Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Study data and variables
Measurement of major indices
Visiting rate to medical institution
Antihypertensive prescription rate
Medication possession ratio (MPR)
Rate of appropriate medication adherence
Data analysis
Results
Visiting rate to medical institution and its related factors
Variables | Medical institution | Total |
P-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonvisiting (%) | Visiting (%) | |||||
Total | 38,024 (57.7) | 27,895 (42.3) | 65,919 | (100) | ||
Gender | Male | 31,068 (62.1) | 18,927 (37.9) | 49,995 | (75.8) | <0.001 |
Female | 6,956 (43.7) | 8,968 (56.3) | 15,924 | (24.2) | ||
Age group | 30–39 years | 10,785 (79.1) | 2,855 (20.9) | 13,640 | (20.7) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 12,898 (61.2) | 8,187 (38.8) | 21,085 | (31.9) | ||
50–59 years | 9,817 (49.9) | 9,877 (50.1) | 19,694 | (29.9) | ||
60–69 years | 3,432 (40.4) | 5,055 (59.6) | 8,487 | (12.9) | ||
≥70 year | 1,092 (36.2) | 1,921 (63.8) | 3,013 | (4.6) | ||
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 26,112 (64.5) | 14,400 (35.5) | 40,512 | (81.7) | <0.001 |
Present | 4,990 (55.1) | 4,059 (44.9) | 9,049 | (18.3) | ||
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 14,389 (51.6) | 13,517 (48.4) | 27,906 | (42.4) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 8,325 (56.8) | 6,335 (43.2) | 14,660 | (22.2) | ||
Smoker | 15,295 (65.6) | 8,032 (34.4) | 23,327 | (35.4) | ||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 10,867 (49.1) | 11,250 (50.9) | 22,117 | (34.4) | <0.001 |
1–2 times | 17,585 (64.3) | 9,775 (35.7) | 27,360 | (42.5) | ||
More than 3 times | 8,845 (59.3) | 6,074 (40.7) | 14,919 | (23.1) | ||
Insurance type | Regional | 4,495 (38.6) | 7,159 (61.4) | 11,654 | (17.7) | <0.001 |
Employment-based | 33,411 (61.9) | 20,547 (38.1) | 53,958 | (81.8) | ||
Medical aid | 118 (38.4) | 189 (61.6) | 307 | (0.5) | ||
BMI level | Normal | 8,595 (56.6) | 6,585 (43.4) | 15,180 | (23.0) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 9,027 (56.1) | 7,061 (43.9) | 16,088 | (24.4) | ||
Obese | 16,373 (57.9) | 11,903 (42.1) | 28,276 | (42.9) | ||
Extremely obese | 4,026 (63.2) | 2,345 (36.8) | 6,371 | (9.7) | ||
Hypertension level | Hypertension stage 1 | 19,749 (62.9) | 11,664 (37.1) | 31,413 | (47.7) | <0.001 |
Hypertension stage 2 | 18,272 (53.0) | 16,230 (47.0) | 34,502 | (52.3) | ||
Blood glucose level | Normal | 35,742 (58.3) | 25,570 (41.7) | 61,312 | (93.0) | <0.001 |
Mild | 1,109 (53.9) | 949 (46.1) | 2,058 | (3.1) | ||
Moderate | 903 (48.4) | 964 (51.6) | 1,867 | (2.9) | ||
Severe | 265 (39.1) | 412 (60.9) | 677 | (1.0) | ||
Blood LDL level | Normal | 23,781 (59.8) | 16,000 (40.2) | 39,781 | (61.5) | <0.001 |
Mild | 9,127 (55.9) | 7,214 (44.1) | 16,341 | (25.3) | ||
Severe | 4,348 (50.9) | 4,188 (49.1) | 8,536 | (13.2) |
Visit to medical institution | |||
---|---|---|---|
ORa
| 95% CIb
| ||
Gender | Male | 1 | |
Female | 1.57 | 1.48–1.67 | |
Age group | 30–39 years | 1 | |
40–49 years | 2.05 | 1.93–2.18 | |
50–59 years | 3.28 | 3.07–3.49 | |
60–69 years | 4.81 | 4.43–5.22 | |
