Background
Methods
Study area
Markets
Vendor | Definition |
---|---|
Rural harvesters | Individuals who come from the rural areas surrounding the main cities of Loja province, bringing fresh medicinal plants produced and/or collected by them in nature and/or their homegardens. They always trade plant bunches in large quantities to formal vendors or small quantities to customers. They operate at open markets and/or established markets. |
Small retailers | Individuals who come from rural areas surrounding the main cities of Loja province, bringing fresh medicinal plants harvested from nature or gathered from their homegardens. They occasionally go to the cities to trade plant bunches to the customers and/or to formal vendors in small quantities at open markets. |
Formal vendors | Individuals who legally hold an operating license from the province government to rent a stall in the established market for trading legumes, fruits, vegetables and bunches of dry or fresh medicinal plants. |
Informal vendors | Individuals who come from rural or metropolitan areas of Loja province, and are market vendors on foot. They are public resellers of fresh specific medicinal plant bunches in small quantities at established and/or open markets. |
Structured ethnobotanical questionnaires
Voucher collection and nomenclature
Quantitative analysis
Medical category | Local illnesses and diseases recognized by market vendors |
---|---|
Circulatory system | Anemia, bad blood circulation, high cholesterol, and high or low blood pressure |
Culture-bound syndromes | |
Dermatological system | Acne, fungus infection, gangrene, rash, wounds, nosebleed, hair loss, and dandruff |
Digestive system | Diarrhea, constipation, sickness, hangover, flatulence, liver disorder (included inflammation), stomach infection and pain, and tooth pain |
General disorders | Inflammation, cancer, fever, headache, and sunstroke |
Genitourinary system | Kidney ailments (included inflammation and infection), and prostate and urinary tract disorders |
Gynecological system | Vaginal disorders, abdominal pain, menstrual cramps and related disorders, ovary inflammation, and promoting labor and childbirth recovery |
Hormonal system | Diabetes and galactogogue |
Musculoskeletal system | Bone fracture, bruise, rheumatism, sprain, and pains |
Nervous system | Nervousness |
Respiratory system | Cold, cough, flu, sore throat, and measles |
Sensorial system | Ear pain and eye infection |
Results and discussion
Medicinal plants sold at traditional markets
Geographic status of medicinal plant species sold at traditional markets
Vernacular names of medicinal plant species traded in Loja province
Medicinal plants: morphological structures and therapeutic administration
Factor of Informant Consensus (FIC)
No
| Medical categorya
| Number of medicinal plant species | Percentage of all medicinal plant species | Use citations bymarket vendor | Percentage of all use citations | FICb
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Digestive system | 37 | 21.89 | 437 | 12.31 | 0.92 |
2 | Dermatological system | 16 | 9.47 | 186 | 5.24 | 0.92 |
3 | Sensorial system | 4 | 2.37 | 39 | 1.10 | 0.92 |
4 | Culture-bound syndromes | 34 | 20.12 | 359 | 10.11 | 0.91 |
5 | Nervous system | 20 | 11.83 | 215 | 6.05 | 0.91 |
6 | Respiratory system | 29 | 17.16 | 321 | 9.04 | 0.91 |
7 | Genitourinary system | 29 | 17.16 | 313 | 8.81 | 0.91 |
8 | Circulatory system | 16 | 9.47 | 123 | 3.46 | 0.88 |
9 | General disorders | 46 | 27.22 | 352 | 9.91 | 0.87 |
10 | Gynecological system | 28 | 16.57 | 180 | 5.07 | 0.85 |
11 | Musculoskeletal system | 13 | 7.69 | 71 | 2.00 | 0.83 |
12 | Hormonal system | 7 | 4.14 | 33 | 0.93 | 0.81 |
Fidelity Level (FL)
No
| Medicinal plant species | Medical categorya
| Ip
| Iu
| FL value (%)b
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Matricaria recutita L. | Digestive system | 57 | 57 | 100 |
2 |
Gaiadendron punctatum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don | Respiratory system | 44 | 44 | 100 |
3 |
Ruta graveolens L. | Culture-bound syndromes | 41 | 46 | 89.1 |
4 |
Melissa officinalis L. | Nervous system | 58 | 85 | 68.2 |
5 |
Equisetum bogotense Kunth | General disorders | 78 | 116 | 67.2 |
6 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. | Circulatory system | 47 | 73 | 64.4 |
7 |
Viola tricolor L. | Dermatological system | 46 | 76 | 60.5 |
8 |
Borago officinalis L. | Respiratory system | 49 | 120 | 40.8 |
9 |
Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br. | Genitourinary system | 40 | 107 | 37.4 |
10 |
