Background
Methods
Survey interview
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic status
Maj city* | IR | ORe/R/VR | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
1 = 18–19 years | 3.9% (95% CI = 3.0–3–5) | 4.1% (95% CI = 2.7–6.4) | 3.1% (95% CI = 1.3–7.1) |
2 = 20–24 years | 9.1% (95% CI = 7.8–10.7) | 8.2% (95% CI = 6.1–10.8) | 8.3% (95% CI = 5.0–13.5) |
3 = 25–29 years | 8.1% (95% CI = 7.0–9.4) | 5.9% (95% CI = 4.1–8.3) | 9.2% (95% CI = 6.5–12.8) |
4 = 30–34 years | 11.6% (95% CI = 10.2–13.0) | 9.1% (95% CI = 7.1–11.5) | 12.9% (95% CI = 8.9–18.4) |
5 = 35–40 years | 9.5% (95% CI = 8.4–10.7) | 9.6% (95% CI = 7.6–12.0) | 8.6% (95% CI = 6.0–12.1) |
6 = 41–44 years | 10.4% (95% CI = 9.2–11.8) | 10.2% (95% CI = 8.3–12.6) | 12.0% (95% CI = 7.8–17.9) |
7 = 45–50 years | 9.6% (95% CI = 8.4–10.9) | 10.1% (95% CI = 8.2–12.4) | 7.4% (95% CI = 5.1–10.5) |
8 = 51–54 years | 8.5% (95% CI = 7.4–9.7) | 8.4% (95% CI = 6.7–10.4) | 8.6% (95% CI = 6.2–12.0) |
9 = 55–59 years | 7.3% (95% CI = 6.3–8.3) | 7.1% (95% CI = 5.7–8.9) | 6.6% (95% CI = 4.6–9.4) |
10 = 60–64 years | 5.8% (95% CI = 4.9–7.0) | 7.4% (95% CI = 5.8–9.5 | 6.5% (95% CI = 4.2–9.7) |
11 = 65–69 years | 3.9% (95% CI = 3.2–4.7) | 6.1% (95% CI = 4.9–7.5) | 5.8% (95% CI = 4.0–8.3) |
12 = 70–74 years | 4.7% (95% CI = 4.0–5.6) | 5.3% (95% CI = 4.0–7.1) | 3.9% (95% CI = 2.6–5.9 |
13 = 70+ years | 7.6% (95% CI = 6.3–9.1) | 8.3% (95% CI = 6.3–11.0) | 7.2% (95% CI = 4.2–11.8) |
Sex (males) | 49% (95% CI = 46.8–51.2) | 48.1% (95% CI = 44.7–51.5) | 50.6% (95% CI = 45.2–50.6) |
Education | 27.3% (95% CI = 24.5–30.4) | 15.7% (95%CI = 12.3–19.8) | 7.8% (95% CI = 4.8–12.7) |
The effect of locality on mental health literacy
Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Maj City* | 67.1 | 75.9 | 42.0 | 32.3 | ||||
IR | 61.2 | 0.78 (0.53–1.13) | 83.5 |
1.60 (1.02–2.51)
| 39.6 | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 46.7 |
1.84 (1.32–2.58)
|
Ore/R/VR | 61.2 | 0.78 (0.40–1.52) | 72.6 | 0.84 (0.44–1.62) | 38.1 | 0.85 (0.49–1.48) | 38.7 | 1.33 (0.67–2.62) |
(i) HELPFUL | Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
General practitioner
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 87.5 | 84.3 | 77.2 | 76.9 | ||||
IR | 87.6 | 1.01 (0.61–1.67) | 82.0 | 0.85 (0.56–1.29) | 79.0 | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | 73.1 | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) |
ORe/R/VR | 85.1 | 0.82 (0.40–1.67) | 88.5 | 1.43 (0.71–2.87) | 65.3 |
0.56 (0.34–0.91)
| 79.8 | 1.19 (0.61–2.30) |
Pharmacist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 34.4 | 31.3 | 23.7 | 29.2 | ||||
IR | 38.8 | 1.21 (0.84–1.74) | 34.2 | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | 22.9 | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 23.9 | 0.76 (0.53–1.10) |
ORe/R/VR | 33.6 | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) | 47.6 |
2.00 (1.32–3.03)
| 23.9 | 1.01 (0.64–1.59) | 30.6 | 1.07 (0.68–1.70) |
Counsellor
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 83.8 | 86.0 | 84.9 | 84.3 | ||||
IR | 81.4 | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 84.5 | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 86.7 | 1.17 (0.74–1.83) | 79.0 | 0.70 (0.45–1.09) |
ORe/R/VR | 70.0 |
0.45 (0.26–0.77)
| 84.1 | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) | 81.9 | 0.81 (0.44–1.46) | 83.9 | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) |
Social worker
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 62.1 | 68.1 | 69.5 | 81.2 | ||||
IR | 65.1 | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | 65.2 | 0.88 (0.62–1.23) | 68.1 | 0.94 (0.65–1.36) | 72.3 |
0.61 (0.40–0.91)
|
ORe/R/VR | 61.8 | 0.99 (0.61–1.59) | 65.5 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 59.1 |
0.63 (0.44–0.92)
| 79.7 | 0.91 (0.47–1.76) |
Phone counselling
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 64.4 | 65.1 | 56.1 | 47.0 | ||||
IR | 63.9 | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) | 67.1 | 1.09 (0.74–1.61) | 58.7 | 1.11 (0.81–1.54) | 46.1 | 0.96 (0.70–1.33) |
ORe/R/VR | 54.5 | 0.66 (0.42–1.04) | 73.5 | 1.49 (0.82–2.71) | 55.1 | 0.96 (0.60–1.55) | 55.5 | 1.41 (0.80–2.49) |
Psychiatrist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 67.1 | 72.9 | 81.6 | 82.2 | ||||
IR | 60.4 | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 67.5 | 0.78 (0.54–1.10) | 82.4 | 1.06 (0.69–1.62) | 76.6 | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) |
ORe/R/VR | 59.5 | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) | 67.5 | 0.78 (0.45–1.34) | 65.0 |
0.42 (0.24–0.75)
| 72.9 | 0.58 (0.34–1.01) |
Psychologist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 70.5 | 70.9 | 75.9 | 78.1 | ||||
IR | 61.6 |
0.67 (0.47–0.96)
