Background
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) affect up to 80% of expecting mothers, and while lifestyle changes may be helpful, many women need medications to control their symptoms [1,2].
The delayed-release combination of doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrochloride (Bendectin®) was commonly used for NVP and was the only drug approved by the FDA until the manufacturer’s voluntary removal of it from the market in 1983 [3]. In 1983 [4] and 1999 [5], the FDA determined that this drug combination was not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety and effectiveness. In fact, its removal from the American market was temporally associated with a 2-fold increase in rates of hospitalization of pregnant women for the most severe form of NVP, hyperemesis gravidarum [6,7]. Over the last 3 decades a large body of evidence corroborated the fetal safety of this drug combination [8,9].
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The rationale for the delayed-release characteristics of this combination is to allow women to take it before bedtime, when symptoms of NVP tend to be minimal, in order to counteract the increased symptoms more commonly experienced in the morning hours [10,11]. In April 2013, the FDA approved the sale of Diclegis®, an identical combination to the original Bendectin® and its Canadian equivalent Diclectin®, after a randomized blinded placebo- controlled trial [12]. The fetal safety of this medication has been proven by numerous studies. However, since it is the only FDA-approved medication for NVP, it is likely to be used by a large number of pregnant women, confirming maternal safety is an important public health question.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal safety of Diclegis® in treating NVP compared to placebo.
Methods
This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of the delayed-release combination of doxylamine succinate (10 mg) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (10 mg) (Diclegis®) in the treatment of NVP [12]. The study was approved by the IRB of the University of Texas, Galveston, University of Pittsburg and Georgetown University. The subjects were pregnant, at least 18 years of age, in the gestational age range of 7–14 weeks, suffering from NVP, had a PUQE score ≥ 6) [13-15], and had not responded to conservative management consisting of dietary/lifestyle advice [16]. Women treated by other antiemetics, suffering from chronic medical conditions, or those who could not communicate in either English or Spanish, were excluded. After physical examination and laboratory tests (hemoglobin and blood count, liver function tests, electrolytes, amylase), and after confirming in utero singleton pregnancies by ultrasound, women were randomized, using a computerized program, to receive Diclegis® (doxylamine succinate 10 mg and pyridoxine hydrochloride 10 mg) or placebo of similar look. Two tablets of study drug (Diclegis® or placebo) were administered at bedtime on Day 1. If symptoms of nausea and vomiting persisted into the afternoon hours of Day 2 (i.e., PUQE Score above 3), the subject was directed to take her usual dose of 2 tablets at bedtime and an additional tablet the next morning on Day 3. Based upon assessment in the clinic on Day 4 (+/−1 day), the subject might have been directed to take an additional 4th tablet mid-afternoon to control evening symptoms. The minimum assigned study medication was 2 tablets daily at bedtime, increasing when indicated to the maximal dosage of 4 tablets per day according to the timing, duration, severity, and frequency of the symptoms experienced by the subject. The study had a 15 day period consisting of 14 dosing days. Telephone contact was made on day 2, 6, 12, and 14 in order to assess subject diary information, adverse events (AEs), concomitant medications, and compliance with the study medication. Patients returned to the clinic in the morning prior to their morning dose on Day 4 (+/− 1 day), Day 8 (+/− 1 day), and on Day 15 (+/− 1 day; end of study visit) to collect diary report and complete all study related data.
Subjects completed the Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) score and the study diary (once daily every morning prior to study dose at approximately the same time each day). They also completed the Global Assessment of Well Being scale of the PUQE on Days 1, 8, and 14 at the same time the PUQE score was completed.
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Adverse events and concomitant medications were recorded at all visits and follow-up phone calls. An additional follow-up phone call was conducted 30 days after last dosing to capture serious adverse events for patients completing the treatment period or early termination.
The results of the effectiveness of the drug in this trial have been previously published [12].
The frequency and severity of all AEs were tabulated by treatment group, system organ class, preferred term severity, and relationship to study drug. In addition, laboratory tests were conducted on Days 1 and15 (±1 day).