≥70 year | 6.37 | 5.63–7.22 | |
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 1 | |
Present | 1.58 | 1.50–1.66 | |
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 1.10 | 1.03–1.16 |
Ex-smoker | 1.26 | 1.19–1.33 | |
Smoker | 1 | ||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 0.98 | 0.92–1.04 |
1–2 times | 0.89 | 0.85–0.94 | |
More than 3 times | 1 | ||
Insurance type | Regional | 1.85 | 1.75–1.96 |
Employment-based | 1 | ||
Medical aid | 2.11 | 1.51–2.96 | |
BMI level | Normal | 1 | |
Overweight | 1.14 | 1.07–1.20 | |
Obese | 1.17 | 1.11–1.23 | |
Extremely obese | 1.19 | 1.10–1.29 | |
Hypertension level | Hypertension stage 1 | 1 | |
Hypertension stage 2 | 1.86 | 1.78–1.94 | |
Blood glucose level | Normal | 1 | |
Mild | 1.11 | 0.99–1.25 | |
Moderate | 1.47 | 1.30–1.66 | |
Severe | 2.19 | 1.78–2.70 | |
Blood LDL level | Normal | 1. | |
Mild | 1.08 | 1.03–1.13 | |
Severe | 1.17 | 1.10–1.24 |
Antihypertensive prescription rate and its related factors
Variables | Antihypertensive prescription | Total |
P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not receiving (%) | Receiving (%) | ||||
Total | 3,033 (10.9) | 24,861 (89.1) | 27,894 (100) | ||
Gender | Male | 1,994 (10.5) | 16,933 (89.5) | 18,927 (67.9) | 0.009 |
Female | 1,039 (11.6) | 7,928 (88.4) | 8,967 (32.1) | ||
Age group | 30–39 years | 415 (14.5) | 2,440 (85.5) | 2,855 (10.2) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 781 (9.5) | 7,406 (90.5) | 8,187 (29.4) | ||
50–59 years | 1,000 (10.1) | 8,877 (89.9) | 9,877 (35.4) | ||
60–69 years | 594 (11.8) | 4,461 (88.2) | 5,055 (18.1) | ||
≥70 year | 243 (12.7) | 1,677 (87.3) | 1,920 (6.9) | ||
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 1,615 (11.2) | 12,784 (88.8) | 14,399 (78.0) | 0.057 |
Present | 412 (10.2) | 3,647 (89.8) | 4,059 (22.0) | ||
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 1,568 (11.6) | 11,984 (88.4) | 13,516 (48.5) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 699 (11.0) | 5,636 (89.0) | 6,335 (22.7) | ||
Smoker | 765 (9.5) | 7,267 (90.5) | 8,032 (28.8) | ||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 1,314 (11.7) | 9,935 (88.3) | 11,249 (41.5) | <0.001 |
1–2 times | 1,084 (11.1) | 8,691 (88.9) | 9,775 (36.1) | ||
More than 3 times | 569 (9.4) | 5,505 (90.6) | 6,074 (22.4) | ||
Insurance type | Regional | 757 (10.6) | 6,402 (89.4) | 7,159 (25.7) | 0.435 |
Employment-based | 2,259 (11.0) | 18,287 (89.0) | 20,546 (73.6) | ||
Medical aid | 17 (9.0) | 172 (91.0) | 189 (0.7) | ||
BMI level | Normal | 789 (12.0) | 5,796 (88.0) | 6,585 (23.6) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 811 (11.5) | 6,250 (88.5) | 7,061 (25.3) | ||
Obese | 1,228 (10.3) | 10,608 (89.7) | 11,902 (42.7) | ||
Extremely obese | 205 (8.7) | 2,090 (91.3) | 2,354 (8.4) | ||
Hypertension level | Hypertension stage 1 | 1,620 (13.9) | 10,043 (86.1) | 11,663 (41.8) | <0.001 |
Hypertension stage 2 | 1,413 (8.7) | 14,817 (91.3) | 16,230 (58.2) | ||
Blood glucose level | Normal | 2,820 (11.0) | 22,749 (89.0) | 25,569 (91.7) | 0.007 |
Mild | 97 (10.2) | 852 (89.8) | 949 (3.3) | ||
