Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium alleviates oxidative stress injury induced by hydrogen peroxide via regulating miR143 and its target protein in hepatocytes
To investigate the impact of miRNA (microRNA) on hepatic oxidative stress damage under the human mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium (MSC-CM) and explore the roles of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) and hexokinase 2 (HK2) in this process.
Methods
Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce oxidative stress injury in the human normal liver cell line L02. MSC-CM was separately prepared. After treatment with MSC-CM, the protective effects of MSC-CM on oxidative stress injury were assessed by changes in apoptosis, cell viability, cell cycle, and mitochondrial membrane potential. According to the microarray analysis, 19 disparately expressed miRNAs were selected for RT-PCR and miR143 identified as having significant differential expression in MSC-CM against oxidative stress injury. Subsequently, the predicted target proteins of miR143 were selected by bioinformatics software, and verified by western blot. In addition, down-regulation and up-regulation of miR143 expression and hydrogen peroxide induced hypoxia injury were carried out on L02 cells to study the role of miR143.
Results
MSC-CM significantly attenuated H2O2 induced oxidative stress injury. The expression of miR143 was increased following oxidative stress injury whereas it decreased after MSC-CM treatment. The expression levels of HK2 and ADRB1 regulated by miR143 and Bcl-2 decreased under H2O2 treatment but were restored following MSC-CM treatment. However the expression levels of Bax and BMF increased after H2O2 injury and decreased after MSC-CM treatment. Moreover over-expression or down-regulation of miR143 aggravated or alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis respectively.
Conclusions
MSC-CM may alleviate H2O2 induced oxidative stress injury by inhibiting apoptosis and adjusting miRNA expression. Moreover down-regulation of miR143 protects L02 cells from apoptosis and initiates an adaptive process by adjusting the expression of HK2 ADRB1 and apoptosis-related proteins.
Oxidative stress injury leads to severe local and remote tissue injury and subsequent distant organ functional failure, including that of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, brain, and liver [1‐4]. The mechanisms of hypoxia are mainly derived from cellular damage [5, 6]. Until now, no effective therapeutic protocol has been proven to modify the course of oxidative stress injury.
Substantial previous work has demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have notable capability to repair ischemic organ tissue [7]. Studies have shown that MSC conditioned medium (MSC-CM) is a promising novel therapeutic agent to promote proliferation and anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory responses after acute organ injury [8‐13]. The rationale for MSC therapy is increasingly recognized to act by a secretion (paracrine) rather than differentiation mechanism [14‐16].
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles to regulate differentiation, paracrine activity, and other cellular activities [17]. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that affect mRNA stability and translation, which play a key role in mediating biological function due to their prominent role in gene regulation. Mature miRNAs are important for numerous cellular processes and deregulation of miRNAs can be observed in several pathological processes [18]. Until now, despite the extensive and increasing knowledge regarding the regulation of miRNAs, little is known about the expression change of miRNAs in hepatocytes during the MSC-CM mediated apoptosis rescue process. In the present study, we demonstrate that MSC-CM is able to ameliorate hepatocyte injury. Nineteen chip hybridization-screened miRNAs were verified to show significant changes in expression during this process, from which miR143 was verified by quantitative PCR. The predicted target proteins of miR143, HK2 and ADRB1, were analyzed by three bioinformatics algorithms, and verified by western blot. We also down-regulated and up-regulated miR143 expression to study the effect of miR143 on apoptosis, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cell viability in L02 cells.
Methods
Culture of human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs
Human umbilical cord was obtained from healthy donors at the Department of Obstetrics in Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China. Umbilical cords were dissected to remove blood vessels and cut into small fragments. Then, human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) were cultured in α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco) supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco). Cultures were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. The culture medium was changed every 3–4 days. The MSCs used throughout this study were between passage 3 and 6.
Identification and differentiation of hUC-MSCs and preparation of MSC conditioned medium
Flow cytometry analysis was performed to characterize MSCs according to the previously study [19]. The hUC-MSCs were analyzed for their ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts as described previously [20]. The cells used were between passage 5 and 7.
