Background
Methods
Study subjects and sample collection
Clinical chemistry measurements
Serum sample preparation
1H NMR spectroscopic analysis
NMR data processing
Multivariate statistical analysis
Pathway analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of participants
Parameter | Control (n = 50) | HUA (n = 50) | Gout (n = 49) |
---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 43.8 ± 11.5 | 39.08 ± 10.4* | 45.6 ± 7.3## |
Sex (female/male) | 0/50 | 0/50 | 0/50 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.2 | 27.09 ± 3.0** | 26.5 ± 3.3** |
Smoker/non-smoker | 24/26 | 22/28 | 23/26 |
Alcohol consumption (%) | 61 | 67 | 57 |
Clinical variables | |||
DBP (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 5.7 | 85.1 ± 11.1** | 91.8 ± 12.4**## |
SBP (mmHg) | 114.8 ± 6.5 | 125.8 ± 14.4** | 136.3 ± 19.2**## |
ALT(U/L) | 22.6 ± 11.3 | 43.8 ± 30.6** | 34.8 ± 18.9** |
AST(U/L) | 20.5 ± 5.9 | 27.7 ± 14.8** | 26.8 ± 12.9** |
Total protein (g/L) | 74.8 ± 4.3 | 75.5 ± 4.4 | 74.6 ± 4.5 |
Albumin (g/L) | 49.4 ± 2.9 | 48.9 ± 2.2 | 47.8 ± 3.3**# |
Globulin (g/L) | 25.4 ± 4.0 | 26.7 ± 3.5 | 26.9 ± 4.0 |
Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.7** | 6.3 ± 1.9**# |
Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.8 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 80.6 ± 9.6 | 81.2 ± 13.9 | 91.8 ± 23.2**## |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 325.1 ± 60.6 | 470.6 ± 55.0** | 536.2 ± 131.4**## |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 1.2** | 3.1 ± 2.1** |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8** | 5.4 ± 1.0** |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2** | 1.3 ± 0.3## |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 3.2 ± 0.7** | 3.0 ± 0.6* |
1H NMR spectroscopy
Multivariate analysis of NMR data
Metabolites | Changes in HUA (vs control) | Changes in gout (vs control) | Changes in gout (vs HUA) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trend |
r
a
|
p
b
| Trend |
r
a
|
p
b
| Trend |
r
a
|
p
b
| |
VLDL | ↑ | 0.71 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.61 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.61 | 0.00 |
Isoleucine | ↑ | 0.86 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.72 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Leucine | ↑ | 0.83 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.71 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Lipid | ↑ | 0.68 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.72 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 |
Lactate | ↑ | 0.70 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Alanine | ↑ | 0.77 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Lysine | ↑ | 0.76 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Glutamine | – | – | – | ↑ | 0.60 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Methionine | – | – | – | ↑ | 0.67 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Acetone | ↑ | 0.64 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 |
Glutamate | ↑ | 0.69 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Citrate | – | – | – | ↑ | 0.68 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 |
Aspartate | – | – | – | ↑ | 0.73 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 |
Creatinine | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
β-Glucose | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.70 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 |
α-Glucose | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.68 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.66 | 0.00 |
Threonine | ↑ | 0.65 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.60 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Triglycerides | ↑ | 0.70 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.61 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Unsaturated lipids | ↑ | 0.67 | 0.00 | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
Tyrosine | ↑ | 0.75 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Phenylalanine | – | – | – | ↑ | 0.63 | 0.00 | – | – | – |