| 65.9 | 0.80 (0.54–1.17) | 72.1 | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 65.4 |
0.53 (0.37–0.76)
|
ORe/R/VR | 50.5 |
0.43 (0.25 0.72)
| 69.5 | 0.94 (0.56–1.58) | 57.6 |
0.43 (0.25–0.74)
| 74.1 | 0.80 (0.45–1.440 |
Close family
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 69.2 | 65.0 | 62.4 | 63.0 | ||||
IR | 67.6 | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 65.7 | 1.03 (0.71–1.51) | 65.6 | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) | 61.8 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) |
ORe/R/VR | 56.7 | 0.58 (0.32–1.08) | 60.5 | 0.83 (0.47–1.44) | 57.2 | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 46.8 |
0.52 (0.28–0.97)
|
Close friends
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 77.3 | 77.5 | 71.8 | 72.5 | ||||
IR | 81.5 | 1.29 (0.84–1.98) | 76.0 | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 77.9 | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | 71.2 | 0.94 (0.64–1.37) |
ORe/R/VR | 76.9 | 0.98 (0.50–1.92) | 75.6 | 0.90 (0.52–1.54) | 69.2 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) | 70.0 | 0.89 (0.51–1.54) |
Naturopath/herbalist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 33.5 | 30.3 | 21.7 | 19.3 | ||||
IR | 40.5 | 1.36 (0.93–1.97) | 34.3 | 1.20 (0.79–1.82) | 29.3 |
1.49 (1.02–2.18)
| 18.6 | 0.96 (0.64–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 31.7 | 0.92 (0.57–1.50) | 38.3 | 1.43 (0.90–2.26) | 25.8 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) | 21.7 | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) |
Clergy
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 47.2 | 51.2 | 35.8 | 44.0 | ||||
IR | 42.9 | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | 51.6 | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 42.4 | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) | 39.3 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) |
ORe/R/VR | 35.8 | 0.62 (0.36–1.09) | 56.1 | 1.22 (0.78–1.90) | 34.7 | 0.95 (0.54–1.69) | 43.9 | 1.00 (0.57–1.76) |
Psychiatric ward
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 17.5 | 21.2 | 32.0 | 36.8 | ||||
IR | 12.7 | 0.69 (0.43–1.09) | 17.4 | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) | 30.7 | 0.94 (0.67–1.33) | 42.3 | 1.26 (0.88–1.79) |
ORe/R/VR | 17.0 | 0.97 (0.43–2.19) | 19.5 | 0.90 (0.51–1.59) | 35.2 | 1.16 (0.70–1.90) | 33.7 | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) |
Health educator
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 87.1 | 85.5 | 86.1 | 84.1 | ||||
IR | 85.5 | 0.88 (0.54–1.43) | 85.7 | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) | 86.3 | 1.02 (0.64–1.63) | 84.4 | 1.03 (0.62–1.70) |
ORe/R/VR | 87.1 | 1.00 (0.53–1.90) | 90.1 | 1.55 (0.69–3.46) | 86.8 | 1.07 (0.52–2.19) | 79.7 | 0.75 (0.35–1.58) |
On-line expert
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 54.8 | 50.2 | 58.0 | 46.1 | ||||
IR | 51.5 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 45.4 | 0.83 (0.56–1.22) | 50.3 | 0.73 (0.55–0.98) | 39.7 | 0.77 (0.55–1.08) |
ORe/R/VR | 51.6 | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 56.2 | 1.28 (0.82–1.99) | 45.9 | 0.62 (0.38–1.01) | 47.3 | 1.05 (0.56–1.99) |
Deal with it alone
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.2 | 10.3 | 12.5 | 12.5 | ||||
IR | 13.4 | 1.02 (0.61–1.71) | 7.1 | 0.67 (0.36–1.23) | 6.9 |
0.52 (0.27–0.99)
| 8.5 | 0.65 (0.36–1.18) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.5 | 0.85 (0.39–1.89) | 11.7 | 1.56 (0.59–2.25) | 14.3 | 1.16 (0.55–2.46) | 15.2 | 1.26 (0.65–2.43) |
(ii) HARMFUL
|
Depression
|
Depression with suicidal ideation
|
Early schizophrenia
|
Chronic schizophrenia
| ||||
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
General practitioner
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 0.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 2.2 | ||||
IR | 0.2 | - | 1.9 | - | 2.5 | 1.04 (0.37–2.91) | 3.9 | 1.81 (0.68–4.80) |
ORe/R/VR | 1.7 | - | 0.0 | - | 3.9 | 1.68 (0.52–5.46) | 3.6 | 1.67 (0.36–7.69) |
Pharmacist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 8.9 | 6.9 | 8.5 | 8.7 | ||||
IR | 7.9 | 0.88 (0.35–2.21) | 12.4 | 1.90 (0.98–3.68) | 10.6 | 1.27 (0.72–2.24) | 6.3 | 0.71 (0.34–1.50) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.4 | 1.06 (0.47–2.35) | 7.1 | 1.03 (0.40–2.64) | 3.2 | 0.36 (0.11–1.12) | 9.0 | 1.04 (0.39–2.76) |
Counsellor
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 2.2 | ||||
IR | 4.3 | 1.95 (0.81–4.70) | 2.6 | 1.10 (0.46–2.64) | 2.8 | 0.91 (0.36–2.29) | 2.7 | 1.22 (0.38–3.87) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.8 |
3.68 (1.07–12.63)
| 0.5 | 0.23 (0.03–1.69) | 3.2 | 1.03 (0.30–3.55) | 3.7 | 1.73 (0.48–6.32) |
Social worker
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.4 | 5.9 | 4.6 | 2.3 | ||||