Once the MSCs reached 70-80% confluency, the medium was replaced with fresh full medium and harvested after 24 h. Subsequently, MSC-CM were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 20 min with 0.1-μm filtration to remove detached MSCs and cell debris.
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L02 cell culture and processing
The human hepatic cell line L02 [21] was purchased from the Cell Resource Center of the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). L02 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco) with 20% FBS (Gibco),100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco), and 10 μg/mL insulin (Wanbang, Jiangsu, China) at 37 °C,in a 5% CO2 incubator [21]. Subsequently, the L02 cells were cultured to 70–80% confluency before exposure to 1 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; DAMAO, Tianjin, China.) for 3 h to induce oxidative stress injury. In detail, L02 were randomly divided into the following three groups: the normal control group (Control) with normal incubation, the H2O2 treatment group (H2O2) which were incubated with 1 mM H2O2 for 3 h in the above medium, and the rescue group with addition of 20% MSC-CM for 6, 24, and 48 h following H2O2 (H2O2 + MSC-CM). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; DOJINDO, Kyushu, Japan) was used to find the MSC-CM optimal time, which was determined to be 24 h. All cell experiments were replicated a minimum of five times.
Apoptosis, cell cycle, and MMP detection by flow cytometry
To assess apoptosis, flow cytometry with AnnexinV/Propidium iodide (PI) double staining (BD Biosciences, New Jersey, United States) was used. Cell cycle stage (70% ethanol fixed 12–24 h at 4 °C) and MMP were also evaluated by flow cytometry with Propidium iodide (PI) staining (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) and JC-1 staining (1st J-aggregate-forming cationic dye; BD Biosciences), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Apoptosis, cell cycle stage, and MMP were detected using flow cytometry (Millipore, Billerica, MA) and the data were analyzed using Guava Incyte (version 2.8; EMD Millipore).
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of miRNAs and miR143 selection
SD rats were purchased from the Experimental Animal Centre of Shandong University and housed in a specific pathogen-free (SPF) animal facility. Hepatic cirrhosis in SD rats was induced with carbon tetrachloride subcutaneous injection and alcohol oral administration. hUC-MSCs or PBS were transplanted by intravenous injection once per week for 4 weeks. In detail, rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: normal rats (Nor) with PBS, cirrhotic rats (CTr), and cirrhotic rats with MSC (MSC). The gene expression alterations were calculated between the PBS and MSC groups by miRNA microarray analysis.
Liver total RNA was harvested using TRIzol (Invitrogen) and the miRNeasy mini kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After quantification using the NanoDrop 1000, the samples were labeled using the miRCURY™ Hy3™/Hy5™ Power labeling kit and hybridized on the miRCURY™ LNA Array (v.18.0). Following the washing steps, the slides were scanned using the Axon GenePix 4000B microarray scanner.
Scanned images were then imported into GenePix Pro 6.0 software (Axon) for grid alignment and data extraction. miRNA replicates were averaged and the normalization factor calculated for miRNAs with intensities ≥30 in all samples. Expressed data were normalized using the median normalization. After normalization, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified through Fold Change filtering. Finally, hierarchical clustering was performed to show distinguishable miRNA expression profiling among samples.
Nineteen disparately expressed miRNAs (Additional file 1) were selected by gene chip hybridization in the model of cirrhotic rats treated with MSC. miRNA was extracted from the L02 cells, which were treated with MSC-CM for 24 h after 1 mM H2O2 treatment for 3 h using the miRcute miRNA Isolation Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To verify the expression of the specific miRNAs in the process of H2O2 injury and the protective effect of MSC-CM, RT-PCR was performed on the 19 disparately expressed miRNAs described above.
First-strand cDNA of miRNA was synthesized using 0.25 μl of miRNA in a 20 μl reverse transcriptase reaction mixture using the miRcute miRNA First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Tiangen) with miRNA specific primers (Tiangen). Using the miRcute miRNA qPCR Detection (SYBR Green) kit (Tiangen), quantitative RT-PCR was performed with the ABI Prism 7500 sequence detection system. The miRNA expression levels were normalized to those of U6. Data were analyzed using Sequence Detection Software (Version 1.4, Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA). The relative quantity of the transcript was calculated using 2-ΔCt the method, where ΔCt = CtmiRNAtest-CtmiRNActr..
