Background
Methods
Study design
Population and study sample
Data collection
Variables
Statistical analysis
Ethical aspects
Results
General characteristics of the sample
Variable analyzed | N (%) |
p-value
|
---|---|---|
Mother’s educational level
| ||
≤8 years of schooling | 202 (30.1) | 0.015 |
>8 years of schooling | 470 (69.9) | |
Mother’s age (years)
| ||
<20 | 104 (15.5) | 0.692 |
≥20 | 568 (84.5) | |
Family income
| ||
<2 times minimum wage | 321 (47.8) | <0.000 |
≥2 times minimum wage | 351 (52.2) | |
Mother goes out to work at time of birth
| ||
Yes | 241 (35.9) | 0.021 |
No | 431 (64.1) | |
Mother’s BMI
| ||
Overweight/obesity | 352 (52.4) | 0.764 |
Underweight/normal weight | 320 (47.6) | |
Type of delivery
| ||
Caesarean | 327 (48.7) | 0.123 |
Vaginal | 345 (51.3) | |
Sex of child
| ||
Male | 336 (50.0) | 0.765 |
Female | 336 (50.0) | |
Birth weight (grams)
| ||
<2,500 | 30 (4.5) | 0.873 |
≥2,500 | 642 (95.5) | |
Gestational age
| ||
Preterm | 26 (3.9) | 0.620 |
Full term | 646 (96.1) | |
Physical activity at school
| ||
Yes | 179 (26.6) | 0.035 |
No | 486 (72.3) | |
Sedentary activities (>1 h/day)
| ||
Yes | 621 (92.4) | 0.369 |
No | 51 (7.6) | |
Sport outside of school
| ||
Yes | 79 (11.8) | 0.091 |
No | 593 (88.2) | |
Plays ball games
| ||
Yes | 365 (54.3) | 0.737 |
No | 307 (45.7) | |
Rides a bicycle
| ||
Yes | 468 (69.6) | 0.939 |
No | 204 (30.4) | |
Buys school meals
| ||
Yes | 250 (37.2) | 0.113 |
No | 415 (61.8) |
Stratification of children by breastfeeding or weaned at 12 months
Variables | Breastfeeding | Weaning | Interactionp-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Overweight/obesity | N | Overweight/obesity | ||||
n (%) | PR (95% CI) | n (%) | PR (95% CI) | ||||
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
Mother’s educational level
| |||||||
≤8 years of schooling | 120 | 20 (16.7) | 0.57 (0.36 – 0.89) | 82 | 13 (15.9) | 0.42 (0.25 – 0.70) | 0.291 |
>8 years of schooling | 229 | 67 (29.3) | 241 | 92 (38.2) | |||
Mother’s age (years)
| |||||||
<20 | 56 | 8 (14.3) | 0.53 (0.27 – 1.03) | 48 | 11 (22.9) | 0.67 (0.39 – 1.16) | 0.663 |
≥20 | 293 | 79 (27.0) | 275 | 94 (34.2) | |||
Family income (multiples of minimum wage)
| |||||||
<2 | 194 | 34 (17.5) | 0.51 (0.35 – 0.75) | 127 | 31 (24.4) | 0.65 (0.45 – 0.92) | 0.462 |
≥2 | 155 | 53 (34.2) | 196 | 74 (37.8) | |||
Mother working outside the home at time of birth
| |||||||
Yes | 108 | 30 (27.8) | 1.17 (0.80 – 1.72) | 133 | 59 (44.4) | 1.83 (1.34 – 2.51) | 0.050 |
No | 141 | 57 (23.7) | 190 | 46 (24.2) | |||
Genetic characteristics
| |||||||
Mother’s BMI
| |||||||
Overweight/Obesity | 167 | 56 (30.8) | 1.66 (1.13 – 2.45) | 153 | 70 (41.2) | 1.80 (1.28 – 2.53) | 0.591 |
Underweight/Normal weight | 176 | 31 (18.6) | 170 | 35 (22.9) | |||
Characteristics of the children
| |||||||
Type of delivery
| |||||||