Sambucus nigra L. | Respiratory system | 65 | 186 | 34.9 |
11 |
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume | Gynecological system | 78 | 238 | 32.8 |
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding
Availability of data and materials
Family and scientific name | Vernacular name | Medica categorya
| Morphological structure used | Therapeutic administration | Geographic status | Voucher number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | ||||||
Dicliptera sp. | Chinche maní, chinche manilla | US | Whole plant | Oral | Native | FT1020 |
Justicia pectoralis Jacq. | Saucillo, tigresillo | CBS, DERS, GD, NS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT007 |
Amaranthaceae | ||||||
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume | Escancel | CBS, DS, DERS, GD, GS, NS, US | Plant without root | Oral, douching, topical application, poultice | Introduced | FTMAL008 |
Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze | Moradilla | GS, GD | Branch, flower | Oral, bath | Native | FT0010 |
Amaranthus caudatus L. | Ataco, sangorache | CS, GS, RS | Inflorescence | Oral, bath | Native | FT0278 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. | Ataco, sangorache | CS, GD, GS, RS, US | Inflorescence | Oral | Native | FTMAL006 |
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants | Paico | CBS, DS | Branch | Rubbing | Introduced | FT0282 |
Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
| Escancel | DERS, DS, GS, US, NS, RS | Branch | Topical application, oral, poultice, wash | Native | FT0280 |
Iresine herbstii Hook. | Escancel | CBS, DERS, DS, GD, GS NS, US, RS | Branch | Topical application, oral, poultice, wash | Native | FT0486 |
Anacardiaceae | ||||||
Schinus molle L. | Molle | MS | Branch | Cleaning wounds | Introduced | FT194SAR |
Apiaceae | ||||||
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson | Culantrillo, cominillo | DS | Branch | Oral | Introduced | FT1012 |
Eryngium sp. | Pomas | DERS, GD | Flower | Cleaning wounds, oral | Native | FT0283 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Hinojo | DS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT0025t |
Niphogeton dissecta (Benth.) J.F. Macbr. | Culantrillo | DS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT0024t |
Apocynaceae | ||||||
Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f | Condurango | GD, DS | Bark | Oral | Native | FT0196 |
Aquifoliaceae | ||||||
Ilex guayusa Loes. | Wayusa | MS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT0285 |
Asclepiadaceae | ||||||
Orthosia ellemanniae (Morillo) Liede & Meve | Cola de caballo | US, GD | Branch | Oral | Endemic | FT037t |
Asphodelaceae | ||||||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Sábila | DS, DERS, US | Leaf mesophyll | Oral, topical application, bath as gel | Introduced | FT0380 |
Asteraceae | ||||||
Achyrocline hallii Hieron. | Lechugilla | DS | Whole plant | Oral | Endemic | FT0320 |
Ambrosia arborescens Mill. | Marco, altamiso | CBS, DERS | Branch | Topical application, rubbing | Native | FT045MCAT |
Aequatorium jamesonii (S.F. Blake) C. Jeffrey | Guangalo | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Endemic | FT003ML |
Ageratum conyzoides L. | Pedorrera | DS | Branch | Oral | Introduced | FT0286 |
Ambrosia peruviana Willd. | Marco, altamiso | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | ML005 |
Aristeguietia persicifolia (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob. | Ishpingo, monte de la culebra | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Endemic | FTG164 |
Artemisia sodiroi Hieron. | Ajenjo, alcanfor | CBS, RS | Branch | Gargles, rubbing | Native | FT002MZ |
Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. | Tres filos | CS, HS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1013 |
Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. | Chilca larga | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FT0288 |
Baccharis obtusifolia Kunth | Chilca redonda | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FT0208 |
Bidens triplinervia Kunth | Ñachig | GS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT1008 |
Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Gmel. | Chuquiragua | CS, MS | Inflorescence | Oral | Native | FT0318 |
Cynara cardunculus L. | Alcachofa | HS | Fruit | Oral | Introduced | FT0289 |
Matricaria recutita L. | Manzanilla | DERS, DS, GD, MS, RS | Plant without root | Cleaning wounds, gargles | Introduced |
FT0014t
|
Tagetes erecta L. | Arrayosa | CBS | Branch, flower | Rubbing | Introduced | FT043MCAT |
Tagetes filifolia Lag.
