one using manual therapy based on the structural influences of the neck, and another based on the therapeutic exercise that exerts its effect through more neurophysiological mechanisms. By observing the effects of these two therapies, we will try to analyze and gain a better understanding of the mechanisms that cause postural instability in patients with this type of pain. Our results intend to present whether the provocative mechanisms have a more structural component, or instead are caused by alterations produced at the level of the central nervous system by its sustained exposure to pain. In addition, we intend to establish relationships between clinical improvement in relation to pain with improvement in postural stability of the subjects and to analyze the differences depending on the treatment applied.
We have designed a randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial, with the aim that our study can contribute to increase scientific knowledge on this matter and initiate new lines of future research.
Trial status
This is the first and definitive protocol versión. Participants will be recruited between January and March 2019. Study completion is expected to be July 2019.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study complies with the Helsinki guidelines for human research and has been approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Virgen Macarena - Virgen del Rocío. The identification of each individual will remain concealed based on the ethical principles of confidentiality and privacy. All participants will receive an informed consent form with information about all treatments and the randomization process that they will approve for participation in the study. Patients assigned to the control group will receive treatment 1 or 2 after completing the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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