Background
Methods
Study area
Markets
Operators | Persons who legally hold a license or an operating agreement to operate and collect medicinal plants and forest products to sell or use as raw materials. |
Collectors | These are individuals who collect plants from those who harvest in the forest. They are authorized to carry out the grouping of plants with several collectors. |
Harvesters | These are the persons authorized to conduct harvesting or gathering medicinal plants for commercial purposes |
Rural harvesters | Those who come from the rural areas surrounding the city of Antananarivo to deliver medicinal species to the market sellers |
Urban harvesters | people living in the vicinity of the capital, which also make deliveries to vendors of medicinal plants in the traditional market of Antananarivo |
Public resellers (vendors) | These are the people who sell plants to the public. Called "tapa-mpivarotra kazo" or "mpivarotra raokandro” in Malagasy. |
Ethnobotanical surveys
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Market | Number of vendors | Rural harvesters | Intermediaries or Urban harvesters |
---|---|---|---|
Esplanade Analakely | 9 | 0 | 3 |
Petite Vitesse | 21 | 15 | 7 |
Andravoahangy | 21 | 5 | 0 |
Pavilion Analakely | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Isotry | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 56 | 20 | 10 |
Total interviewed | 86 |
Scientific name | Vernacular name | Part used | Application | Uses cited in literature | Voucher number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthaceae | |||||
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
| Afiafy | Leaf | Stomach ulcer | MTR142 | |
Justicia sp.
| Belohalika | Leaf | Neuralgia | MTR190 | |
Amaranthaceae | |||||
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz | Tangogo | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, diabetes, cardiac problems | MTR163 | |
Anacardiaceae | |||||
Anacardium occidentale L. | Mahabibo | Leaf | Diabetes, hemorrhoids, stomach ulcer, allergies, hepatitis, wounds, incontinence, anorexia | MTR127 | |
Rhus taratana (Baker) H. Perrier | Andriambavimahery | Leaf | Wounds, stomach ulcer | MTR174 | |
Apiaceae | |||||
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Talapetraka | Entire plant | Stomach ulcer, wounds | Wounds3, skin eczema3, accesses3, conjunctivitis3
| MTR138 |
Apocynaceae | |||||
Catharanthus lanceus (Bojer ex A. DC.) Pichon | Vonenina | Root | Cancer | Diuretic2, purgative2, vermifuge2, sores2
| MTR161 |
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don | Vonenina | Root | Cancer, appetite suppressant | Hypotensive1, antidepressant1, antitumoral1, purgative2, diabetes2, appetite suppressant2, vermifuge3, diarrhea3, dysentery3
| MTR162 |
Cynanchum sp. | Vahamavo | Leaf | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction | MTR191 | |
Pentopetia sp. | Tandrokosy | Leaf | Cough, hepatitis, neuralgia | MTR189 | |
Araliaceae | |||||
Schefflera bojeri (Seem.) R. Vig. | Tsingila | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis | MTR143 | |
Schefflera sp. | Ramadio | Leaf | Neurasthenia, back pain | MTR144 | |
Asteraceae | |||||
Brachylaena ramiflora (DC.) Humbert | Ramanjavona | Leaf | Asthenia, stomach ulcer, | MTR173 | |
Cynara scolymus L. | Artichaut | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis | MTR192 | |
Distephanus polygalifolius (Less.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn | Ninginingina | Leaf | Syphilis, neuralgia, back pain, stomach ulcerm, hepatitis, albumin, incontinence | MTR136 | |
Emilia citrina DC. | Tsiotsiona | Leaf | Asthenia, anorexia | MTR202 | |
Helichrysum faradifani Scott- Elliot | Haihalala | Leaf | Gonorrhea, cough, asthenia, fever, stomach ulcer, hepatitis | MTR159 | |
Helichrysum gymnocephalum (DC.) Humbert | Rambiazina | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, cough, wound, severe headache | Headaches1, bronchitis1, ulcers1, heartburn2, upset stomach2, fever2, diarrhea3, dysmenorrhea3, rheumatism3, gout3
| MTR160 |
Inulanthera brownii (Hochr.) Källersjö | Kelimavitrika | Leaf | Immune system of children, erectile dysfunction, stiffness | MTR128 | |