To study the effect of miRNA143 in oxidative stress injury, we up- and down-regulated miRNA143 by transfecting miR143 mimics, miR143 inhibitors, a negative control (NC), or an miRNA inhibitor negative control (inhibitor NC, GenePharma). One day before transfection, L02cells were plated in 24-well plates without antibiotics so that they would be 30–50% confluent at the time of transfection. Cells were transfected with 33 nM miRNA oligomer using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions; the culture medium was replaced at 6 and 36 h after miRNA transfection. After 36 h of transfection, the cells were used for RT-PCR. The RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that miR143 inhibitors significantly down regulate miR143 expression in L02 cells compared with inhibitor NC and NC. On the other hand, miR143 mimics significantly up regulated miR143 expression, and there was no difference between inhibitor NC and NC. According to the analysis of RT-PCR, miR143 was transfected and differently expressed into L02 cell successfully (Fig. 6c).
L02 cells were incubated at 37 °C for 36, 48, and 60 h. CCK8 was used to find miR143 transfected time. CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation. Briefly, after transfection with miR143 mimics, inhibitors, or scrambled oligonucleotides (miRNA negative control-NC and miRNA inhibitor NC; 33 nM; Gene Pharma, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), the cells were incubated with 0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h, then 10 μl CCK-8 was added. After 2–3 h, the optical density (OD) was measured with a microplate reader (KeyGen, NanJing, China) at 450 nm using the following formula: ODexperiment - ODblank (blank control group: no cells and medium). According to the analysis of CCK8, the optimal miR143 transfection time was 60 h. All cell experiments were replicated a minimum of five times.
Subsequently the cells were treated with 0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h. Apoptosis, cell cycle, cell viability, MMP, and western blot analysis were performed for recovery following H2O2 injury.
Western blotting
L02 cell lysates (1 μg/μl, Beyotime) were prepared using RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor PMSF (1 mM,Beyotime). Total proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE. The proteins were then transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, USA). After blocking with 0.5% skimmed milk powder solution for 70 min at room temperature, proteins were detected by western blotting with the indicated antibodies overnight. Antibodies against HK2 (1:1000, Cat: 60,004–1-lg), Bcl-2 (1:1000, Cat: 12,789–1-AP), and Bax (1:2000, Cat: 60,267–1-lg) were purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China), antibodies against ADRB1 (1:1000, ab3342) and recombinant human Bcl2 modifying factor (BMF, 1:500, ab181148) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA USA). After washing with TBST, the membranes were incubated with secondary antibodies (1:10,000, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H + L), Cat: SA00001–1; 1:10,000, Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L), Cat: SA00001–2; proteintech) and developed using ECL (Millipore, Billerica, MA). The quantified densitometric analysis was performed using the UVP BioSpectrum multispectral imaging system (UltraViolet Products Ltd., Upland, CA, USA). The relative levels of the proteins were then determined by measuring the intensity of the corresponding bands. All the western-blot analyses were repeated a minimum of five times and the values were normalized to the constitutive expression of GAPDH.
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Statistical analysis
Quantitative data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation of a minimum of five independent replicates for of H2O2 injury, MSC-CM treatment, and miR143 transfection. For comparisons between miR143 mimics and inhibitor group under H2O2 injury, independent two sample t-tests were performed. For comparisons among the various cell lines, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer postdoc analysis was employed. Differences between the values were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. All the statistical analysis were carried out with SPSS 20.0 software program (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and graphs were made using GraphPad Prism 6 (Beijing, HuanZhongRuiChi).
Results
In vitro differentiation of hUC-MSCs
For osteogenic differentiation, the cells were cultured for 20 days in osteogenic medium. Calcium precipitation, determined by alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red S staining, was observed in the hUC-MSCs (Fig. 1a–b). Adipogenic differentiation of hUC-MSCs was apparent after 14 days. Oil Red O-positive lipid droplets were observed (Fig. 1c–d).