IR | 3.7 | 0.84 (0.39–1.82) | 4.4 | 0.73 (0.34–1.57) | 3.2 | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 4.5 | 2.01 (0.84–4.84) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.6 | 1.78 (0.63–5.02) | 4.5 | 0.75 (0.24–2.32) | 5.9 | 1.30 (0.46–3.62) | 5.2 | 2.31 (0.67–8.01) |
Phone counselling
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.8 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 11.8 | ||||
IR | 7.4 | 1.59 (0.82–3.09) | 6.1 | 0.90 (0.39–2.08) | 8.5 | 1.12 (0.59–2.13) | 11.4 | 0.96 (0.56–1.67) |
ORe/R/VR | 12.0 |
2.70 (1.09–6.67)
| 2.9 |
0.42 (0.16–1.10)
| 4.9 | 0.62 (0.21–1.85) | 5.1 | 0.41 (0.16–1.03) |
Psychiatrist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 6.0 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.8 | ||||
IR | 9.8 | 1.69 (0.85–3.39) | 9.7 | 1.27 (0.72–2.22) | 4.2 | 0.80 (0.32–1.98) | 6.1 | 1.63 (0.83–3.21) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.8 | 1.70 (0.80–3.61) | 6.8 | 0.87 (0.27–2.77) | 9.3 | 1.88 (0.91–3.89) | 7.6 | 2.07 (0.75–5.70) |
Psychologist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 3.5 | 5.0 | 3.4 | 3.1 | ||||
IR | 9.4 |
2.90 (1.32–6.36)
| 6.4 | 1.31 (0.64–2.69) | 2.1 | 0.61 (0.22–1.74) | 4.5 | 1.45 (0.63–3.38) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.7 | 2.32 (0.95–5.63) | 4.0 | 0.80 (0.16–4.07) | 4.8 | 1.43 (0.51–4.05) | 4.9 | 1.59 (0.60–4.21) |
Close family
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.4 | 3.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | ||||
IR | 4.2 | 0.96 (0.46–1.99) | 5.4 | 1.53 (0.72–3.26) | 8.3 | 1.82 (0.98–3.40) | 5.8 | 1.09 (0.57–2.06) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.3 |
2.81 (1.27–6.23)
| 4.3 | 1.20 (0.46–3.13) | 6.1 | 1.31 (0.54–3.17) | 4.0 | 0.74 (0.20–2.76) |
Close friends
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.9 | ||||
IR | 1.4 | 0.63 (0.20–1.97) | 2.9 | 1.16 (0.44–3.05) | 5.3 |
2.65 (1.17–6.01)
| 1.7 | 0.42 (0.14–1.27) |
ORe/R/VR | 2.7 | 1.26 (0.26–6.05) | 3.0 | 1.21 (0.36–4.04) | 4.3 | 2.14 (0.73–6.30) | 1.9 | 0.46 (0.12–1.83) |
Naturopath/herbalist
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 10.3 | 13.3 | 16.6 | 13.7 | ||||
IR | 12.1 | 1.20 (0.67–2.17) | 15.6 | 1.21 (0.78–1.88) | 11.2 | 0.63 (0.39–1.02) | 19.4 | 1.52 (0.93–2.48) |
ORe/R/VR | 16.2 | 1.69 (0.84–3.38) | 6.7 | 0.47 (0.21–1.02) | 13.1 | 0.76 (0.37–1.56) | 13.8 | 1.00 (0.56–1.81) |
Clergy
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 7.5 | 9.2 | 12.9 | 10.3 | ||||
IR | 8.4 | 1.13 (0.60–2.12) | 9.6 | 1.05 (0.64–1.73) | 7.0 |
0.51 (0.28–0.94)
| 11.0 | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.7 | 1.63 (0.54–4.92) | 8.6 | 0.93 (0.48–1.80) | 13.3 | 1.04 (0.53–2.05) | 8.1 | 0.77 (0.34–1.71) |
Psychiatric ward
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 51.6 | 50.1 | 37.6 | 32.7 | ||||
IR | 56.2 | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 47.4 | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 41.7 | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 33.0 | 1.01 (0.72–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 60.0 | 1.41 (0.82–2.43) | 47.2 | 0.89 (0.48–1.65) | 42.5 | 1.23 (0.83–1.81) | 37.4 | 1.23 (0.74–2.04) |
Health educator
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | ||||
IR | 0.7 | 0.44 (0.06–3.48) | 1.4 | 0.61 (0.16–2.25) | 0.8 | 0.52 (0.11–2.50) | 1.7 | 1.07 (0.32–3.55) |
ORe/R/VR | 1.8 | 1.17 (0.24–5.73) | 1.6 | 0.73 (0.17–3.24) | 7.1 | 1.25 (0.28–5.60) | 1.4 | 0.83 (0.10–6.76) |
On-line expert
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.8 | 16.7 | 11.1 | 16.0 | ||||
IR | 15.3 | 1.13 (0.72–1.75) | 17.5 | 1.06 (0.66–1.69) | 18.3 |
1.79 (1.20–2.66)
| 22.9 |
1.55 (1.07–2.25)
|
ORe/R/VR | 15.5 | 1.15 (0.64–2.08) | 10.5 | 0.58 (0.24–1.40) | 25.3 |
2.71 (1.72–4.26)
| 12.4 | 0.75 (0.40–1.39) |
Deal with it alone
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 63.7 | 73.0 | 69.1 | 67.7 | ||||
IR | 65.5 | 1.08 (0.77–1.52) | 79.0 | 1.39 (0.93–2.07) | 73.2 | 1.22 (0.86–1.73) | 70.9 | 1.17 (0.82–1.67) |
ORe/R/VR | 62.8 | 0.96 (0.61–1.52) | 78.3 | 1.34 (0.77–2.32) | 73.6 | 1.25 (0.68–2.28) | 59.9 | 0.71 (0.43–1.20) |
(i) HELPFUL | Depression | Depression – suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Vitamins/minerals
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 50.8 | 57.9 | 49.2 | 66.0 | ||||
IR | 47.3 | 0.87 (0.62–1.23) | 55.3 | 0.90 (0.63–1.29) | 52.7 | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) | 68.8 | 1.14 (0.76–1.69) |
ORe/R/VR | 47.2 | 0.87 (0.50–1.52) | 45.3 | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 52.8 | 1.09 (0.65–1.84) | 68.4 | 1.12 (0.64–1.95) |
Pain relievers
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 12.8 | 10.8 | 7.2 | 10.6 | ||||
IR | 20.8 |
1.79 (1.13–2.84)