Psiadia altissima (DC.) Drake | Sakatavilotra | Leaf | Cough, wound, diarrhea | Fever3, abdominal pain3, antiseptic3, toothache3, boils3
| MTR220 |
Senecio canaliculatus Bojer ex DC. | Ramijaingy | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, gastroenteritis, syphilis | MTR201 | |
Vernonia appendiculata Less. | Ambiaty | Leaf | Fever, nerves | MTR193 | |
Bignoniaceae | |||||
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don | Zaharandaha | Leaf | Sinusitis, severe headache | MTR145 | |
Phyllarthron bojeranum DC. | Zahana | Leaf | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction, severe headache, gonorrhea, cough, syphilis | MTR175 | |
Symphytum orientale L. | Konsody ou Maseza | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis | MTR203 | |
Cactaceae | |||||
Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw. | Tsilo | Root | Kidney stones, urinary tract problems, syphilis, gonorrhea | MTR158 | |
Canellaceae | |||||
Cinnamosma madagascariensis Danguy | Mandravasarotra | Bark | Astenia, erectile dysfunction, stomach ulcer | Stomach pain3, colic3, analgesic3, indigestion3, stimulant3, cough3, dysentery3
| MTR194 |
Celastraceae | |||||
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. | Fanazava | Leaf | Neuralgia, hepatitis, albumin, erectile dysfunction, back pain, urinary tract problems, stomach ulcer, hypertension, immune deficiency | Fatigue3,neuralgia3, purgative3, vertigo3
| MTR126 |
Combretaceae | |||||
Combretum coccineum (Sonn.) Lam. | Tamenaka | Fruit | Intestinal parasites | Anthelmintic,3, liver problems3
| MTR200 |
Terminalia catappa L. | Atafana | Leaf | Urinary tract problems | Astringent3, sudorific3, dysentery3
| MTR188 |
Commelinaceae | |||||
Commelina madagascarica C.B. Clarke | Nifinakanga | Leaf | Abortifacient, acne | MTR176 | |
Crassulaceae | |||||
Kalanchoe prolifera R. Hamet | Sodifafana | Leaf | Neurasthenia | Boils3, furuncles3, wounds3, rheumatism3
| MTR186 |
Cyperaceae | |||||
Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük. | Fonjozoro | Stem | Emphysema, back pain | MTR146 | |
Droseraceae | |||||
Drosera madagascariensis DC. | Mahantanando | Leaf | Conjunctivitis, enurensis | Coughs3, toothpaste3, dyspepsia3, anemia3
| MTR129 |
Ebenaceae | |||||
Diospyros sp. | Bois de rose | Bark | Cysticercosis, intestinal parasites, taxoplasmosis, emphysema, diabetes, albumin regulation, allergies | MTR171 | |
Equisetaceae | |||||
Equisetum sp. | Tsitoatoana | Leaf | Constipation, urinary tract problems | MTR177 | |
Euphorbiaceae | |||||
Ricinus communis L. | Tanantanamanga | Leaf | Asthenia, hemorrhoids, wounds, intestinal parasites, cold | Galactagogue1,2, purgative1,2, laxative1,2, intestinal worms1, tapeworm1, headache2, rheumatism2, dental cavities2, wounds2, fevers2
| MTR164 |
Fabaceae | |||||
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. | Vatolalaka | Fruit | Hemorrhoids, appendicitis | MTR204 | |
Phylloxylon xylophylloides (Baker) Du Puy, Labat & Schrire | Arahara | Leaf | Hepatitis, urinary tract problems, pharyngitis | MTR184 | |
Senna septentrionalis (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby | Anjanajana | Leaf | Immune system children, gastroenteritis | MTR147 | |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | Tsotsorinangatra | Stem | Syphilis, gonorrhea, prostate tumor, hypertension, hepatitis, rheumatism | MTR165 | |
Tamarindus indica L. | Voamadilo | Leaf | Constipation, gastroenteritis, wounds | Laxative1,vermifuge1, stomach ache1, general wounds1
| MTR125 |
Gentianaceae | |||||
Tachiadenus longifolius Scott- Elliot | Tapabatana | Leaf | Diarrhea, stomach ulcer | MTR172 | |
Gesneriaceae | |||||
Streptocarpus hilsenbergii R. Br. | Mangavony | Enitre plant | Hepatitis, acne | MTR185 | |
Hydrostachyaceae | |||||
Hydrostachys stolonifera Baker | Tsilavondrina | Leaf | Asthenia | MTR187 | |
Hypericaceae | |||||
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. | Harongana | Leaf | Wounds, asthma, cough, stomach ulcer, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, albumin, allergies, insomnia | Scabies1,2, stomach ache1, flatulence1, anticatarrhal1,2, bladder infections2, syphilis2, menstruation regulation2, fever2, wounds2, diarrhea2,3, hemorrhoids2, skin diseases3