Fig. 1
Differentiation of hUC-derived MSCs. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was demonstrated by the formation of calcium-hydroxyapatite-positive areas stained in red by Alizarin Red (a) and brown by alkaline phosphatase (b). Adipogenic differentiation was demonstrated by intracellular lipid vacuoles stained in red by Oil Red O (c-d). Scale bar = 100 μm
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Protective effect of MSC-CM on apoptosis of L02 cells exposed to H2O2
To quantify the effects of MSC-CM (20% MSC-CM for 24 h) on H2O2-induced (1 mM H2O2 for 3 h) cell apoptosis and necrosis, we performed flow cytometry with AnnexinV/PI double staining, which was used to discriminate apoptosis from necrotic cells, JC-1 was employed to detect MMP (∆ψ), PI single staining was applied to detect cell cycle and CCK-8 analysis was applied to demonstrate that the MSC-CM could prevent L02 cell from undergoing apoptosis. According to Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis (Fig. 2a–b, P < 0.05), the percent of typical apoptotic cells reached 31.6% ± 1.07% and 15.58% ± 0.5 5% in the H2O2 and H2O2 + MSC-CM groups respectively, while the apoptosis rate of the control group was 11.04% ± 0.39%. Compared with the H2O2 group, the apoptosis rate of normal cells increased by 16.31% ± 3.26% (65.69% ± 2.91% vs. 82.00% ± 3.11%, Fig. 2a–b, P < 0.05) in the H2O2 + MSC-CM group. In addition, the percentage of apoptotic cells whose MMP decreased visualized by JC-1 staining clearly increased after H2O2 stimulation, and was restored after MSC-CM treatment (Fig. 2c–d, P < 0.05).
Fig. 2
MSC-CM treatment decreases apoptosis. H2O2: L02 incubated with 1 mM H2O2 for 3 h; H2O2 + MSC-CM: rescue group with addition of 20% MSC-CM for 24 h following H2O2 injury. a. MSC-CM protects L02 cells from apoptosis examined by Annexin V/PI double staining and flow cytometry. b The percentage of apoptotic L02 cells in the total cell population. c-d. MSC-CM protects L02 cells from MMP depolarization examined by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry. The lower right quadrant: MMP depolarization, a sign of early apoptosis (Mean ± SD. n = 10. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group)
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The Bcl-2 family plays a role in the regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. To address whether H2O2 injury and the protective role of MSC-CM also influence the Bcl-2 family proteins, the western blotting of Bax,Bcl-2, and BMF were assessed for the control, H2O2 and H2O2 + MSC-CM groups. Our results showed that H2O2 decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio significantly in comparison with the control, while MSC-CM remarkably restored this ratio. Consistent with H2O2-dependent apoptosis activation, BMF expression was markedly increased in the H2O2 group, while it was low in the control group. However, BMF expression was significantly lower in the MSC-CM group compared to that in the H2O2 group (Fig. 3, P < 0.05).
Fig. 3
Apoptosis-related protein relative content in H2O2 injury and MSC-CM treatment groups. Control group = 1. Mean ± SD. n = 10. * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group
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Protective effect of MSC-CM on proliferation and cell cycle of L02 cells exposed to H2O2
H2O2 induced injury significantly reduced L02 cell viability at 24 and 48 h as compared with the H2O2 + MSC-CM group. Moreover, the cell viability of H2O2 group recovered to about 11.5% ± 2.85 and 15.8% ± 2.79 when MSC-CM was administered at 24 and 48 h, respectively (Fig. 4a, P < 0.05). As shown in Fig. 4b-c, H2O2 injury also resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of the cell population in the G0/G1 phase and a sharp decrease in the S and G2/M phases, indicating that H2O2 injury induces cell cycle arrest of L02 cells at the G1/S transition and the G1/S transition was pronouncedly disinhibited after treatment with MSC-CM (20% MSC-CM for 24 h, P < 0.05).