| 14.5 | 1.40 (0.86–2.27) | 9.3 | 1.31 (0.75–2.30) | 8.2 | 0.75 (0.42–1.36) |
ORe/R/VR | 15.5 | 1.25 (0.59–2.66) | 20.1 |
2.08 (1.12–3.86)
| 2.1 |
0.28 (0.07–1.14)
| 11.9 | 1.13 (0.52–2.50) |
Antidepressants
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 47.5 | 51.7 | 51.6 | 41.9 | ||||
IR | 45.0 | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | 52.4 | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 46.1 | 0.80 (0.59–1.10) | 45.1 | 1.14 (0.79–1.63) |
ORe/R/VR | 44.7 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 58.8 | 1.33 (0.83–2.15) | 45.5 | 0.78 (0.52–1.19) | 42.0 | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) |
Antibiotics
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 8.9 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 6.5 | ||||
IR | 15.3 |
1.86 (1.11–3.13)
| 8.0 | 1.06 (0.59–1.92) | 4.0 | 0.99 (0.41–2.41) | 6.9 | 1.08 (0.52–2.22) |
ORe/R/VR | 10.4 | 1.19 (0.60–2.39) | 10.2 | 1.39 (0.67–2.89) | 2.7 | 0.65 (0.19–2.18) | 5.0 | 0.77 (0.33–1.80) |
Sleeping pills
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 21.9 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 10.4 | ||||
IR | 26.9 | 1.31 (0.87–1.98) | 23.0 | 1.12 (0.78–1.61) | 20.1 | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) | 15.8 | 1.63 (0.93–2.83) |
ORe/R/VR | 32.8 | 1.74 (0.96–3.15) | 26.4 | 1.35 (0.79–2.30) | 13.4 | 0.70 (0.38–1.31) | 10.2 | 0.98 (0.48–1.99) |
Antipsychotics
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 11.0 | 16.1 | 33.0 | 36.6 | ||||
IR | 10.9 | 0.98 (0.54–1.79) | 15.4 | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 33.1 | 1.00 (0.71–1.42) | 41.7 | 1.24 (0.89–1.73) |
ORe/R/VR | 14.4 | 1.36 (0.61–3.07) | 23.4 | 1.59 (0.87–2.91) | 33.4 | 1.02 (0.56–1.84) | 42.6 | 1.29 (0.72–2.29) |
Tranquillisers
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 12.7 | 12.6 | 17.2 | 13.7 | ||||
IR | 16.8 | 1.39 (0.85–2.28) | 16.5 | 1.38 (0.87–2.19) | 19.3 | 1.15 (0.75–1.76) | 19.6 |
1.54 (1.02–2.33)
|
ORe/R/VR | 15.3 | 1.25 (0.71–2.19) | 16.9 | 1.42 (0.75–2.68) | 10.6 |
0.57 (0.31–1.06)
| 16.9 | 1.29 (0.73–2.29) |
Physical activity
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 92.2 | 93.0 | 87.3 | 80.1 | ||||
IR | 92.4 | 1.02 (0.56–1.86) | 89.2 | 0.62 (0.36–1.05) | 86.7 | 0.95 (0.61–1.45) | 80.0 | 0.99 (0.63–1.57) |
ORe/R/VR | 89.2 | 0.69 (0.33–1.47) | 96.6 | 2.11 (0.76–5.85) | 90.3 | 1.35 (0.49–3.75) | 73.6 | 0.69 (0.41–1.18) |
Read about people with problem
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 79.3 | 79.3 | 79.7 | 74.4 | ||||
IR | 80.4 | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 81.2 | 1.13 (0.74–1.74) | 79.2 | 0.97 (0.64–1.49) | 76.7 | 1.13 (0.79–1.63) |
ORe/R/VR | 76.1 | 0.83 (0.46–1.52) | 80.9 | 1.11 (0.66–1.87) | 79.5 | 0.99 (0.56–1.73) | 71.9 | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) |
Get out more
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 85.9 | 89.8 | 86.6 | 77.1 | ||||
IR | 88.8 | 1.30 (0.79–2.12) | 91.3 | 1.19 (0.65–2.16) | 88.3 | 1.18 (0.70–1.97) | 76.4 | 0.97 (0.62–1.51) |
ORe/R/VR | 91.9 | 1.87 (0.89–3.92) | 91.6 | 1.24 (0.58–2.63) | 88.4 | 1.19 (0.57–2.46) | 72.3 | 0.78 (0.46–1.31) |
Learn relaxation
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 84.8 | 85.5 | 77.5 | 69.6 | ||||
IR | 82.3 | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 85.2 | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 79.0 | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | 70.6 | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) |
ORe/R/VR | 76.9 | 0.60 (0.31–1.14) | 84.3 | 0.92 (0.41–2.06) | 68.0 | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 56.4 |
0.57 (0.35–0.91)
|
Cut out alcohol
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 58.6 | 59.9 | 66.5 | 52.2 | ||||
IR | 49.2 |
0.68 (0.49–0.96)
| 56.9 | 0.88 (0.64–1.23) | 65.7 | 0.96 (0.68–1.37) | 57.6 | 1.24 (0.88–1.76) |
ORe/R/VR | 52.3 | 0.77 (0.50–1.21) | 67.1 | 1.37 (0.91–2.05) | 63.7 | 0.88 (0.53–1.46) | 51.4 | 0.97 (0.58–1.60) |
Psychotherapy
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 47.2 | 52.1 | 59.7 | 62.5 | ||||
IR | 36.4 |
0.64 (0.46–0.90)
| 46.0 | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | 60.0 | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 63.8 | 1.06 (0.71–1.57) |
ORe/R/VR | 37.9 | 0.68 (0.41–1.15) | 47.3 | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | 50.8 | 0.70 (0.44–1.09) | 56.0 | 0.76 (0.45–1.29) |
Hypnosis
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 22.3 | 24.3 | 29.4 | 31.7 | ||||
IR | 23.6 | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) | 19.3 | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 29.4 | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) | 29.0 | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) |