| MTR130 |
Psorospermum sp. | Todihazo | Stem | Scabies, leprosy | MTR148 | |
Psorospermum ferrovestitum Baker | Andriambolamena | Leaf | Female infertility, abortifacient, stomach ulcer, hypertension, intestinal parasites | MTR166 | |
Lamiaceae | |||||
Ocimum gratissimum L. | Romba | Leaf | Severe headache, albumin, wounds, abortifacient, cold, low calcium, dental problems | Digestion3, chest complaints3, diarrhea3, vomiting3, anticatarrh3, antiseptic3
| MTR205 |
Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Borona | Leaf | Cough, wounds, hepatitis | MTR221 | |
Lauraceae | |||||
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl | Ravitsara | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, abortifacient, jaundice, hypertension, appendicitis, rheumatism | Fevers3, rheumatism3, abortifacient3
| MTR122 |
Loganiaceae | |||||
Anthocleista madagascariensis Baker | Landemy | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, diarrhea, malaria, constipation, abdominal colic, severe headache | Fever1,2, dysentery1,2, emetic1,2, laxative1,2
| MTR149 |
Lycopodiaceae | |||||
Lycopodium sp. | Karakaratoloha | Leaf | Hepatitis, hypertension, gastroenteritis, epilepsy | MTR157 | |
Meliaceae | |||||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Nimo | Leaf | Asthenia, diabetes, albumin, rheumatism, pelvic pain, boils, hepatitis, kidney stones, burns, constipation, high cholesterol | MTR124 | |
Cedrelopsis grevei Baill. | Katrafay | Bark | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction, neurasthenia, back pain | MTR141 | |
Neobeguea mahafaliensis J.-F. Leroy | Andy | Bark | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction' | MTR183 | |
Molluginaceae | |||||
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. | Aferotany | Entire plant | Cough, gastroenteritis | MTR178 | |
Moraceae | |||||
Ficus reflexa Thunb. | Nonoka | Leaf | Hepatitis, gastroenteritis, wounds, albumin, hemorrhoids | MTR167 | |
Morus alba L. | Voaroihazo | Leaf | Low calium, anorexia | MTR209 | |
Primulaceae | |||||
Embelia concinna Baker | Tanterakala | Leaf | Intestinal parasites, erectile dysfunction | MTR206 | |
Myrtaceae | |||||
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. | Kininina oliva | Leaf | Cold, severe headache | MTR210 | |
Eucalyptus sp. | Kininimpotsy | Leaf | Cold, severe headache | MTR211 | |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | Rotra | Bark | Diarrhea, gastroenteritis | MTR131 | |
Nymphaeaceae | |||||
Nymphaea sp. | Betsimilana | Leaf | Female infertility, abortifacient, albumin, painful menstruation | MTR219 | |
Onagraceae | |||||
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H. Raven | Volondrano | Leaf | Emphysema | Nose bleeds3, diarrhea3, malnourishment3
| MTR150 |
Orchiaceae | |||||
Vanilla madagascariensis Rolfe | Vahinamalona | Stem | Erectile dysfunction, asthenia | Aphrodisiac1, | MTR208 |
Pedaliaceae | |||||
Uncarina sp. | Farehitra | Leaf | Acne | Dandruff3, alopecia3
| MTR132 |
Poaceae | |||||
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Fandrotrarana | Entire plant | Syphilis, kidney stones | MTR168 | |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. | Fakatenina | Root | Kidney stones | MTR182 | |
Zea mays L. | Volokatsaka | Silk | Urinary tract problems, hepatitis, kidney stones | MTR156 | |
Pteridaceae | |||||
Adiantum capillus-veneris L. | Ampanga | Leaf | Allergies, cough | Respiratory problems1, diuretic1, chickenpox1, measles1
| MTR207 |
Ranunculaceae | |||||
Clematis mauritiana Lam. | Farimafy | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, erectile dysfunction | Antiasthmatic3, rheumatism3, cough3, bronchitis3, abdominal pains3
| MTR179 |
Rubiaceae | |||||
Oldenlandia sp. | Ahipody | Leaf | Scabies, leprosy | MTR218 | |
Paederia foetida L. | Vahamaibo, laingomaimbo | Leaf | Dental issues, wound, stomach ulcer, gastroenteritis | Diuretic1,3, diaphoretic1, purgative1, skin issues1,3, ulcers1, boils3, venereal diseases3, bladder issues3, gastric pains3