| Anís | DS | Whole plant | Oral | Native | FT0987 |
Tagetes sp. | Chil chil | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FT0092Q |
Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. | Santa María | CBS | Branch | Rubbing, warm bath | Introduced | FT1195 |
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. | Diente de león | DS, US | Whole plant | Oral | Introduced | FT0029t |
Boraginaceae | ||||||
Borago officinalis L. | Borraja | RS | Flower, leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT011MAL |
Symphytum officinale L.
| Consuelda, suelda suelda | MS | Leaf | Hot bath, oral, poultice | Introduced | FT1248 |
Brassicaceae | ||||||
Cardamine bonariensis Pers. | Berro | CS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT0003N |
Lepidium thurberi Wooton | Chichira | GS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT1249 |
Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton | Alelí | NS | Flower | Oral | Introduced and cultivated | FT1250 |
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek | Berro | CS | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | FT22t9 |
Bromeliaceae | ||||||
Guzmania sp. | Clavelito de aire | NS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT001MALA |
Tillandsia straminea Kunth. | Flor de Cristo | NS | Flower | Oral | Native | FT1066 |
Burseraceae | ||||||
Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. | Palo santo | DERS, MS, GS | Wood | Bath, incense | Native | FT961 |
Cactaceae | ||||||
Trichocereus macrogonus (Salm-Dyck) Riccob. | San Pedrillo | CBS | Vascular tissue | Topical application, Oral | Native | FT984 |
Campanulaceae | ||||||
Lobelia cf. decurrens Cav. | Cholo valiente | CBS | Branch | Topical application | Introduced and cultivated | FT1186 |
Cannaceae | ||||||
Canna indica L. | Achira | DG, NS, RS | Leaf | Topical application | Native | FT1251 |
Caprifoliaceae | ||||||
Sambucus nigra L.
