Background
Methods
Participants and study design
WHOQOL-BREF
Statistical analyses
Results
Participant characteristics
Characteristics | Category | Language | P-valuea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English (n = 428) | Chinese (n = 427) | Malay (n = 348) | |||
Age, mean (SD) | – | 48.0 (16.5) | 52.8 (15.6) | 50.7 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | Female | 165 (38.6) | 184 (43.1) | 151 (43.4) | 0.288 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Chinese | 172 (40.2) | 427 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Malay | 114 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) | 345 (99.1) | ||
Indian | 142 (33.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.9) | ||
Education, n (%) | Primary or below | 39 (9.1) | 127 (29.7) | 90 (25.9) | N/A |
Secondary | 219 (51.2) | 178 (41.7) | 222 (63.8) | ||
Post-secondary | 170 (39.7) | 122 (28.6) | 36 (10.3) | ||
Marital status, n (%) | Never married | 96 (22.4) | 63 (14.8) | 42 (12.1) | 0.002 |
Married | 302 (70.6) | 327 (76.6) | 265 (76.2) | ||
Divorced/separated | 14 (3.3) | 19 (4.5) | 18 (5.2) | ||
Widowed | 16 (3.7) | 18 (4.2) | 23 (6.6) | ||
Smoking, n (%) | Non-smoker | 293 (68.5) | 316 (74.0) | 214 (61.5) | 0.007 |
Ex-smoker | 58 (13.6) | 49 (11.5) | 61 (17.5) | ||
Current smoker | 77 (18.0) | 62 (14.5) | 73 (21.0) | ||
Chronic disease, n (%) | Yes | 211 (49.3) | 236 (55.3) | 189 (54.3) | 0.177 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | – | 25.4 (4.9) | 24.3 (4.1) | 27.1 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
Influence of language version on WHOQOL-BREF domain scores
Scale | English (n = 428) | Chinese (n = 427) | Malay (n = 348) | Equivalence Margina | English vs Chinese Differenceb (90% CI) | English vs Malay Differenceb (90% CI) | Chinese vs Malay Differenceb (90% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
Physical | 74.6 (15.8) | 71.7 (15.7) | 72.3 (18.9) | ±5 | −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.3)† | −0.4 (− 2.2 to 1.3)† | − 1.0 (− 2.7 to 0.8)† |
Psychological | 72.3 (14.3) | 67.2 (16.0) | 70.6 (14.0) | ±5 | −4.1 (−5.7 to − 2.5)‡ | − 0.5 (− 2.2 to 1.3)† | −3.6 (− 5.4 to − 1.9)‡ |
Social | 73.5 (16.2) | 68.9 (13.4) | 74.1 (14.8) | ±5 | −3.8 (− 5.5 to − 2.2)‡ | 1.4 (− 0.4 to 3.2)† | −5.2 (− 7.0 to − 3.5)‡ |
Environmental | 71.8 (14.3) | 68.2 (14.6) | 68.7 (12.8) | ±5 | − 2.7 (− 4.2 to − 1.1)† | −1.2 (− 2.9 to 0.4)† | −1.4 (− 3.1 to 0.2)† |
Ethnic Chinesec | Ethnic Malayd | ||
---|---|---|---|
Scale | Equivalence Margina | English vs Chinese Differenceb (90% CI) | English vs Malay Differenceb (90% CI) |
Physical | ±5 | −0.73 (−2.94 to 1.48)† | − 0.39 (− 3.12 to 2.33)† |
Psychological | ±5 | −2.37 (− 4.73 to − 0.02)† | − 2.59 (− 4.98 to − 0.20)† |
Social | ±5 | −1.76 (− 3.86 to 0.35)† | − 1.99 (− 4.58 to 0.59)† |
Environmental | ±5 | −1.32 (− 3.53 to 0.89)† | − 2.90 (− 5.17 to − 0.63)‡ |