Moderate | 90 (9.3) | 874 (90.7) | 964 (3.5) | ||
Severe | 26 (6.3) | 386 (93.7) | 412 (1.5) | ||
Blood LDL level | Normal | 1,603 (10.0) | 14,397 (90.0) | 16,000 (58.4) | <0.001 |
Mild | 820 (11.4) | 6,394 (88.6) | 7,214 (26.3) | ||
Severe | 580 (13.8) | 3,607 (86.2) | 4,187 (15.3) |
Antihypertensive prescription | |||
---|---|---|---|
ORa
| 95% CIb
| ||
Gender | Male | 1 | |
Female | 1.03 | 0.89–1.18 | |
Age group | 30–39 years | 1 | |
40–49 years | 1.83 | 1.56–2.13 | |
50–59 years | 1.92 | 1.64–2.25 | |
60–69 years | 1.82 | 1.52–2.19 | |
≥70 year | 1.50 | 1.18–1.90 | |
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 1 | |
Present | 1.15 | 1.02–1.30 | |
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 0.78 | 0.68–0.90 |
Ex-smoker | 0.86 | 0.75–0.99 | |
Smoker | 1 | ||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 0.94 | 0.81–1.09 |
1–2 times | 0.87 | 0.76–1.00 | |
More than 3 times | 1 | ||
Insurance type | Regional | 0.93 | 0.82–1.04 |
Employment-based | 1 | ||
Medical aid | 1.16 | 0.58–2.31 | |
BMI level | Normal | 1 | |
Overweight | 1.12 | 0.98–1.28 | |
Obese | 1.32 | 1.17–1.49 | |
Extremely obese | 1.69 | 1.37–2.07 | |
Hypertension level | Hypertension stage 1 | 1 | |
Hypertension stage 2 | 1.72 | 1.56–1.89 | |
Blood glucose level | Normal | 1 | |
Mild | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 | |
Moderate | 0.99 | 0.75–1.31 | |
Severe | 1.86 | 1.08–3.22 | |
Blood LDL level | Normal | 1 | |
Mild | 0.82 | 0.73–0.91 | |
Severe | 0.66 | 0.58–0.76 |
MPR, rate of AMA, and its related factors
Variables | Medication possession ratio | Appropriate medication adherence | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) |
P-value | MPR < 80% | MPR ≥ 80% | Total |
P-value | ||
Total | 70.9 (36.4) | 9,640 (39.4) | 14,809 (60.6) | 24,449 (100) | |||
Gender | Male | 69.1 (37.1) | <0.001 | 6,919 (41.6) | 9,713 (58.4) | 16,632 (68.0) | <0.001 |
Female | 74.7 (34.5) | 2,721 (34.8) | 5,096 (65.2) | 7,817 (32.0) | |||
Age group | 30–39 years | 57.9 (39.3) | <0.001 | 1,306 (54.9) | 1,071 (45.1) | 2,377 (9.7) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 70.4 (36.2) | 2,939 (40.4) | 4,342 (59.6) | 7,281 (29.8) | |||
50–59 years | 73.2 (35.4) | 3,180 (36.3) | 5,577 (63.7) | 8,757 (35.8) | |||
60–69 years | 74.2 (35.1) | 1,555 (35.5) | 2,832 (64.5) | 4,387 (17.9) | |||
≥70 year | 69.8 (37.5) | 660 (40.1) | 987 (59.9) | 1,647 (6.7) | |||
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 71.7 (35.9) | <0.001 | 4,870 (38.7) | 7,716 (61.3) | 12,586 (77.8) | <0.001 |
Present | 74.2 (34.8) | 1,259 (35.0) | 2,336 (65.0) | 3,595 (22.2) | |||
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 72.6 (35.6) | <0.001 | 4,415 (37.5) | 7,358 (62.5) | 11,773 (48.2) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 73.2 (35.6) | 2,003 (36.2) | 3,534 (63.8) | 5,537 (22.7) | |||
Smoker | 66.2 (37.9) | 3,220 (45.2) | 3,909 (54.8) | 7,129 (29.2) | |||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 73.1 (35.4) | <.0001 | 3,578 (36.6) | 6,209 (63.4) | 9,787 (41.2) | <0.001 |
1–2 times | 69.6 (36.9) | 3,495 (40.9) | 5,042 (59.1) | 8,537 (36.0) | |||