ORe/R/VR | 19.9 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 33.4 | 1.57 (0.92–2.66) | 35.7 | 1.33 (0.81–2.18) | 28.6 | 0.86 (0.47–1.58) |
ECT
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 6.6 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 7.0 | ||||
IR | 3.1 | 0.45 (0.21–1.00) | 7.3 | 1.01 (0.47–2.16) | 6.5 | 1.04 (0.52–2.05) | 5.1 | 0.72 (0.32–1.60) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.8 | 1.19 (0.41–3.48) | 5.7 | 0.76 (0.24–2.39) | 6.5 | 1.03 (0.36–2.97) | 5.6 | 0.79 (0.34–1.84) |
Occasional drink
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 40.9 | 38.7 | 29.9 | 26.5 | ||||
IR | 52.0 |
1.56 (1.12–2.19)
| 50.6 |
1.63 (1.15–2.29)
| 38.0 |
1.44 (1.01–2.05)
| 29.6 | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) |
ORe/R/VR | 54.4 |
1.73 (1.04–2.86)
| 44.1 | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) | 22.6 | 0.68 (0.36–1.31) | 27.6 | 1.06 (0.49–2.27) |
Special diet
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 47.3 | 45.8 | 41.7 | 40.4 | ||||
IR | 51.1 | 1.16 (0.82–1.63) | 41.2 | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 45.3 | 1.16 (0.83–1.62) | 35.8 | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) |
ORe/R/VR | 48.5 | 1.05 (0.61–1.80) | 56.2 |
1.51 (1.02–2.26)
| 36.4 | 0.80 (0.49–1.30) | 39.9 | 0.98 (0.57–1.69) |
Website (information)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 58.1 | 55.2 | 58.9 | 44.1 | ||||
IR | 56.9 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) | 52.6 | 0.90 (0.61–1.33) | 55.9 | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 41.2 | 0.89 (0.62–1.26) |
ORe/R/VR | 58.5 | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 61.3 | 1.29 (0.84–1.97) | 49.1 | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 52.0 | 1.37 (0.70–2.69) |
Book (information)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 68.0 | 63.8 | 71.6 | 59.1 | ||||
IR | 70.1 | 1.10 (0.80–1.52) | 65.6 | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 67.4 | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 57.6 | 0.94 (0.66–1.35) |
ORe/R/VR | 75.9 | 1.48 (0.77–2.84) | 69.8 | 1.31 (0.77–2.23) | 69.6 | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 64.4 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) |
(ii)HARMFUL
|
Depression
|
Depression – suicidal ideation
|
Early schizophrenia
|
Chronic schizophrenia
| ||||
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Pain relievers
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 40.2 | 37.9 | 39.6 | 32.7 | ||||
IR | 32.4 | 0.71 (0.50–1.02) | 36.9 | 0.96 (0.68–1.36) | 36.5 | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 35.7 | 1.15 (0.78–1.68) |
ORe/R/VR | 29.8 | 0.63 (0.32–1.23) | 33.5 | 0.83 (0.52–1.31) | 39.7 | 1.00 (0.57–1.78) | 46.3 |
1.77 (1.16–2.71)
|
Antidepressants
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 26.5 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 29.3 | ||||
IR | 27.4 | 1.05 (0.73–1.50) | 20.4 | 0.77 (0.49–1.21) | 30.0 |
1.72 (1.19–2.48)
| 29.9 | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
ORe/R/VR | 36.3 | 1.58 (0.96–2.60) | 17.3 |
0.63 (0.39–1.02)
| 25.3 | 1.36 (0.85–2.18) | 27.5 | 0.91 (0.58–1.44) |
Antibiotics
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 41.0 | 40.9 | 36.0 | 35.5 | ||||
IR | 32.8 | 0.70 (0.48–1.02) | 31.1 |
0.65 (0.46–0.94)
| 34.6 | 0.94 (0.67–1.33) | 41.4 | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) |
ORe/R/VR | 29.9 | 0.62 (0.31–1.21) | 29.7 | 0.61 (0.34–1.10) | 37.9 | 1.08 (0.72–1.63) | 36.5 | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) |
Sleeping pills
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 49.7 | 52.6 | 52.1 | 59.1 | ||||
IR | 49.7 | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 44.4 | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 51.5 | 0.98 (0.67–1.42) | 59.6 | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 48.0 | 0.93 (0.60–1.46) | 46.8 | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 67.0 |
1.87 (1.18–2.97)
| 54.1 | 0.82 (0.47–1.42) |
Antipsychotics
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 49.1 | 42.5 | 22.6 | 25.3 | ||||
IR | 48.1 | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 38.6 | 0.85 (0.58–1.25) | 25.7 | 1.18 (0.82–1.71) | 24.1 | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) |
ORe/R/VR | 41.1 | 0.72 (0.46–1.14) | 26.5 |
0.49 (0.27–0.87)
| 37.5 |
2.05 (1.22–3.45)
| 18.7 | 0.68 (0.32–1.43) |
Tranquillisers
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 59.3 | 60.1 | 46.3 | 54.9 | ||||
IR | 62.5 | 1.14 (0.79–1.65) | 58.6 | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 48.5 | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 57.3 | 1.10 (0.78–1.56) |
ORe/R/VR | 63.7 | 1.20 (0.81–1.80) | 64.1 | 1.19 (0.68–2.07) | 55.4 | 1.44 (0.96–2.16) | 58.2 | 1.14 (0.65–1.99) |