Fig. 4
MSC-CM promoted cell viability and regulated cell cycle of the L02 cells with H2O2 injury. a. Effects of MSC-CM on cell viability and analysis. According to the analysis of CCK8, the optimal MSC-CM cultivated time was 24 h. (n = 10, Control group = 1). b-c. Cell cycle distribution in L02 cells and analysis. (Mean ± SD. n = 10. * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group)
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Verification of miR143 and prediction of downstream target genes of miR143
According to the microarray, we selected 19 disparately expressed miRNA (see Additional file 1) for RT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 5, miR143 level was significantly increased in the H2O2 group and decreased in the H2O2 + MSC-CM group. To further study the regulatory mechanism of miR143 in H2O2injury, we used the bioinformatics tools miRbase, TargetScan, and PicTar to predict target genes. ADRB1 (beta-1-adrenergic receptor) and HK2 (Hexokinase 2) were identified as candidate target genes of miR143 and had the highest predicted context score percentiles and association with glycometabolism and inflammation regulation.
Fig. 5
miRNA expression in L02 cells after H2O2 injury and MSC-CM treatment was validated by qRT-PCR. Control group = 1. Mean ± SD, n = 10, *P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group
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Effects of miR143 on HK2 and ADRB1 expression
To further explore the role of miR143 predicted downstream target proteins HK2 and ADRB1 in MSC-CM amelioration of H2O2 injury (1 mM H2O2 for 3 h), western blot analysis was applied. The expression of HK2 and ADRB1 was significantly decreased in the H2O2 group compared to that of the control group, whereas it was significantly increased in the H2O2 + MSC-CM group (Fig. 6a–b, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of HK2 and ADRB1 decreased in the miR143 mimics group, but increased in the inhibitor group for the L02 cells under normal incubation (Fig. 6d and f, P < 0.05) and the cells incubated with 0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h after miRNA transfection for 60 h (Fig. 6e and g, P < 0.05). It is worth mentioning that the difference in HK2 and ADRB1 expression levels between the miR143 mimics group and the inhibitor group markedly increased under H2O2 injury.
Fig. 6
miRNA143 target proteins relative content examined by western blot analysis. a-b. HK2 and ADRB1 level decreased after H2O2 injury, and increased after MSC-CM treatment (Control group = 1, * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group). c. The expression of miR143 in transfected group. d and f. The expression of HK2 and ADRB1 in miRNA transfected 60 h group(NC: miRNA negative control, NC = 1, * P < 0.05 vs. Inhibitor NC group; # P < 0.05 vs. NC group; ^ denotes P < 0.05: Inhibitor group vs. Mimics group or Inhibitor NC group vs. NC group). e and g. The expression of HK2 and ADRB1 in the siRNA group under H2O2 injury (H2O2 group: L02 incubated with 0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h, siRNA + H2O2 group: H2O2 treatment following siRNA transfected 60 h; H2O2 group = 1, * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group; α P < 0.05 vs. NC+ H2O2 group; β P < 0.05 vs. Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group; ^ denotes P < 0.05: Inhibitor + H2O2 group vs. Mimics + H2O2 group or Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group vs. NC+ H2O2 group). All values were expressed as mean ± SD of ten independent experiments
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Effects of miR143 on L02 apoptosis after transfection for 60 h
According to the flow cytometric analysis with AnnexinV/PI staining, the percentage of apoptotic cells was higher in the miR143 mimics group compared to the inhibitor group (28.59% ± 2.36% vs. 15.13% ± 1.27%, Fig. 7a–b, P < 0.05). Alternatively, JC-1 staining showed the percent of cells with mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization was 3.85% ± 0.15% in the miR143 inhibitor group, while it was 36.78% ± 1.15% in the miR143 mimics group (Fig. 7c–d, P < 0.05). In the case of H2O2 induced injury, the percentage of apoptotic cells reached 54.98% ± 5.05% and 75.47% ± 9.43% in the miR143 inhibitor and miR143 mimics groups, respectively. The apoptosis rate of the inhibitor NC + H2O2 group was 63.09% ± 10.87% and for the NC + H2O2 group it was 62.74% ± 9.47% (Fig. 8a–b, P < 0.05).