More than 3 times | 69.3 (36.9) | 2,248 (41.6) | 3,163 (58.4) | 5,411 (22.8) | |||
Insurance type | Regional | 70.5 (36.4) | 0.340 | 2,512 (39.9) | 3,791 (60.1) | 6,303 (25.8) | 0.504 |
Employment-based | 71.0 (36.4) | 7,055 (39.3) | 10,919 (60.7) | 17,974 (73.5) | |||
Medical aid | 70.3 (34.7) | 73 (42.4) | 99 (57.6) | 172 (0.7) | |||
BMI level | Normal | 69.7 (36.9) | <0.001 | 2,341 (41.0) | 3,367 (59.0) | 5,708 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Overweight | 71.9 (36.1) | 2,341 (38.0) | 3,811 (62.0) | 6,152 (25.2) | |||
Obese | 71.8 (35.9) | 4,036 (38.5) | 6,461 (61.5) | 10,497 (42.9) | |||
Extremely obese | 66.4 (37.8) | 922 (44.1) | 1,169 (55.9) | 2,091 (8.6) | |||
Hypertension level | Hypertension stage 1 | 69.3 (37.1) | <0.001 | 4,052 (41.1) | 5,809 (58.9) | 9,861 (40.3) | <0.001 |
Hypertension stage 2 | 71.9 (35.8) | 5,587 (38.3) | 9,000 (61.7) | 14,587 (59.7) | |||
Blood glucose level | Normal | 70.9 (36.4) | 0.228 | 8,814 (39.4) | 13,554 (60.6) | 22,368 (91.5) | 0.670 |
Mild | 69.9 (37.2) | 331 (39.3) | 511 (60.7) | 842 (3.4) | |||
Moderate | 69.6 (36.5) | 351 (41.0) | 504 (59.0) | 855 (3.5) | |||
Severe | 73.9 (33.9) | 144 (37.5) | 240 (62.5) | 384 (1.6) | |||
Blood LDL level | Normal | 70.6 (36.6) | 0.355 | 5,590 (39.5) | 8,547 (60.5) | 14,137 (58.9) | 0.716 |
Mild | 71.3 (36.2) | 2,474 (39.3) | 3,828 (60.7) | 6,302 (26.3) | |||
Severe | 71.4 (35.9) | 1,381 (38.8) | 2,177 (61.2) | 3,558 (14.8) | |||
Time of the first visit to a medical institution (days) | Within 90 | 69.7 (37.0) | 0.301 | 7,624 (40.7) | 11,108 (59.3) | 18,732 (76.6) | <0.001 |
91–180 | 75.1 (33.7) | 779 (34.6) | 1,474 (65.4) | 2,253 (9.2) | |||
After 181 | 74.5 (34.2) | 1,237 (35.7) | 2,227 (64.3) | 3,464 (14.2) |
Appropriate medication adherence | |||
---|---|---|---|
ORa
| 95% CIb
| ||
Gender | Male | 1 | |
Female | 1.22 | 1.10–1.34 | |
Age group | 30–39 years | 1 | |
40–49 years | 1.72 | 1.53–1.92 | |
50–59 years | 2.17 | 1.93–2.43 | |
60–69 years | 2.28 | 1.99–2.62 | |
≥70 year | 2.00 | 1.66–2.41 | |
Family history of hypertension | Not present | 1 | |
Present | 1.26 | 1.16–1.37 | |
Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 1.07 | 0.97–1.18 |
Ex-smoker | 1.30 | 1.19–1.43 | |
Smoker | 1 | ||
Drinking frequency (per week) | Nondrinking | 1.11 | 1.00–1.23 |
1–2 times | 1.05 | 0.96–1.14 | |
More than 3 times | 1 | ||
Insurance type | Regional | 0.93 | 0.86–1.01 |
Employment-based | 1 | ||
Medical aid | 0.78 | 0.50–1.19 | |
BMI level | Normal | 1 | |
Overweight | 1.12 | 1.01–1.23 | |
Obese | 1.14 | 1.04–1.25 | |
Extremely obese | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 | |
Blood pressure level | Hypertension stage 1 | 1 | |
Hypertension stage 2 | 1.24 | 1.16–1.33 | |
Blood glucose level | Normal | 1 | |
Mild | 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 | |
Moderate | 0.94 | 0.78–1.14 | |
Severe | 1.24 | 0.93–1.66 | |
Blood LDL level | Normal | 1 | |
Mild | 0.91 | 0.84–0.98 | |
Severe | 0.96 | 0.87–1.06 | |
Time of the first visit to a medical institution (days) | Within 90 | 1 | |
91–180 | 1.29 | 1.15–1.44 | |
After 181 | 1.32 | 1.20–1.44 |