Adverse events (AEs) experienced by the subjects that occurred on or after Day 1 (after the patient signed the informed consent form) through Day 15, were compared between groups using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test if more appropriate. The available sample size has 80% power to show a doubling in CNS depression with alpha of 5%.
Results
Two hundred and eighty-three pregnant women experiencing NVP were enrolled and randomized. After written informed consent nine subjects randomized to Diclegis® (6.4%) and 18 randomized to Placebo (12.9%) withdrew consent. Therefore, 131 women in Diclegis® treated group and 125 receiving placebo were analyzed. The two groups did not differ in any demographic or medical characteristics (Table 1).
Table 1
Comparison of demographic and medical characteristics of the two study groups in the ITT population
Diclegis (n-131) | Placebo (n = 125) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity:
| 0.48 | ||
Hispanic or Latino
| 53 (40.5%) | 56 (44.8%) | |
Not Hispanic or Latino
| 78 (59.5%) | 69 (55.2%) | |
Race: | 0.59 | ||
Asian | 2 (1.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | |
Black or African American | 49 (37.4%) | 48 (38.4%) | |
White or Caucasian | 80 (61.1%) | 73 (58.4%) | |
Unknown | 3 (2.4%) | ||
Previous Pregnancy | 101 (77.1%) | 94 (75.2%) | 0.64 |
Smoking during pregnancy | 17 (13.0%) | 16 (12.8%) | 0.97 |
Maternal Age (yr) | 25.9 ± 6 | 25.0 ± 5.7 | 0.23 |
Weight (kg) | 74.10 ± 22.30 | 75.91 ± 22.19 | 0.50 |
(lbs) | 163.35 ± 49.17 | 167.34 ± 48.91 | 0.50 |
BMI (kg/m2): | 0.42 | ||
Underweight | 5 (3.8%) | 4 (3.2%) | |
Normal | 39 (29.8%) | 38 (30.4%) | |
Overweight | 31 (23.7%) | 40 (32.0%) | |
Obese | 55 (42.0%) | 42 (33.6%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.95 | ||
Mean ± SD | 28.77 ± 7.60 | 29.67 ± 11.20 | |
Median | 27.97 | 26.83 | |
Gestational age at start of NVP (weeks) | 0.90 | ||
Mean ± SD | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.7 | |
Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 0.75 | ||
Mean ± SD | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 9.3 ± 1.8 | |
PUQE score at Enrollment | 0.44 | ||
Mean ± SD | 9.0 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 2.1 | |
Median | 9.0 | 8.0 | |
Global Assessment of Well Being | |||
Mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | |
Median | 5.0 | 5.0 |
The use of Diclegis® was not associated with an overall increased rate of adverse effects as compared to the Placebo group (Table 2). Of particular interest, the active drug was not associated with increased rates of symptoms known to be associated with antihistamines, such as sedation, symptoms of CNS depression and gastrointestinal or anticholinergic symptoms (Table 3). Diclegis® was also not associated with either more frequently occurring adverse events (Table 4), or with an increase in Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) -as defined by the investigators, blinded to study drug allocation (Table 5). TEAEs were defined as any adverse event that emerged after the treatment (either the drug or the placebo) were commenced.