Cut out alcohol
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.0 | 2.6 | ||||
IR | 5.9 | 1.47 (0.69–3.17) | 9.2 |
2.25 (1.08–4.68)
| 3.9 | 1.32 (0.51–3.41) | 3.8 | 1.49 (0.65–3.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 6.7 | 1.69 (0.47–6.01) | 2.6 | 0.60 (0.15–2.35) | 1.8 | 0.60 (0.14–2.51) | 1.6 | 0.61 (0.08–4.58) |
Psychotherapy
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 8.6 | 10.3 | 4.7 | 7.0 | ||||
IR | 13.6 | 1.66 (0.98–2.84) | 11.9 | 1.17 (0.69–1.96) | 6.4 | 1.39 (0.69–2.80) | 6.2 | 0.88 (0.41–1.91) |
ORe/R/VR | 11.4 | 1.36 (0.52–3.58) | 9.3 | 0.89 (0.32–2.48) | 12.6 |
2.91 (1.42–5.96)
| 12.5 | 1.90 (0.88–4.12) |
Hypnosis
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 16.2 | 19.8 | 12.4 | 16.3 | ||||
IR | 19.0 | 1.21 (0.77–1.91) | 23.1 | 1.21 (0.76–1.94) | 12.9 | 1.05 (0.64–1.71) | 17.8 | 1.11 (0.71–1.74) |
ORe/R/VR | 19.0 | 1.22 (0.67–2.21) | 18.1 | 0.90 (0.39–2.09) | 16.7 | 1.42 (0.77–2.60) | 16.2 | 0.99 (0.49–1.99) |
ECT
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 68.1 | 66.4 | 60.4 | 63.4 | ||||
IR | 73.3 | 1.29 (0.85–1.97) | 66.0 | 0.98 (0.66–1.48) | 68.7 | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) | 70.7 | 1.39 (0.93–2.08) |
ORe/R/VR | 69.7 | 1.08 (0.59–1.98) | 61.4 | 0.80 (0.49–1.33) | 74.9 |
1.95 (1.22–3.13)
| 67.4 | 1.19 (0.69–2.07) |
Occasional drink
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 16.6 | 21.6 | 30.9 | 24.0 | ||||
IR | 13.7 | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | 13.9 |
0.58 (0.36–0.94)
| 27.0 | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 27.5 | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.7 | 0.54 (0.27–1.10) | 11.6 |
0.48 (0.22–1.02)
| 28.0 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 29.7 | 1.34 (0.66–2.69) |
Special diet
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 8.4 | 9.5 | 8.0 | 6.3 | ||||
IR | 5.4 | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 9.4 | 0.99 (0.57–1.75) | 6.7 | 0.83 (0.46–1.51) | 8.3 | 1.34 (0.69–2.62) |
ORe/R/VR | 7.8 | 0.93 (0.42–2.06) | 6.2 | 0.63 (0.25–1.64) | 8.7 | 1.11 (0.45–2.76) | 10.2 | 1.70 (0.65–4.46) |
Website (information)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 14.6 | 16.1 | 12.2 | 18.3 | ||||
IR | 14.3 | 0.97 (0.62–1.51) | 14.4 | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) | 13.9 | 1.15 (0.78–1.72) | 24.5 |
1.44 (1.01–2.08)
|
ORe/R/VR | 17.5 | 1.23 (0.73–2.09) | 10.5 | 0.62 (0.27–1.41) | 14.1 | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | 12.7 | 0.65 (0.35–1.22) |
Book (information)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 7.8 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 8.9 | ||||
IR | 6.6 | 0.84 (0.48–1.49) | 7.8 | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 9.4 | 1.55 (0.83–2.87) | 11.4 | 1.33 (0.77–2.28) |
ORe/R/VR | 9.8 | 1.29 (0.63–2.63) | 6.7 | 0.67 (0.36–1.27) | 7.1 | 1.14 (0.55–2.37) | 8.2 | 0.91 (0.32–2.60) |
Recognition
Perceived helpfulness and harmfulness of professionals, non-professionals and interventions
Sources of help
Depression vignettes
Schizophrenia vignettes
Interventions
Depression vignettes
Schizophrenia vignettes
Prognosis and outcomes
Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Rural Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
(i) Improvement
| ||||||||
With professional help
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 96.6 | 97.1 | 97.1 | 95.9 | ||||
IR | 96.9 | 1.08 (0.48–2.43) | 94.9 | 0.55 (0.25–1.22) | 96.2 | 0.74 (0.29–1.91) | 94.3 | 0.70 (0.33–1.50) |
ORe/R/VR | 95.2 | 0.69 (0.24–2.00) | 93.9 | 0.46 (0.17–1.21) | 95.2 | 0.58 (0.20–1.68) | 92.1 | 0.49 (0.21–1.18) |
Without professional help
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 14.0 | 12.3 | 5.0 | 3.5 | ||||
IR | 18.8 |
1.43 (0.91–2.24)
| 6.4 |
0.49 (0.29–0.85)
| 7.7 | 1.59 (0.82–3.09) | 1.2 | 0.33 (0.09–1.17) |
ORe/R/VR | 20.1 | 1.55 (0.83–2.88) | 13.7 | 1.13 (0.52–2.44) | 9.7 | 2.05 (0.94–4.47) | 3.0 | 0.84 (0.12–5.96) |
(ii) Outcomes if treated, compared to others in the community:
| ||||||||
Violent
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 5.8 | 6.5 | 12.3 | 9.0 | ||||
IR | 4.8 | 0.83 (0.41–1.69) | 1.9 |
0.28 (0.10–0.76)
| 13.0 | 1.07 (0.64–1.77) | 11.8 | 1.35 (0.76–2.40) |
ORe/R/VR | 3.9 | 0.66 (0.20–2.22) | 2.1 | 0.31 (0.08–1.19) | 10.5 | 0.83 (0.40–1.75) | 8.7 | 0.96 (0.38–2.41) |
Too much alcohol
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.0 | 14.5 | 15.1 | 10.2 | ||||
IR | 17.7 | 1.44 (0.91–2.29) | 12.8 | 0.87 (0.52–1.45) | 13.8 | 0.90 (0.59–1.39) | 13.9 | 1.43 (0.83–2.45) |
ORe/R/VR | 18.0 | 1.47 (0.77–2.82) | 21.7 | 1.64 (0.83–3.26) | 10.8 | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 10.8 | 1.06 (0.49–2.32) |
Take illegal drugs
