Introduction
Methods
Study population and setting
Echocardiography
Shortness of breath
Co-variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
---|---|
Age (years) | 72.6 (8.7) |
Women | 1591 (61.4%) |
Height (cm) | 167 (9) |
Weight (kg) | 75.0 (13.4) |
Body surface area (m2) | 1.83 (0.19) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.9 (4.0) |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 147 (22) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 (11) |
Resting heart rate (bpm) | 68 (11) |
History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 267 (10.3%) |
History of atrial fibrillation | 163 (6.9%) |
Shortness of breatha
| |
Validity class I | 1711 (73.2%) |
Validity class II | 220 (9.4%) |
Validity class III | 271 (11.6%) |
Validity class VI | 135 (5.8%) |
Smoking | |
Never | 944 (36.4%) |
Former | 1377 (53.2%) |
Current | 269 (10.4%) |
History of diabetes mellitus | 243 (9.6%) |
Blood pressure-lowering drugs | 1131 (55.9%) |
Diuretics | 465 (23.0%) |
β-blockers | 639 (31.6%) |
Calcium channel blockers | 232 (11.5%) |
RAAS inhibitors | 640 (31.7%) |
Other | 15 (0.7%) |
Cholesterol-lowering drugs | 617 (30.5%) |
Echocardiography | |
Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (mmHg) | 25.4 (6.7) |
Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure > 40 mmHg | 73 (2.8%) |
Left ventricular mass (gram) | 130 (38) |
Left ventricular volume (mL) | 126 (31) |
Interventricular septum thickness (mm) | 8 (2) |
Left ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm) | 7 (1) |
Diameter of left atrium (mm) | 42 (6) |
Left ventricular fractional shortening (%) | 42 (6) |
Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (mm) | 51 (5) |
Diameter of the aortic root (mm) | 34 (4) |
E/A ratio | 0.93 (0.35) |
≤ 0.75 | 741 (29.9%) |
> 0.75 and < 1.50 | 1636 (66.1%) |
≥ 1.50 | 98 (4.0%) |
E/E′ ratio | 11.0 (4.8) |
≤ 8 | 620 (23.1%) |
> 8 and < 15 | 1714 (63.8%) |
≥ 15 | 352 (13.1%) |
E′ (m/s) | 0.07 (0.02) |
Mitral valve inflow deceleration-time (ms) | 204 (42) |
Full study population, n = 2592 | Restricted to free of shortness of breath, n = 1711 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Difference (95% CI) in ePASP |
P value | Difference (95% CI) in ePASP |
P value | |
Left ventricular mass (per 10 grams) | 0.23 (0.15 to 0.30) | < 0.001 | 0.19 (0.10 to 0.29) | < 0.001 |
Left ventricular volume (per 10 mL) | 0.26 (0.27 to 0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.22 (0.11 to 0.34) | < 0.001 |
Left ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm) | 0.28 (0.05 to 0.51) | 0.016 | 0.28 (0.00 to 0.55) | 0.048 |
Interventricular septum thickness (per 1 mm) | 0.15 (− 0.02 to 0.32) | 0.078 | 0.12 (− 0.09 to 0.32) | 0.264 |
Diameter of left atrium (per 1 mm) | 0.27 (0.22 to 0.31) | < 0.001 | 0.25 (0.19 to 0.30) | < 0.001 |
Left ventricular fractional shortening (per 1%) | − 0.07 (− 0.12 to − 0.03) | 0.002 | − 0.05 (− 0.11 to 0.01) | 0.102 |
Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (per 1 mm) | 0.14 (0.09 to 0.20) | < 0.001 | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.19) | < 0.001 |
Diameter of the aortic root (per 1 mm) | − 0.12 (− 0.20 to − 0.05) | 0.001 | − 0.15 (− 0.24 to − 0.07) | 0.001 |
Mitral valve inflow deceleration-time (per 10 ms) | − 0.22 (− 0.28 to − 0.15) | < 0.001 | − 0.20 (− 0.27 to − 0.13) | < 0.001 |
E/A ratio | 3.94 (3.23 to 4.65) | < 0.001 | 3.60 (2.67 to 4.53) | < 0.001 |
≤ 0.75 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) | ||
> 0.75 and < 1.50 | 1.55 (0.98 to 2.12) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (0.79 to 2.15) | < 0.001 |
≥ 1.50 | 6.24 (4.94 to 7.54) | < 0.001 | 5.69 (4.05 to 7.32) | < 0.001 |
E/E′ ratio | 0.27 (0.22 to 0.32) | < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.19 to 0.35) | < 0.001 |
≤ 8 | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) | ||
> 8 and < 15 | 1.08 (0.46 to 1.70) | 0.001 | 1.09 (0.36 to 1.83) | 0.003 |
≥ 15 | 3.36 (2.44 to 4.28) | < 0.001 | 3.36 (2.24 to 4.48) | < 0.001 |
E′ (per 0.1 m/s) | 2.51 (1.12 to 3.89) | < 0.001 | 2.77 (1.11 to 4.42) | 0.001 |
Full study population, n = 2400 | Restricted to free of shortness of breath, n = 1604 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Difference (95% CI) in ePASP |
P value | Difference (95% CI) in ePASP |
P value | |
Left ventricular mass (per 10 grams) | 0.08 (− 0.02 to 0.17) | 0.117 | 0.06 (− 0.06 to 0.18) | 0.202 |
Diameter of left atrium (per 1 mm) | 0.13 (0.08 to 0.18) | < 0.001 | 0.14 (0.09 to 0.20) | < 0.001 |
Left ventricular fractional shortening (per 1%) | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.13) | 0.002 | 0.06 (− 0.00 to 0.12) | 0.067 |
Left ventricular volume (per 10 mL) | 0.19 (0.08 to 0.31) | 0.001 | 0.21 (0.07 to 0.36) | 0.004 |
Diameter of the aortic root (per 1 mm) | − 0.11 (− 0.18 to − 0.04) | 0.003 | − 0.14 (− 0.23 to − 0.06) | 0.001 |
Mitral valve inflow deceleration-time (per 10 ms) | − 0.07 (− 0.14 to − 0.01) | 0.021 | − 0.06 (− 0.13 to 0.02) | 0.124 |
E/A ratio | 1.88 (1.05 to 2.71) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (0.29 to 2.49) | 0.013 |
≤ 0.75 | 0.00 (reference) | NA | 0.00 (reference) | NA |
> 0.75 and < 1.50 | 0.40 (− 0.21 to 1.01) | 0.197 | 0.36 (− 0.37 to 1.10) | 0.329 |
≥ 1.50 | 2.90 (1.50 to 4.31) | < 0.001 | 2.48 (0.71 to 4.25) | 0.006 |
E/E′ ratio | 0.28 (0.20 to 0.36) | < 0.001 | 0.36 (0.24 to 0.48) | < 0.001 |
≤ 8 | 0.00 (reference) | NA | 0.00 (reference) | NA |
> 8 and < 15 | 1.05 (0.38 to 1.72) | 0.002 | 1.52 (0.71 to 2.34) | < 0.001 |
≥ 15 | 2.84 (1.69 to 3.98) | < 0.001 | 3.82 (2.41 to 5.24) | < 0.001 |
E′ (per 0.1 m/sec) | 5.23 (3.32 to 7.14) | < 0.001 | 6.47 (4.00 to 8.94) | < 0.001 |