Table 2
Overall summary of tolerability/adverse events for ITT-S subjects
Treatment group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Diclegis (N = 131) | Placebo (N = 127) | P-value1 | |
Measure of tolerability | |||
Number of Subjects with at least one treatment-emergent AE | 74 (56.5%) | 65 (51.2%) | 0.393 |
Number of Subjects with a serious treatment-emergent AE | 4 (3.1%) | 4 (3.1%) | 1.0002 |
Number of Subjects with at least one Related AE | 40 (30.5%) | 32 (25.2%) | 0.339 |
Number of Subjects discontinuing study drug due to AE | 6 (4.6%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0.7492 |
Number of deaths | 0 | 0 | _ |
Overall treatment0emergent AEs | |||
Number of Subjects with at least one Mild AE | 62 (47.3%) | 59 (46.5%) | 0.221 |
Number of Subjects with at least one Moderate AE | 5 (3.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.2152 |
Number of Subjects with at least one Severe AE | 7 (5.3%) | 5 (3.9%) | 0.711 |
Number of Subjects with Unrelated AE | 34 (26.0%) | 33 (26.0%) | 0.570 |
Number of Subjects with at least one Possibly Related AE | 24 (18.3%) | 23 (18.1%) | 0.714 |
Number of Subjects with at least one Probably Related AE | 13 (9.9%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.388 |
Number of Subjects with at least on Definitely Related AE | 3 (2.3% | 1 (0.8%) | 0.6232 |
Table 3
Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the study for ITT-S subjects
Treatment group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
System Organ Class (SOC) preferred term | Diclegis (N = 131) | Placebo (N = 127) | P-value1 |
# of Subjects with at least one TEAE | 74 (56.5%) | 65 (51.2%) | 0.39 |
Cardiac disorders | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.0002 |
Palpitations | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.0002 |
Eye disorders | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Dry eye | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 23 (17.6%) | 22 (17.3%) | 0.960 |
Constipation | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1.0002 |
Dry mouth | 4 (3.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.3702 |
Haematemesis | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Feeling jittery | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Laboratory Investigations
| 7 (5.3%) | 6 (4.7%) | 0.820 |
Alanine aminotransferase increased | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Aspartate aminotransferase increased | 0 | ||
Blood albumin decreased | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Blood amylase increased | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (1.6%) | 1.0002 |
Blood chloride decreased | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Blood creatinine increased | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.0002 |
Blood lactate dehydrogenase increased | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Blood sodium decreased | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Blood triglycerides increased | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | |
Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.0002 |
Heart rate increased | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Platelet count decreased | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Nervous system disorders
| 42 (32.1%) | 37 (29.1%) | 0.610 |
Dizziness | 8 (6.1%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.949 |
Headache | 17 (13.0%) | 20 (15.7%) | 0.526 |
Loss of consciousness | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.4922 |
Poor quality sleep | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 1.0002 |
Somnolence | 19 (14.5%) | 15 (11.8%) | 0.523 |
Syncope | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.0002 |
Fatigue | 9 (6.9%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.853 |
Table 4
Most frequently occurring Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) in the study for ITT-S subjects
Treatment group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
System Organ Class (SOC) preferred term | Diclegis (N = 131) | Placebo (N = 127) | P-value1 |
# of Subjects with at least one TEAE | 74 (56.5%) | 65 (51.2%) | 0.393 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 23 (17.6%) | 22 (17.3%) | 0.960 |
Abdominal pain | 5 (3.8%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.362 |
General disorders and administration site | 13 (9.9%) | 12 (9.4%) | 0.897 |
Conditions | |||
Fatigue | 9 (6.9%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.949 |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue | 11 (8.4%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0.072 |
Disorders | |||
Back pain | 7 (5.3%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0.383 |
Nervous system disorders | 42 (32.1%) | 37 (29.1%) | 0.610 |
Dizziness | 8 (6.1%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.949 |
Headache | 17 (13.0%) | 20 (15.7%) | 0.526 |
Somnolence | 19 (14.5%) | 15 (11.8%) | 0.523 |
Table 5
Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) with respect to relationship to study drug- related vs. unrelated for ITT-S subjects
Treatment group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Diclegis (N = 131) | Placebo (N = 127) | |||
System Organ Class (SOC) preferred term | Related | Unrelated | Related | Unrelated |
# of Subjects with at least one | 40 (30.5%) | 34 (26.0%) | 32 (25.2%) | 33 (26.0%) |
TEAE in the study | ||||
Cardiac disorders | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
Palpitations | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
Eye disorders | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 |
Dry eye | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | 8 (6.1%) | 15 (11.5%) | 8 (6.3%) | 14 (11.0%) |
Abdominal pain | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (3.1%) | 3 (2.4%) | 5 (3.9%) |
Abdominal pain upper | 0 | 3 (2.3%) | 2 (1.6%) | 3 (2.4%) |
Constipation | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) |
Diarrhea | 2 (1.5%) | 2 (1.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) |
Dry mouth | 4 (3.1%) | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0 |
Dyspepsia | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (3.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) |
Flatulence | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
Salivary hypersecretion | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
General disorders and administration | 7 (5.3%) | 6 (4.6%) | 6 (4.7%) | 6 (4.7%) |
Feeling jittery | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nervous system disorders | 33 (25.2%) | 9 (6.9%) | 24 (18.9%) | 13 (10.2%) |
Dizziness | 6 (4.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | 5 (3.9%) | 3 (2.4%) |
Headache | 8 (6.1%) | 9 (6.9%) | 8 (6.3%) | 12 (9.4%) |
Loss of consciousness | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
Poor quality sleep | 0 | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 |
Somnolence | 19 (14.5%) | 0 | 15 (11.8%) | 0 |
Syncope | 1 (0.8%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
Fatigue | 6 (4.6%) | 3 (2.3%) | 5 (3.9%) | 3 (2.4%) |
Discussion
The randomized trial described herein has previously shown the superiority of Diclegis® over placebo in treating the symptoms of NVP in American women managed in 3 academic centers [12].