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 9.9 | 14.3 | 16.6 | 12.3 | ||||
IR | 14.0 | 1.49 (0.91–2.43) | 13.8 | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | 15.8 | 0.94 (0.63–1.40) | 13.8 | 1.14 (0.70–1.87) |
ORe/R/VR | 17.7 |
1.97 (1.01–3.85)
| 21.4 | 1.63 (0.90–2.97) | 9.7 | 0.54 (0.27–1.07) | 7.4 | 0.57 (0.24–1.35) |
Poor friendships
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 13.6 | 15.2 | 24.9 | 25.9 | ||||
IR | 8.7 |
0.61 (0.37–1.00)
| 16.7 | 1.12 (0.70–1.79) | 25.7 | 1.04 (0.71–1.53) | 25.2 | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) |
ORe/R/VR | 15.0 | 1.13 (0.54–2.35) | 19.9 | 1.39 (0.68–2.88) | 17.2 | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 12.7 |
0.42 (0.21–0.85)
|
More likely suicide
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 17.5 | 22.4 | 31.1 | 26.9 | ||||
IR | 20.5 | 1.21 (0.83–1.77) | 23.1 | 1.04 (0.71–1.52) | 33.9 | 1.14 (0.82–1.57) | 30.7 | 1.21 (0.81–1.79) |
ORe/R/VR | 20.7 | 1.23 (0.62–2.42) | 28.1 | 1.35 (0.84–2.18) | 33.7 | 1.13 (0.69–1.85) | 26.2 | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) |
Understanding others' feelings (less likely)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 57.3 | 61.4 | 47.2 | 40.1 | ||||
IR | 60.1 | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 64.6 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 48.3 | 1.05 (0.78–1.42) | 32.3 |
0.71 (0.53–0.95)
|
ORe/R/VR | 71.0 |
1.83 (1.11–3.01)
| 63.1 | 1.08 (0.62–1.87) | 48.7 | 1.07 (0.66–1.73) | 38.7 | 0.94 (0.60–1.47) |
Caring parent (less likely)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 31.1 | 31.4 | 21.9 | 18.1 | ||||
IR | 31.1 | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 25.3 | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 19.4 | 0.86 (0.59–1.25) | 13.7 | 0.72 (0.42–1.22) |
ORe/R/VR | 36.0 | 1.25 (0.73–2.14) | 28.4 | 0.87 (0.48–1.58) | 16.1 | 0.69 (0.36–1.31) | 19.6 | 1.10 (0.61–1.99) |
Productive worker (less likely)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 26.3 | 24.8 | 17.3 | 16.9 | ||||
IR | 28.2 | 1.10 (0.72–1.67) | 21.1 | 0.81 (0.53–1.24) | 13.2 | 0.72 (0.45–1.17) | 13.9 | 0.80 (0.46–1.37) |
ORe/R/VR | 31.1 | 1.26 (0.77–2.07) | 31.5 | 1.40 (0.84–2.34) | 12.3 | 0.67 (0.29–1.53) | 19.1 | 1.16 (0.60–2.24) |
Creative/artistic
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 21.2 | 22.9 | 27.9 | 24.5 | ||||
IR | 19.9 | 0.93 (0.59–1.44) | 17.9 |
0.73 (0.51–1.05)
| 23. | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | 32.7 | 1.50 (1.00–2.25) |
ORe/R/VR | 21.3 | 1.01 (0.56–1.80) | 25.2 | 1.13 (0.62–2.08) | 19.3 | 0.62 (0.30–1.29) | 31.2 | 1.40 (0.77–2.52) |
Beliefs about cause
Depression | Depression with suicidal ideation | Early schizophrenia | Chronic schizophrenia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Virus or infection
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 48.4 | 39.4 | 31.7 | 33.4 | ||||
IR | 52.5 | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 42.5 | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 35.0 | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) | 33.5 | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) |
ORe/R/VR | 60.3 | 1.62 (0.95–2.77) | 56.5 |
2.00 (1.41–2.84)
| 34.9 | 1.15 (0.68–1.96) | 32.2 | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) |
Allergy
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 43.1 | 36.3 | 30.5 | 27.0 | ||||
IR | 49.8 | 1.31 (0.91–1.87) | 38.8 | 1.11 (0.78–1.59) | 35.1 | 1.23 (0.87–1.75) | 30.9 | 1.21 (0.85–1.72) |
ORe/R/VR | 53.4 | 1.51 (0.86–2.67) | 41.8 | 1.26 (0.80–2.00) | 35.1 | 1.23 (0.76–1.99) | 31.7 | 1.26 (0.68–2.33) |
Day-to-day problems
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 96.6 | 95.9 | 88.7 | 86.7 | ||||
IR | 98.2 | 1.96 (0.63–6.06) | 95.3 | 0.87 (0.42–1.80) | 92.3 | 1.54 (0.90–2.64) | 85.3 | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) |
ORe/R/VR | 96.8 | 1.06 (0.24–1.65) | 95.5 | 0.90 (0.37–2.18) | 86.6 | 0.83 (0.40–1.74) | 89.6 | 1.33 (0.62–2.86) |
Recent death close friend/relative
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 95.2 | 94.4 | 86.6 | 83.6 | ||||
IR | 97.1 | - | 96.9 | 1.89 (0.85–4.23) | 89.8 | 1.35 (0.86–2.13) | 80.4 | 0.81 (0.51–1.29) |
ORe/R/VR | 100.0 | - | 95.6 | 1.29 (0.40–4.18) | 84.1 | 0.82 (0.43–1.55) | 84.2 | 1.05 (0.47–2.34) |
Recent trauma
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 93.2 | 92.2 | 85.8 | 82.4 | ||||
IR | 96.8 | 2.24 (0.94–5.31) | 95.8 | 1.92 (0.99–3.70) | 90.0 | 1.50 (0.93–2.41) | 80.7 | 0.89 (0.56–1.42) |
ORe/R/VR | 92.7 | 0.93 (0.34–2.57) | 93.8 | 1.29 (0.53–3.14) | 82.7 | 0.79 (0.40–1.56) | 87.5 | 1.50 (0.70–3.19) |
Childhood problems
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 91.3 | 94.4 | 89.7 | 91.8 | ||||