Fig. 7
miR143 promotes L02 apoptosis after transfection for 60 h. a-b. miR143 accelerated L02 apoptosis examined by Annexin V/PI double staining and flow cytometry. c-d. miR143 aggravated L02 MMP depolarization examined by JC-1 staining and flow cytometry. The lower right quadrant: MMP depolarization. (n = 10, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. Inhibitor NC group; #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 vs. NC group; ^P < 0.05 and ^^P < 0.01 vs. Mimics group)
Fig. 8
miR143 promotes L02 apoptosis in the case of H2O2 injury. a-b. miR143 overexpression accelerated L02 apoptosis, down regulated miR143 protected L02 cells from apoptosis (The lower left quadrant represents normal cells). n = 10, * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group; α P < 0.05 vs. NC+ H2O2 group; β P < 0.05 vs. Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group; ^ denotes P < 0.05: Inhibitor + H2O2 group vs. Mimics + H2O2 group or Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group vs. NC+ H2O2 group
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Apoptosis-related proteins were utilized to reflect cellular apoptosis. In order to further investigate the function of miR143, expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected in the miR143-transfected group with H2O2injury (0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h). Bax expression was significantly increased in the miR143 mimics + H2O2 group, and was low in the control group and NC + H2O2 group. However, Bax expression was significantly lower in the inhibitor + H2O2 group compared to that in the inhibitor NC + H2O2 and control groups. On the other hand, Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased in the miR143 mimics + H2O2 group compared to that in the NC + H2O2 and H2O2 groups, whereas it was significantly higher in the inhibitor + H2O2 group compared to that in the inhibitor NC + H2O2 and H2O2 groups. In the H2O2 injury group, Bcl-2 expression decreased, while Bax expression increased in both the up-regulation and down-regulation of miR143. However, a much greater decrease of Bcl-2 expression levels and increase of Bax levels were observed with the up-regulation of miR143, compared with miR143 down-regulation. Furthermore, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly reduced in the miR143 mimics group compared to the inhibitor group (Fig. 9a–b, P < 0.05). These changes in Bax and Bcl-2 were consistent with H2O2 decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio significantly in comparison with the control, while MSC-CM remarkably restored this ratio under the condition of H2O2 injury and MSC-CM treatment. These results indicated that miR143 was associated with apoptosis.
Fig. 9
Expression of apoptosis-related proteins. a. western blot analysis shows the relative contents of Bcl2 and Bax. b The quantified histogram of western blot images. H2O2 group = 1, n = 10, * P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group; α P < 0.05 vs. NC+ H2O2 group; β P < 0.05 vs. Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group; ^ denotes P < 0.05: Inhibitor + H2O2 group vs. Mimics + H2O2 group or Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group vs. NC+ H2O2 group
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Effects of miR143 on L02 cells proliferation and cell cycle
According to the CCK-8 analysis, 11.21% ± 3.76% of the L02 cells were viable in the miR143 inhibitor group as compared to the mimics group at 60 h after transfection (Fig. 10a, P < 0.05). In addition, the viability of L02 cells increased by 14.5% ± 3.17% and 18.9% ± 3.94% at 48 and 60 h respectively in the miR143 inhibitor group as compared to the mimics group, when subjected to H2O2 injury (0.8 mM H2O2 for 2 h) following transfection (Fig. 10b, P < 0.05).
Fig. 10
Effects of miR143 on L02 cell proliferation and cell cycle. a Effects of miR143 on cell proliferation and analysis (NC group = 1, αα P < 0.01 vs. NC group; ββ P < 0.01 vs. Inhibitor NC group; ^^ P < 0.01 vs. Mimics group). b. Effects of miR143 on cell proliferation and analysis under H2O2 injury (H2O2 group = 1, # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group; ^ P < 0.05 vs Mimics + H2O2 group). c-d. Cell cycle distribution in L02 cells and analysis. e-f. Cell cycle distribution and analysis under H2O2 injury (* P < 0.05 vs. control group; # P < 0.05 vs. H2O2 group; α P < 0.05 vs. NC+ H2O2 group; βP < 0.05 vs. Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group; ^ denotes P < 0.05: Inhibitor + H2O2 group vs. Mimics + H2O2 group or Inhibitor NC+ H2O2 group vs. NC+ H2O2 group). All values were expressed as mean ± SD of ten independent experiments
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Meanwhile, over-expression of miR143 also resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of the cell population in the G0/G1 phase and a sharp decrease in the S + G2/M phase as compared to the down-regulation of miR143 after transfection for 60 h (Fig. 10c–d, P < 0.05). After H2O2 injury, a significant increase in the percentage of the cell population in G0/G1 phase was observed in the miR143 mimics group, when compared with the miR143 inhibitor. Furthermore, the percentage of cells in the S + G2/M phase in the miR143 mimics group was significantly lower than that in the inhibitor group under oxidative stress injury (Fig. 10e–f, P < 0.05). On the other hand, the rates of occurrence of G0/G1 and S + G2/M stages were significantly different between the miR143 inhibitor and mimics groups under H2O2 injury (Fig. 10d–e, P < 0.05). The results indicated that miR143 induces cell cycle arrest, which is in accordance with the alteration of cell cycle in H2O2 injury and MSC-CM treatment.