| Tilo | NS, RS | Flower | Oral | Introduced | FT1252 |
Caryophyllaceae | ||||||
Dianthus caryophyllus L. | Clavel | GS, NS | Flower | Oral | Introduced | FT1253 |
Chenopodiaceae | ||||||
Chenopodium album L. | Palitaria | MS | Leaf | Rubbing | Introduced | FT1254 |
Commelinaceae | ||||||
Callisia gracilis (Kunth) D.R. Hunt | Cachorillo | GD | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT1255 |
Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. | Calcha | CS, RS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT51MPAT |
Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse | Calcha | CS, NS, RS | Leaf | Topical application, oral | Introduced | FT30t |
Crassulaceae | ||||||
Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier. | Dulcamara, mala madre | DS, GD | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1024 |
Cucurbitaceae | ||||||
Cucurbita pepo L. | Sambo | DERS | Latex | Topical application | Introduced | FT1256 |
Cyperaceae | ||||||
Cyperus sp. | Díctamo real | CS, MS | Root | Oral | Native | FT1062 |
Equisetaceae | ||||||
Equisetum bogotense Kunth | Cola de caballo, caballo chupa | DS, GD, US | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT031t |
Equisetum giganteum L. | Cola de caballo, caballo chupa | US | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT1009 |
Ericaceae | ||||||
Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L. | Payama | GD | Flower | Oral | Native | FT1257 |
Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. f. | Payama | GD | Flower | Oral | Native | FTE012 |
Euphorbiaceae | ||||||
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. | Chaya | CS, DS, GD | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT221 |
Fabaceae | ||||||
Amicia glandulosa Kunth | Nona, urusus | RS | Flower | Oral | Native | HUTPL1975 |
Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC. | San Antonio | GS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT38MPAT |
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms | Chaquino | DS, GD | Bark | Oral | Native | FT998 |
Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) J.W. Grimes | Guallua | DS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1022 |
Gentianaceae | ||||||
Centaurium erythraea Rafn | Canchalagua | CS | Whole plant | Oral | Introduced | FT1016 |
Geraniaceae | ||||||
Erodium cf. cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton | Agujilla, aujilla | CBS, GD | Branch | Oral | Introduced | FTE001MC |
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. ex. Aiton | Esencia de rosa | DS, GD, US | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1258 |
Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L´Hér. | Malva olorosa | DS, GD | Branch | Oral | Introduced | FT016t |
Juglandaceae | ||||||
Juglans neotropica Diels | Nogal | CS, MS | Leaf | Hot bath, oral | Native | FT015MPA |
Lamiaceae | ||||||
Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze | Tipo de llano | DS, RS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT1014 |
Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts | Tipo de cerro | DS, RS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1259 |
Hyptis purdiei Benth. | Poleo cerro, poleo negro | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FT048 MCAT |
Melissa officinalis L. | Toronjil | CBS, NS, RS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT45MPAT |
Mentha spicata L. | Hierba buena, menta, menta negra | DS, RS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1260 |
Mentha x piperita L. | Hierba buena, menta, menta negra | DS, RS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1261 |
Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. | Poleo blanco, poleo chiquito | CBS, RS | Branch | Inhalation, oral, rubbing | Native | HUTPL1076 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Albahaca, albahaca blanca | GS, US | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT46TMPA |
Ocimum campechianum Mill. | Albahaca, albahaca negra | GS, US | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT46aMPA |
Origanum × majoricum Camb. | Orégano, orégano de castilla | DS | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | HUTPL5302 |
Plectranthus unguentarius Codd | Oreganón, orégano grande | DS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT0185 |
Rosmarinus officinalis L.
| Romero | DERS, MS, SS | Branch | Bath after childbirth, cleaning wounds, oral | Introduced | HUTPL3892 |
Salvia scutellarioides Kunth | Matico | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | HUTPL931 |
Salvia tiliifolia Vahl | Santa María | CBS | Plant without root | Rubbing | Introduced | FT044MCAT |
Scutellaria sp. | Morado | NS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT003 |
Thymus vulgaris L. | Tomillo | DS | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | FT1067 |
Linaceae | ||||||
Linum usitatissimum L. | Linaza | DS, GD, US | Seed | Oral | Introduced | FT47TMPA |
Loranthaceae | ||||||
Gaiadendron punctatum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don | Violeta de cerro, violeta de campo | RS | Flower | Oral | Native | FT0032 |
Malvaceae | ||||||
Alcea rosea L. | Malva | GD | Flower | Oral | Introduced | HUTPL891 |
Malva arborea (L.) Webb & Berthel. | Malva rosada, malva altea | GD, US | Branch | Oral | Introduced and cultivated | FT042MC |
Malva parviflora L.