| MTR123 |
Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek. | Tamirova | Leaf | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, hypertension, urinary tract problems, rheumatism, malaria, albumin, diabetes | MTR153 | |
Rutaceae | |||||
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. | Fanala simba | Elaf | Syphilis, gonorrhea | Malaria3, digestive complaints3, fever3, cholera3, diarrhea3, rheumatism3, syphilis3
| MTR181 |
Salicaceae | |||||
Homalium parkeri Baker | Hazomby | Bark | Dental issues | MTR140 | |
Salviniaceae | |||||
Azolla sp. | Ramilamina | Lower | Cardiac arrest | MTR170 | |
Smilacaceae | |||||
Smilax anceps Willd. | Avotra | Leaf | Gastroenteritis, abdominal colic | Varicose veins3,eczema3, liver disorders3
| MTR180 |
Solanaceae | |||||
Brugmansia candida Pers. | Datroa | Leaf | Epilepsy, paraplegia | MTR152 | |
Physalis peruviana L. | Voanantsindrana | Leaf | Rheumatism, urinary tract problems, syphilis, stomach ulcer, hepatitis | Eat berries before physical exertion1, diuretic1,3, kidney stones1, rheumatism1, abscess2, liver disease2, gout3, fever3, heart palpitations3, emollient3
| MTR137 |
Solanum mauritianum Scop. | Seva | Leaf | Hepatitis, wound | General disinfectant1, Stomach ulcers2
| MTR151 |
Stilbaceae | |||||
Nuxia capitata Baker | Valanirana | Leaf | Gastroenteritis, asthenia, cough | MTR169 | |
Urticaceae | |||||
Urera acuminata (Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne. | Sampy vato | Leaf | Kidney stones, abortifacient, hepatitis, stomach ulcer | Irritant to skin and eyes3, childbirth3
| MTR133 |
Verbenaceae | |||||
Lantana camara L. | Randriaka | Leaf | Hemorrhage, hypertension | MTR155 | |
Xanthorrhoeaceae | |||||
Aloe macroclada Baker | Vahona | Leaf | Cancer, allergies, acne, fungus | MTR139 | |
Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. | Erana | Leaf | Intestinal parasites, constipation, back pain, gonorrhea | Eczema3, dysentery3, stomach pains3
| MTR154 |
Zingiberaceae | |||||
Zingiber sp. | Tamotamo | Tuber | Cough | MTR135 | |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Sakamalao | Tuber | Cough | MTR134 |
Most traded medicinal species
Family | Scientific name | Vernacular name | Application | Use index |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rubiaceae |
Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek. | Tamirova | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis, high blood pressure, urogenital diseases, rheumatism, malaria, edema, diabetes | 100 % |
Meliaceae |
Cedrelopsis grevei Baill. | Katrafay | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction, back pain | 100 % |
Meliaceae |
Neobeguea mahafaliensis J.-F. Leroy | Andy | Asthenia, erectile dysfunction | 82 % |
Cactaceae |
Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw. | Tsilo | Kidney stones, dysuria, anuria, syphilis, gonorrhea | 78 % |
Fabaceae |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link | Tsotsorinangatra | Syphilis, gonorrhea, enlarged prostate, high blood pressure, rheumatism, hepatitis | 70 % |
Lamiaceae |
Ocimum gratissimum L. | Romba | Intense headache, edema, wounds, repeated miscarriages, cold, hypocalcemia, dental pain | 65 % |
Boraginaceae |
Symphytum orientale L. | Konsody | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis | 65 % |
Asteraceae |
Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens Wiklund | Artichaut | Stomach ulcer, hepatitis | 64 % |
Asteraceae |
Distephanus polygalifolius (Less.) H. Rob. & B. Kahn | Ninginingina | Syphilis, neuralgia, back pain, stomach ulcer, hepatitis, edema, enuresis | 61 % |
Urticaceae |
Urera acuminata (Poir.) Gaudich. ex Decne.
| Sampivato | Kidney stones, repeated miscarriages, hepatitis, stomach ulcer | 61 % |
Market | Frequency of delivery | Transportation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural harvesters | Urban harvesters | Collection | ||
Andravoahangy | 2 times a week | Daily | 3x/month | By foot |
Isotry | Irregular | Daily | Irregular | By foot |
Petite vitesse | 4 times a week | Daily | 1- 2 / week | By foot |
Esplanade Analakely | Irregular | Daily | Irregular | By foot |