Discussion
A growing knowledge of the relation between aberrant miRNA expression and hepatocyte injury [22, 23]. Studies suggest that MSC-CM possesses the capacity to change the expression of miRNA, leading to alteration in the cell microenvironment, and play a prominent role in cell repair [17]. In this study, the therapeutic potential of MSC-CM to alleviate H2O2 injury in hepatocytes was further examined along with the possible underlying mechanisms of this function. Our study demonstrates that MSC-CM protects hepatic L02 cells from injury by adjusting apoptosis, mitosis, proliferation, and the expression of miRNA. Current evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in the heart [24, 25], kidney [26], and brain [27, 28] hypoxia impairment and MSC-CM repair. RT-PCR was applied to screen differentially expressed miRNA, and miR143 was selected. The predicted target proteins of miR143 were detected by bioinformatics algorithms, and then verified by western blot. Over-expression or down-regulation of miR143 aggravated or alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2, respectively. In addition to increased apoptosis, reduced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were observed in L02 cells over-expressing miR143 after H2O2 injury. Furthermore, decreased expression of predicted miR143 target proteins, HK2 and ADRB1, and reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratio were observed upon miR143 over-expression. We postulate that miR143 inhibits Bcl-2 expression and activates Bax and caspase-9 and thereby the endogenous mitochondrial pathway, which promotes cell apoptosis. Zhang’s research indicated that Bcl-2 might be a target gene of miR143 [29]. In addition, miR143 may target HK2 [30] and ADRB1 and play an important role in proliferation and apoptosis during H2O2 induced injury.
However, it has been identified that miR143 suppresses tumor cell growth and migration, silencing the KRAS (V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) gene, and adjusting glucose metabolism via the miR143/HK2 axis [30, 31]. Notably, recent studies found that miR143 is an essential regulator of cancer glycolysis via targeting HK2 in lung [32], liver [33], and breast [34] cancer, and glioblastoma multiform cells [35]. However, the function of miR143 in glycolysis in liver cells during hypoxia has not been fully understood. In this study, we found that both H2O2 injury and up-regulation of miR143 can increase the expression level of miR143 but decrease the levels of HK2 and ADRB1. These results provide new evidence that hypoxia participates in the regulation of miR143 expression, indicating that reduction of HK2 and ADRB1 expression is responsible for the change of miR143 under H2O2 injury. Prominently, we speculated that miR143 exerts its glycometabolism function in hepatocyte injury by specifically targeting HK2. In addition, several studies have indicated that binding HK2 to the mitochondrial membrane accelerates the Warburg effect, which is characterized by adjusting glucose metabolism [36, 37]. Hexokinase (HK) 2 is a pivotal enzyme in glucose metabolism and catalyzes the irreversible rate-limiting step in the glycolytic pathway [38]. Recent studies have demonstrated that over-expression of HK2 has been observed in human liver cancer and it is associated with poor overall survival in patients [33]. The results of the present study demonstrated that miR143 is often up regulated and expression of HK2 is down regulated in L02 cells under H2O2 injury. These results indicate that miR143 may directly target the 3’-UTR of HK2, thereby suppressing glucose consumption, lactate production, cellular G6P and ATP levels, and cell proliferation of liver cells under H2O2 injury. MSC-CM contains large numbers of cytokines, promoting cell growth after H2O2 is removed [14‐16], and MSC-CM can provide a biosynthetic advantage for cell proliferation. It is reasonable to suggest that MSC-CM may have the potential to affect L02 cells subjected to H2O2 injury by reparation through adjusting glycolysis. In short, the mechanism of promoting hepatic L02 cell proliferation by regulating the miR143/HK2 axis in the MSC-CM protected group is consistent with previous studies.