| Malva arbórea, malva blanca | GD, GS, US | Branch, flower | Oral, bath after childbirth, cleaning wounds | Introduced | FT015MCE |
Moraceae | ||||||
Ficus carica L. | Higo | GS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | HUTPL 1192 |
Myricaceae | ||||||
Morella parvifolia (Benth.) Parra-Os. | Laurel, laurel de cera | CBS, GS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1207 |
Morella pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur | Laurel, laurel de cera | GS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1023 |
Myrtaceae | ||||||
Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson | Eucalipto oloroso, eucalipto aromático | CBS, RS | Branch | Inhalation, oral, rubbing | Introduced | HUTPL 1761 |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | Eucalipto blanco, eucalipto grande | CBS, RS | Branch | Inhalation, oral, rubbing | Introduced | FT1185 |
Myrcianthes hallii (O. Berg) McVaugh | Arrayán | RS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT215G |
Psidium guajava L. | Guayaba | DS | Fruit | Oral | Native | FT171C |
Onagraceae | ||||||
Fuchsia harlingii Munz | Pena pena | NS | Flower | Oral | Endemic | HUTPL5784 |
Fuchsia hybrida hort. T. ex Siebert & Voss | Pena pena | DERS, GD, NS | Flower | Cleaning wounds, oral | Introduced | FT1262 |
Fuchsia loxensis Kunth | Pena pena | NS | Flower | Oral | Endemic | FT1158 |
Fuchsia magellanica Lam. | Pena pena | NS | Flower | Oral | Introduced | FT0147 |
Ludwigia nervosa (Poir.) H. Hara | Flor de reina, mejorana de huerta | DERS, GD, NS | Flower | Oral, bath after childbirth | Native | FT194 |
Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton | Shullo | DS, US | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT53MPAT |
Orchidaceae | ||||||
Epidendrum jamiesonis Rchb. f. | Flor de Cristo | NS | Flower | Oral | Native | FT1063
|
Epidendrum sp. | Flor de Cristo | NS | Flower | Oral | Native | FT031t |
Piperaceae | ||||||
Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth | Sacha congona | NS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT008 |
Peperomia galioides Kunth | Congona de cerro | NS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT124SAR |
Peperomia ilaloensis Sodiro | Congona de castilla, congona negra | NS, SS | Plant without root | Topical application, oral | Native | FT01t |
Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav. | Congona, congona grande | NS, SS | Plant without root | Topical application, oral | Native | FT1197 |
Peperomia sp. | Congona de cerro | CBS | Plant without root | Rubbing | Native | FT49MPAT |
Piper aduncum L. | Matico | DERS, DS, GS, GD | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1019 |
Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav. | Guaviduca de sal | HS, RS, GD | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT500 |
Piper crassinervium Kunth | Guaviduca de dulce | HS, RS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT237 |
Plantaginaceae | ||||||
Plantago major L. | Llantén | US, GD | Whole plant | Oral | Introduced | FT13t |
Poaceae | ||||||
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Hierba luisa, paja luisa | CS, NS, US | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | FT011t |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Grama dulce | CBS, US, GD | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | FT008MCE |
Zea mays L. | Pelo de choclo | US | Style | Oral | Introduced | FT1065 |
Polygalaceae | ||||||
Polygala paniculata L. | Mentol | MS | Whole plant | Poultice | Native | FT20t |
Polypodiaceae | ||||||
Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger | Calaguala | DS, US | Root | Oral | Native | FT40T |
Proteaceae | ||||||
Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br. | Cucharillo | CBS, HS, US, GD | Flower | Oral | Native | FT04t |
Pteridaceae | ||||||
Adiantum poiretii Wikstr. | Culantrillo pata negra | GS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT1018 |