Caesarean | 151 | 48 (31.8) | 1.61 (1.12 – 2.33) | 176 | 75 (42.6) | 2.09 (1.45 – 3.00) | 0.238 |
Vaginal | 198 | 39 (19.7) | 147 | 30 (20.4) | |||
Sex of child
| |||||||
Male | 165 | 37 (22.4) | 0.83 (0.57 – 1.19) | 171 | 55 (32.2) | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.34) | 0.520 |
Female | 185 | 50 (27.2) | 152 | 50 (32.9) | |||
Birth weight (grams)
| |||||||
<2,500 | 17 | 3 (17.6) | 0.70 (0.25 – 1.98) | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.46 (0.13 – 1.67) | 0.588 |
≥2,500 | 332 | 84 (25.3) | 310 | 103 (33.2) | |||
Gestational age
| |||||||
Preterm | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0.61 (0.17 – 2.21) | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 0.23 (0.04 – 1.52) | 0.366 |
Full term | 336 | 85 (25.3) | 310 | 104 (33.5) | |||
Physical activity at school
| |||||||
Yes | 78 | 26 (33.3) | 1.46 (0.99 – 2.15) | 101 | 40 (39.6) | 1.35 (0.98 – 1.85) | 0.825 |
No | 268 | 61 (22.8) | 218 | 64 (29.4) | |||
Sedentary activities (>1 h/day)
| |||||||
Yes | 320 | 80 (25.0) | 1.04 (0.53 – 2.03) | 301 | 100 (33.2) | 1.46 (0.67 – 3.21) | 0.488 |
No | 29 | 7 (24.1) | 23 | 5 (22.7) | |||
Sport outside of school
| |||||||
Yes | 31 | 11 (35.5) | 1.49 (0.89 – 2.48) | 48 | 24 (50.0) | 1.70 (1.21 – 2.38) | 0.539 |
No | 318 | 76 (23.9) | 175 | 81 (29.5) | |||
Plays ball games
| |||||||
Yes | 178 | 41 (23.0) | 0.86 (0.59 – 1.23) | 187 | 57 (30.5) | 0.86 (0.63 – 1.18) | 0.973 |
No | 171 | 46 (26.9) | 136 | 48 (35.3) | |||
Rides a bicycle
| |||||||
Yes | 242 | 59 (24.4) | 0.93 (0.63 – 1.37) | 226 | 70 (31.0) | 0.86 (0.62 – 1.19) | 0.714 |
No | 107 | 28 (26.2) | 97 | 35 (36.1) | |||
Buys school meals
| |||||||
Yes | 109 | 36 (33.0) | 1.54 (1.07 – 2.20) | 141 | 55 (39.0) | 1.42 (1.03 – 1.94) | 0.821 |
No | 137 | 51 (21.5) | 178 | 49 (27.5) |
Variables | Model 1-distal | p | Model 2-intermediate | p | Model 3-proximal | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||||
Income < 2 times minimum wage | 0.41 (0.25 – 0.67) | <0.000 | 0.41 (0.25 – 0.68) | <0.000 | 0.50 (0.29 – 0.85) | 0.011 |
Mother overweight/obese | ---------------------- | --- | 1.93 (1.17 – 3.24) | 0.011 | 1.92 (1.15 – 3.24) | 0.013 |
Variables | Model 1-distal | p | Model 2-intermediate | p | Model 3-proximal | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95%CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||||
Mother’s educational level ≤8 years of schooling | 0.39 (0.19 – 0.74) | 0.006 | 0.33 (0.16 – 0.65) | 0.002 | 0.39 (0.19 – 0.78) | 0.009 |
Mother working outside the home at time of birth | 2.01 (1.22 – 3.31) | 0.006 | 2.34 (1.39 – 3.98) | 0.001 | 1.83 (1.05 – 3.21) | 0.032 |
Mother overweight/obese | ---------------------- | --- | 3.12 (1.86 – 5.32) | <0.000 | 3.05 (1.81 – 5.25) | <0.000 |
Caesarean delivery | ---------------------- | --- | ---------------------- | --- | 1.98 (1.14 – 3.50) | 0.016 |