In Canada, the doxylamine succinate-pyridoxine hydrochloride combination (Diclectin®) has been available since 1979 [17], with a large number of studies corroborating the initial FDA evaluation of its efficacy and safety [18-20]. The present study had a placebo arm, as symptoms of NVP tend to subside spontaneously in most women by the end of the first trimester [1]. In addition, when considering maternal safety associated with the first trimester of pregnancy, symptoms such as fatigue, tendency to sleep and dehydration, may be erroneously attributed to the drug, rather than to both pregnancy and NVP.
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The use of Diclegis® was not associated with an increased risk of any adverse effects when compared to placebo, lending important reassurance to its use by large numbers of pregnant women.
It may be puzzling, however, how symptoms of CNS depression, so typical of the sedating antihistamines, were more prevalent in the active arm of the study. The answer may lie in the demographics of the study population as presented in Table 1.
The mean weight of the women in the study was 75 kg (165 lb), rendering 24% of them overweight and 42% obese. When the original Bendectin® studies were conducted the mean weight of participating women was 20 kg lower on average. As a result we might hypothesize that the relatively lower weight-adjusted dose given to our mostly overweight and obese study participants could have mitigated adverse drug effects.
A previous study determined the incidence of adverse maternal effects among 225 women taking Diclectin® at the recommended (n = 123) or higher than recommended (n = 102) doses [21]. One-third (33.6%) of those women reported having adverse CNS effects (sleepiness, tiredness, and/or drowsiness) temporally related to the medication, a rate very similar to the present study (28.3%). In that study there was no association between the dose per kg and rates of reported maternal adverse effects with doses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 2.0 mg/kg (1–12 tablets). In addition, the higher than standard dose of Diclectin®, when calculated per kg of body weight, did not affect either the incidence or severity of maternal adverse effects. Similarly, no excess was recorded for other typical adverse effects of antihistamine, such as those involved in low gastrointestinal motility or anticholinergic effects (e.g. dry mouth, dysrhythmia).
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In a recent population- based Canadian study, pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy, when NVP and the use of Diclegis® is at its peak, did not have a higher risk of car crushes, whereas there was a 46% increased risk in the second trimester, when most morning sickness has subsided and the drug is not used [21]. This may serve as a population-based corroboration of the present results, showing that Diclegis® is not associated with measurable CNS depression.
Conclusions
Based on this secondary analysis of results from a double blind placebo controlled trial, the pyridoxine-doxylamine combination appears to be safe to the pregnant woman suffering from NVP.
CTR No. NCT006 14445, 2007.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to all nurses and clinical staff involved in this study.
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The study was supported by Duchesnay Inc., Blainville, Quebec, Canada and executed by Premier Research Group, Philadelphia, PA.
The opinions expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policy or opinion of NICHD, NIH or HHS.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
GK has served as a paid consultant of Duchesnay Inc. The study was sponsored by Duchesnay Inc., Blainville, Quebec.
Authors’ contributions
GK: designed the study, analyzed and wrote the first draft. SC, GDV, SNC, JGU, MM: recruited and managed patients and participated in interpretation and writing. DRM: participated in interpretation and writing. IM: Analyzed the data, participated in interpretation and writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.