Adiantum raddianum C. Presl | Culantrillo | GS, US, GD | Leaf | Oral | Native | MCELI35-T |
Cheilanthes bonariensis (Willd.) Proctor. | Helecho congona | GS | Leaf | Oral, bath after childbirth | Native | MPA52T |
Jamesonia sp. | Nido de abeja | GS | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT010 |
Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J. Sm. | Grano de oro | GS | Leaf | Bath after childbirth, oral | Native | FT009 |
Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link | Doradilla del sol | GS | Leaf | Bath after childbirth, oral | Native | FT013 |
Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctor | Doradilla plateada, luna plateada | GS | Leaf | Bath after childbirth, oral | Native | FT014 |
Trachypteris induta (Maxon) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon | Pata de gallina | GS | Leaf | Oral, bath after childbirth | Native | FT012 |
Rosaceae | ||||||
Alchemilla aphanoides Mutis ex L. f. | Saucillo | NS | Branch | Topical application, oral | Native | FT007 |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Níspero, míspero | US | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1063 |
Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze | Perlilla | RS, DERS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT463 |
Rosa cymosa Tratt. | Rosa | DERS, GD, SS, US | Flower | Cleaning wounds, oral | Introduced | FT274 |
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata (Bonnier & Layens) Briq. | Pimpinela | NS | Leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT014MZ |
Rubiaceae | ||||||
Cinchona pubescens Vahl | Cascarilla | RS | Bark | Oral | Native | FT118 |
Rutaceae | ||||||
Citrus x junos Siebold ex Tanaka | Naranja agria | DERS | Fruit | Oral | Introduced | FT007t |
Ruta graveolens L.
| Ruda | CBS, DS, GS | Branch | Bath after childbirth, oral, rubbing | Introduced | FT002 |
Smilacaceae | ||||||
Smilax sp. | Zarzaparrilla | GD, US | Root | Oral | Native | FT1263 |
Solanaceae | ||||||
Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Don | Guando | CBS | Flower, leaf | Rubbing | Native | FT028ML |
Brugmansia x candida Pers. | Guando blanco | CBS | Flower, leaf | Rubbing | Native | FT210 |
Cestrum mariquitense Kunth | Sauco negro | CS, GD | Branch | Oral, topical application | Native | FT210 |
Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pav. | Sauco blanco | CBS, GD | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FTS177 |
Solanum americanum Mill.
| Mortiño | DS, GD, NS, RS | Branch, bud | Oral, warm bath | Native | FT36t |
Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti | Mortiño | DS, NS, RS | Bud | Oral | Native | FT1264 |
Solanum pimpinellifolium L.
| Monte del gallinazo | CBS | Branch | Rubbing | Native | FT207 |
Tiliaceae | ||||||
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. | Abrojo, cadillo, mostrante | GD, US | Leaf | Oral | Native | FT39T |
Urticaceae | ||||||
Urtica dioica L. | Chine | CS, MS, US, | Plant without root | Oral, rubbing | Introduced | FT1064 |
Urtica urens L. | Chine | CS, MS, US | Plant without root | Oral, rubbing | Introduced | FT275 |
Valerianaceae | ||||||
Valeriana microphylla Kunth | Valeriana, valeriana de cerro | NS | Plant without root | Oral | Native | FT1015 |
Valeriana pyramidalis Kunth | Valeriana | NS | Root | Oral | Native | FT991 |
Verbenaceae | ||||||
Aloysia triphylla Royle | Cedrón | NS | Branch | Oral | Native | FT1265 |
Phyla scaberrima (A. Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke | Buscapina, novalgina | DS | Plant without root | Oral | Introduced | FT1240 |
Verbena litoralis Kunth. | Verbena | CBS, GD | Branch | Oral, rubbing | Native | FT1268 |
Violaceae | ||||||
Viola odorata L. | Violeta, violeta de jardín | RS | Flower, leaf | Oral | Introduced | FT1266 |
Viola tricolor L. | Pensamiento | DERS, GD, RS | Flower | Cleaning wounds, oral | Introduced | FT1267 |
Zingiberaceae | ||||||
Hedychium coronarium J. Koening | Caña agria | US | Stem | Oral | Introduced | FT002t |