IR | 93.8 | 1.44 (0.77–2.69) | 96.4 | 1.57 (0.67–3.65) | 94.0 | 1.79 (0.96–3.33) | 88.3 | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) |
ORe/R/VR | 89.4 | 0.80 (0.36–1.77) | 99.0 | 6.02 (0.81–44.72) | 87.9 | 0.84 (0.39–1.81) | 96.6 | 2.56 (0.77–8.49) |
Genetic
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 67.9 | 69.9 | 71.4 | 74.9 | ||||
IR | 66.4 | 0.94 (0.62–1.41) | 65.0 | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 68.0 | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) | 67.1 |
0.68 (0.48–0.97)
|
ORe/R/VR | 65.1 | 0.88 (0.57–1.37) | 66.0 | 0.84 (0.47–1.50) | 56.4 |
0.52 (0.34–0.79)
| 75.7 | 1.04 (0.52–2.09) |
Nervousness
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 66.5 | 63.5 | 57.3 | 56.6 | ||||
IR | 69.4 | 1.14 (0.80–1.63) | 66.9 | 1.16 (0.83–1.64) | 60.4 | 1.13 (0.79–1.63) | 56.6 | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) |
ORe/R/VR | 77.1 |
1.70 (1.04–2.79)
| 70.2 | 1.36 (0.77–2.40) | 67.1 | 1.52 (0.83–2.78) | 66.4 | 1.51 (0.85–2.69) |
Weakness of character
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 41.3 | 46.0 | 39.9 | 36.4 | ||||
IR | 49.7 | 1.41 (1.00–1.98) | 43.1 | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 36.4 | 0.86 (0.62–1.20) | 31.4 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) |
ORe/R/VR | 47.6 | 1.29 (0.80–2.08) | 43.2 | 0.90 (0.53–1.50) | 46.4 | 1.30 (0.83–2.04) | 35.6 | 0.97 (0.52–1.78) |
Effect of locality on awareness about depression initiatives
(i) Awareness | (ii) Psychological distress | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||||
Beyondblue
|
Anxiety
| |||||||
Maj City* | 23.9 | 22.2 | ||||||
IR | 26.6 |
1.37 (1.08–1.73)
| 21.0 | 1.13 (0.95–1.36) | ||||
ORe/R/VR | 22.6 | 0.97 (0.58–1.63) | 14.1 | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | ||||
Mellow Yellow Institute
|
Depression
| |||||||
Maj City* | 8.9 | 15.3 | ||||||
IR | 10.8 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 15.8 | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | ||||
ORe/R/VR | 5.0 | 0.89 (0.61–1.29) | 13.4 | 1.23 (0.84–1.79) | ||||
Media reports
|
Irritability
| |||||||
Maj City* | 59.5 | 39.4 | ||||||
IR | 60.9 | 1.08 (0.87–1.33) | 43.1 |
1.25 (1.01–1.54)
| ||||
ORe/R/VR | 60.4 | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 44.9 | 1.19 (0.91–1.57) | ||||
Nervousness
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 19.0 | |||||||
IR | 18.7 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | ||||||
ORe/R/VR | 15.2 | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | ||||||
(iii) Experience with disorder depicted in vignette
| ||||||||
Depression
|
Depression + suicidal ideation
|
Early schizophrenia
|
Chronic schizophrenia
| |||||
% | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | % | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
Family/friend with problem
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 60.9 | 59.8 | 48.2 | 35.4 | ||||
IR | 64.8 | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) | 66.3 |
1.32 (0.96–1.83)
| 52.4 | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 44.6 |
1.47 (1.04–2.07)
|
ORe/R/VR | 67.1 | 1.31 (0.72–2.37) | 69.4 |
1.53 (0.96–2.43)
| 48.8 | 1.03 (0.66–1.59) | 38.4 | 1.14 (0.71–1.84) |
Self with problem
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 31.9 | 27.6 | 13.1 | 5.2 | ||||
IR | 35.3 | 1.17 (0.81–1.69) | 34.1 | 1.35 (0.94–1.96) | 15.8 | 1.25 (0.77–2.01) | 8.8 | 1.78 (0.94–3.37) |
ORe/R/VR | 34.9 | 1.15 (0.67–1.98) | 49.3 |
2.54 (1.60–4.03)
| 28.3 |
2.62 (1.45–4.72)
| 5.9 | 1.16 (0.39–3.45) |
Provided services to others with problem
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 22.2 | 18.8 | 22.0 | 21.4 | ||||
IR | 22.1 | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 28.7 |
1.74 (1.20–2.52)
| 24.9 | 1.17 (0.81–1.69) | 26.2 | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) |
ORe/R/VR | 18.0 | 0.77 (0.45–1.31) | 25.2 |
1.46 (0.77–2.75)
| 25.3 | 1.20 (0.79–1.81) | 21.2 | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) |
Family/friends with the problem who received help (as % of respondents with family//friends with the problem)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 85.8 | 86.2 | 90.7 | 86.1 | ||||
IR | 89.9 | 1.48 (0.75–2.90) | 82.9 | 0.78 (0.44–1.38) | 88.4 | 0.78 (0.35–1.76) | 87.9 | 1.17 (0.52–2.63) |
ORe/R/VR | 76.8 | 0.55 (0.25–1.20) | 73.8 |
0.45 (0.22–0.91)
| 92.7 | 1.31 (0.41–4.18) | 77.7 | 0.56 (0.24–1.30) |
Respondents with the problem who received help (as % of respondents with the problem)
| ||||||||
Maj City* | 68.8 | 80.4 | 82.4 | 78.1 | ||||
IR | 80.0 | 1.82 (0.89–3.71) | 84.6 | 1.34 (0.70–2.57) | 88.6 | 1.66 (0.53–5.25) | 91.7 | - |
ORe/R/VR | 54.8 | 0.55 (0.21–1.43) | 71.1 | 0.60 (0.28–1.27) | 68.3 | 0.46 (0.16–1.35) | 100.0 | - |