Several β adrenoceptor antagonists have been shown to provide brain protection in in-vivo studies, Goyagi et al. have been confirmed [39], while, stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors increases cardiac myocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro [40‐43]. Recent research shows that augmented hepatic β-AR signaling during aging may increase lipid accumulation in the liver [44, 45]. Hence, the major findings of our study are that H2O2 injury and miR143 over-expression decreased ADRB1 expression, but this was restored following MSC-CM treatment and miR143 down-regulation. We speculate that miR143 alleviates H2O2-induced apoptosis through specifically activating ADRB1 under hypoxia. Some research showed that during ischemia, PKA activation causes inactivation of cytochrome-c oxidase and contributes to myocardial damage due to ischemia-reperfusion. It is speculated that β-adrenergic stimulation during ischemia activates PKA via endogenous catecholamine release [46]. Hence β-adrenergic stimulation may mediate both myocardial protection and damage during ischemia. ADRB1 plays a critical protective role in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte injury in vitro [47]. Swift et al. indicated that ADRB1 agonist treatment during dobutamine disuse mitigates negative changes in cancellous bone microarchitecture and inhibits increases in osteocyte apoptosis [48]. In addition, Zapater et al. proposed that Beta-adrenergic receptor-1 antagonist accelerates liver norepinephrine modulation of the pro-inflammatory response in CCl(4)-treated mice [49]. ADRB1 expression was restored after MSC-CM treatment. It is possible that the ADRB1 protection mechanism also contributes to the reparation of L02 cells. According to the results, we speculated that miR143 attenuates H2O2-induced hepatocyte injury following MSC-CM treatment through specifically activating ADRB1.
Conclusions
In summary, this study showed that MSC-CM has dramatic potential to alleviate H2O2 induced oxidative stress injury and demonstrated for the first time that miRNA is involved in the molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effect of MSC-CM on hepatocyte injury. Interestingly, miR143, via adjusting downstream target proteins, was also involved in the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of MSC-CM on oxidative stress injury by adjusting the expression of HK2 and ADRB1. Future study endeavors will be required to probe into the precise regulatory mechanisms of how miRNAs exert their functions and elucidate the signaling pathways targeted by miRNAs in MSC-CM protected hepatocytes during H2O2 induced apoptosis and necrosis.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Panpan Zhou and Jing Lan for their kind help in Culture of human umbilical-cord-derived MSCs.
Funding
This work was supported by Shenzhen science and technology research and Development Fund (JCYJ20140418115449178), Shandong Province Major scientific research projects (2017GSF18155), Innovation Fund Project of Shandong University (2014QLKY02), and Ji’nan science and technology development Foundation (201403010).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ information
XLJ is a professor in the Department of Pediatrics, and director of cryomedicine laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China. Her present research areas include specific genetic screening of childhood leukemia and stem cells clinical applications. She ever completed Major State Basic Research Development Program as a main participant. She is currently in charge of over three projects funded by Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation and Shenzhen science and technology research and Development Fund. Besides several invention patents being granted, she has authored over 30 scientific publications.
DL is a professor in the Department of Pediatrics, and vice director of cryomedicine laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, China. His present research areas include specific genetic screening of childhood leukemia, stem cells clinical applications, research of gastrointestinal microorganisms and micro environment and the study of miRNA regulatory mechanism. He ever completed 973 Project as a main participant. He is currently in charge of over several projects funded by Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation. Besides several invention patents are granted, he has authored over 100 scientific publications.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval for this study involving human umbilical cord samples from obstetrics department of Qilu hospital healthy donors was granted by the institutional review board of the Shandong University Qilu Hospital (approval number: 2012–021). Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients according to the Declaration of Shandong University Qilu Hospital. All experimental protocols involving animals were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Shandong University Qilu Hospital (approval number: 2012–036).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium alleviates oxidative stress injury induced by hydrogen peroxide via regulating miR143 and its target protein in hepatocytes
