Introduction
Cytotoxicity activity
Compound | Species | Human cell line tested | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Aqueous extract |
Holothuria arenicola
| CT26 | [25] |
Arguside A |
Bohadschia argus
| HCT-116 | [26] |
Arguside B, C, D, E | A549, HCT-116, HepG2, MCF-7 | ||
Bivittoside |
Holothuria polii
| HCT116, MCF7 | [29] |
Colochiroside A |
Colochirus anceps
| p388, HL60, A-549, SpC-A4, MKN28 | [30] |
Crude saponin |
Holothuria leucospilota
| B16F10 | [31] |
Cucumarioside A2–2 |
Cucumaria japonica
| Ehrlich ascite carcinoma, HL-60 | |
Ds-echinoside A |
Peasonothuria graeffei
| Hep G2 | |
Echinoside A |
Holothuria nobilis
| 26 human cell line | [35] |
Echinoside A |
Peasonothuria graeffei
| Hep G2 | [34] |
Frondanol A5 |
Cucumaria frondosa
| HCT116, AsPC-1, S2013 | |
Frondoside A and B | MDA-MB-23, A549,MDA-MB-435, MCF-7, HepG2, HL-60, AsPC-1, AsPC-1, S2013, AsPC-1 | ||
Frondoside A |
Cucumaria okhotensis
| THP-1, HeLa, RT112, RT4, HT-1197 | |
Griseaside A |
Holothuria grisea
| HL-60, BEL-7402, Molt-4, A549 | [44] |
Hillasides A and B |
Holothuria hilla Lesson | A549, MCF7, IA9, CAKI-1, PC-3, KB | [45] |
Holothurin A3 and A4 |
Holothuria scabra
| KB, Hep-G2 | [23] |
Okhotoside B1,B2,B3 |
Cucumaria okhotensis
| HeLa cervical cancer | [42] |
Organic/water extract |
Stichopus chloronotus
| C33A, A549 | [46] |
Pentactasides I,II, III, Philinopsides A and B |
Pentacta quadrangularis
| P-388, A-549, MCF-7, MKN-28, HCT-116, U87MG | [47] |
Philinopsides E | P388, HL60, A549, SPC-A4, MKN28 | [24] | |
Sphingoid bases |
Stichopus variegates
| Caco-2, DLD-1, WiDr | [21] |
Sphingoid bases | Sea cucumber | HepG2 | [48] |
Stichoposide D |
Thelenota anax
| HL-60, K562 | [49] |
Violaceusides A and B |
Pseudocolochirus violaceus
| HL-60, BEL-7402 | [50] |
Stichorrenoside C and B |
Stichopus horrens
| Hep-G2, KB, LNCaP, MCF7, SK-Mel2 | [51] |
Induction of apoptosis
Compound | Cell effect | Source | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
24-dehydroechino-side A (DHEA) | Inhibit HepG2 cell migration and invasion, decrease MMP-9, increase TIMP-1, VEGF, & NF-κB (by HA1) |
Pearsonothuria graeffei
| [60] |
Aqueous extract | Attenuate tumor size, induce intrinsic apoptosis |
Holothuria arenicola
| [25] |
Colochiroside A | Exhibit antitumor activity |
Colochirus anceps
| [30] |
Crude saponin | Induce apoptosis: upregulation of caspase-3 & 9 |
Holothuria leucospilota
| [31] |
Cucumarioside A2–2 | Inhibit growth of tumor cells multidrug resistance, induce apoptosis in a caspase-dependent way |
Cucumaria japonica
| |
Ds-echinoside A | Suppress migration, MMP-9, and VEGF; cell cycle arrest (increase p16, p21, and c-myc; decreased cyclin D1), induce apoptosis by decreased Bcl-2, NF-κB, and increase TIMP-1 & caspase-3 |
Peasonothuria graeffei
| |
Echinoside A | Induce apoptosis (decrease Bcl-2, and enhance caspase-3), cell cycle arrest (increase p16, p21, and c-myc, decrease cyclin D1) |
Holothuria nobilis Peasonothuria graeffei
| |
Frondanol A5 | Increase p21, GiLT expression, macrophage phagocytosis & apoptosis |
Cucumaria frondosa
| |
Polar extract of frondanol A5 | Decrease expression of cyclin A, cyclin B, and cdc25c, and increased expression of p21 |
Cucumaria frondosa
| [36] |
Frondoside A | Anti-metastatic (by antagonize EP4, TPA-induced MMP-9 activation via NF-κB and AP-1 signaling), inhibit tumor cells multidrug resistance, induce apoptosis (via caspase-3, −8, and −9, PARP, Bax, p21, p53), inhibit pro-survival autophagy |
Cucumaria frondosa
| |
Glycosides 1 & 2 | Activate NF-kappaB and degrade Ikappa B alpha in A549 tumor cell line (cytotoxic activity) |
Psolus patagonicus
| [65] |
Intercedensides A, B, and C | Exhibit anti-neoplastic activity |
Mensamaria intercedens
| [66] |
Methanolic extracts | Increase ROS formation, and cytochrome c release |
Holothuria parva
| [59] |
Philinopside A | Inhibit proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, RTKs in several cell lines |
Pentacta quadrangularius | [56] |
Philinopside E | Induce cell apoptosis, inhibit tumor growth, anti-angiogenic via inhibition of KDR-αvβ3 integrin |
Pentacta quadrangularius | |
Sea cucumber fraction | Exhibit radical scavenging property, inhibit angiogenesis, and vascularization |
Sea cucumber
| |
Sphingoid bases | Induce apoptosis through caspase-3 activity, upregulation of DR5, Bax, GADD45, and PPARγ, and downregulation of p-AKT |
Stichopus variegates
| |
Stichoposide C | Induce apoptosis of leukemia and colorectal cancer cells |
Thelenota anax
| [58] |
Stichoposide D | Induce cell apoptosis |
Thelenota anax
| [49] |