Background
Methods
Subjects
Assessment of headache
Assessment of anxiety comorbidities
Instruments for the evaluation of pain, depression, and anxiety
Procedures
Statistical methods
Results
Subjects
Time point | Baseline | Six-month follow-up | Two-year follow-up | Ten-year follow-up |
---|---|---|---|---|
Case number | 290 | 254 | 237 | 137 |
Percentage of loss follow-up | − | 12.4 | 18.3 | 52.8 |
Age (years) | 30.2 ± 8.2 | 30.6 ± 8.2 | 32.5 ± 8.4 | 41.0 ± 8.1 |
Educational years | 13.2 ± 2.4 | 13.3 ± 2.4 | 13.3 ± 2.4 | 13.3 ± 2.5 |
Female (%) | 71.4 | 70.9 | 69.2 | 69.3 |
In employment (%) | 57.2 | 56.7 | 55.7 | 57.7 |
Married (%) | 42.1 | 42.1 | 43.0 | 44.5 |
With migraine (%) | 46.9 | 46.5 | 22.8 | 38.0 |
With any anxiety disorders (%) | 51.4 | 50.4 | 54.4 | 49.6 |
With pharmacotherapy (%) | 0 | 47.6 | 27.4 | 27.7 |
BMI | 21.4 ± 4.0 | − | − | 23.8 ± 4.3 |
SF-BP scores | 48.3 ± 22.9 | 65.5 ± 23.6 | 68.4 ± 21.8 | 65.3 ± 20.5 |
PS scores | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 4.1 ± 3.6 | 4.2 ± 3.3 | 4.7 ± 3.0 |
HAMD scores | 23.4 ± 4.2 | 10.6 ± 7.8 | 10.4 ± 7.4 | 9.4 ± 6.4 |
HADS-A scores | 15.0 ± 3.3 | 8.6 ± 4.8 | 9.0 ± 4.5 | 8.4 ± 4.7 |
Headache and psychiatric diagnoses
Differences in pain indices between groups
Without pharmacotherapy | With pharmacotherapy | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Migraine | N | SF-BP | PS | N | SF-BP | PS | |
Baseline | Yes | 136 | 37.7 ± 19.3** | 9.6 ± 3.4** | − | − | − |
Baseline | No | 154 | 57.6 ± 21.8 | 5.9 ± 3.2 | − | − | − |
Six month | Yes | 58 | 56.1 ± 26.9** | 5.6 ± 4.1** | 60 | 60.9 ± 21.8** | 4.5 ± 3.9** |
Six month | No | 75 | 68.9 ± 22.6 | 3.8 ± 3.2 | 61 | 74.9 ± 18.9 | 2.5 ± 2.8 |
Two year | Yes | 34 | 53.1 ± 22.2** | 7.1 ± 4.3** | 20 | 52.6 ± 18.7** | 6.0 ± 2.7* |
Two year | No | 138 | 74.5 ± 19.9 | 3.1 ± 2.6 | 45 | 68.4 ± 19.8 | 4.4 ± 2.8 |
Ten year | Yes | 38 | 59.0 ± 18.3** | 5.9 ± 2.6** | 14 | 47.3 ± 17.2** | 7.3 ± 3.4** |
Ten year | No | 61 | 73.4 ± 19.5 | 3.6 ± 2.7 | 24 | 64.9 ± 19.0 | 4.1 ± 2.8 |
Differences in the severities of depression, anxiety and headache indices between groups
Without pharmacotherapy | With pharmacotherapy | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Migraine | N | HAMD | HADS-A | HI | HF | N | HAMD | HADS-A | HI | HF | |
Baseline | Yes | 136 | 24.8 ± 4.3** | 15.7 ± 3.2** | 6.4 ± 3.0** | 4.3 ± 2.4** | − | − | − | − | − |
Baseline | No | 154 | 22.2 ± 3.8 | 14.3 ± 3.3 | 3.2 ± 2.7 | 2.3 ± 2.2 | − | − | − | − | − |
Six month | Yes | 58 | 14.2 ± 9.1* | 10.0 ± 5.0 | 3.7 ± 3.0** | 2.8 ± 2.5** | 60 | 10.5 ± 6.7** | 9.1 ± 4.5** | 2.9 ± 2.8** | 2.2 ± 2.0*** |
Six month | No | 75 | 11.0 ± 7.8 | 9.2 ± 4.7 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.5 ± 2.2 | 61 | 6.7 ± 5.8 | 6.1 ± 4.1 | 1.4 ± 2.0 | 0.9 ± 1.4 |
Two year | Yes | 34 | 16.3 ± 7.3** | 12.0 ± 4.4** | 5.2 ± 3.0** | 2.6 ± 2.2** | 20 | 15.7 ± 6.4** | 11.9 ± 3.7** | 4.8 ± 2.9** | 2.6 ± 2.0** |
Two year | No | 138 | 8.4 ± 6.6 | 7.9 ± 4.1 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 45 | 9.6 ± 6.8 | 8.7 ± 4.3 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 1.6 ± 1.8 |
Ten year | Yes | 38 | 10.4 ± 5.5** | 8.7 ± 4.8* | 3.9 ± 3.0** | 1.6 ± 1.5** | 14 | 16.0 ± 6.8* | 13.4 ± 4.5** | 4.5 ± 3.5** | 3.2 ± 2.7** |
Ten year | No | 61 | 6.4 ± 5.3 | 6.6 ± 4.1 | 1.3 ± 2.1 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | 24 | 11.3 ± 6.2 | 9.6 ± 3.7 | 1.3 ± 2.0 | 1.2 ± 1.7 |
Correlations of pain indices with depression, anxiety, and headache indices at the same time points
Self-reported percentages of time with pain symptoms in the past ten years
Factors independently associated with pain indices
Dependent variable | Independent variable | Estimate | Standard error | 95% CI |
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-BP | Migraine (yes vs. no) | −8.93 | 1.40 | −6.20 to −11.67 | < 0.001 |
HAMD (one-point increment) | −1.20 | 0.10 | −1.00 to − 1.40 | < 0.001 | |
HADS-A (one-point increment) | −0.59 | 0.19 | −0.22 to −0.96 | < 0.01 | |
Educational years (one-year increment) | 0.90 | 0.29 | 1.47 to 0.32 | < 0.01 | |
PS | Migraine (yes vs. no) | 1.33 | 0.23 | 1.78 to 0.89 | < 0.001 |
HAMD (one-point increment) | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.22 to 0.16 | < 0.001 | |
HADS-A (one-point increment) | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.18 to 0.06 | < 0.001 | |
Educational years (one-year increment) | −0.13 | 0.05 | −0.03 to −0.23 | 0.01 | |
Married (yes vs. no) | 0.53 | 0.21 | 0.95–0.12 | 0.01 | |
Age (one-year increment) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 to 0.004 | 0.02 | |
Anxiety disorders (yes vs. no) | 0.52 | 0.24 | 1.00 to 0.05 | 0.03 |