Introduction
Methods
Sampling and representativeness
Clinical evaluation
Statistical analyses
Ethical issues
Results
Male (N = 291) | Female (N = 242) | All (N = 533) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% |
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| |
Age (years)a | ||||||
30 and 35 | 20.6 | 60 | 22.3 | 54 | 21.4 | 114 |
40 and 45 | 24.4 | 71 | 26.0 | 63 | 25.1 | 134 |
50 and 55 | 25.4 | 74 | 25.6 | 62 | 25.5 | 136 |
60 and 65 | 29.6 | 86 | 26.0 | 63 | 28.0 | 149 |
Depression | ||||||
Yes | 8.4 | 24 | 12.4 | 30 | 10.2 | 54 |
No | 91.6 | 263 | 87.6 | 212 | 89.8 | 475 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
<18.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 |
18.5–24.9 | 17.5 | 51 | 29.3 | 71 | 22.9 | 122 |
25.0–29.9 | 38.8 | 113 | 35.1 | 85 | 37.1 | 198 |
≥30.0 | 43.6 | 127 | 35.1 | 85 | 39.8 | 212 |
Excessive daytime sleepiness | ||||||
Yes | 29.7 | 86 | 35.3 | 85 | 32.2 | 171 |
No | 70.3 | 204 | 64.7 | 156 | 67.8 | 360 |
Obstructive sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 5) | ||||||
Yes | 65.6 | 191 | 43.4 | 105 | 55.5 | 296 |
No | 34.4 | 100 | 56.6 | 137 | 44.5 | 237 |
AHI ≥ 15 | ||||||
Yes | 40.5 | 118 | 19.0 | 46 | 30.8 | 164 |
No | 59.5 | 173 | 81.0 | 196 | 69.2 | 369 |
AHI ≥ 30 | ||||||
Yes | 23.4 | 68 | 6.2 | 15 | 15.6 | 83 |
No | 76.6 | 223 | 93.8 | 227 | 84.4 | 450 |
Migraine without aura, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 8.2 | 24 | 19.4 | 47 | 13.3 | 71 |
No | 91.8 | 267 | 80.6 | 195 | 86.7 | 462 |
Migraine with aura, n (%) | ||||||
Yes | 4.1 | 12 | 10.7 | 26 | 7.1 | 38 |
No | 95.9 | 279 | 89.3 | 216 | 92.9 | 495 |
Migraine without aura (N = 71) | Migraine with aura (N = 38) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
% |
n
| % |
n
| |
Lifetime number of attacks | ||||
2–4 | 3 | 2a | 5 | 2 |
5–9 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
10–49 | 21 | 14 | 43 | 16 |
50–99 | 19 | 13 | 11 | 4 |
≥100 | 54 | 37 | 38 | 14 |
Frequency (days per month) | ||||
<1 | 58 | 40 | 58 | 22 |
1–6 | 38 | 26 | 40 | 15 |
7–14 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
≥15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Duration (h) | ||||
<4 | 17 | 12a | 32 | 12 |
4–24 | 65 | 45 | 40 | 15 |
>24 | 17 | 12 | 29 | 11 |
Pain characteristics | ||||
Unilateral location | 79 | 55 | 43 | 16 |
Pulsating quality | 89 | 62 | 70 | 26 |
Moderate/severe intensity | 99 | 69 | 97 | 37 |
Daily activity inhibited | 99 | 69 | 95 | 36 |
Accompanying symptoms | ||||
Nausea | 80 | 56 | 79 | 30 |
Photophobia | 91 | 64 | 92 | 35 |
Phonophobia | 77 | 54 | 74 | 28 |
Vomiting | 53 | 37 | 63 | 24 |
Migraine aura | ||||
Visual disturbances | – | – | 97 | 37 |
Sensory disturbances | – | – | 24 | 9 |
Motor disturbances | – | – | 11 | 4 |
Speech disturbances | – | – | 8 | 3 |
Migraine age at onset, mean (SD) | 24.5 | 11.2 | 24.9 | 8.7 |
Migraine without aura (N = 71) | Migraine with aura (N = 38) | No migraine (N = 431) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Total sleep time (min) | 414.0 | 92.0 | 418.4 | 88.9 | 409.6 | 82.9 |
Sleep efficiency (%) | 84.1 | 10.6 | 83.0 | 13.2 | 83.1 | 11.6 |
S1 of total sleep time (%) | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 6.8 | 6.9 |
S2 of total sleep time (%) | 55.6 | 9.1 | 54.4 | 10.2 | 52.5 | 10.4 |
S3 of total sleep time (%) | 5.8 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 3.5 |
S4 of total sleep time (%) | 15.4 | 5.9 | 16.7 | 6.2 | 16.5 | 7.5 |
REM of total sleep time (%) | 16.8 | 6.4 | 17.1 | 7.2 | 18.1 | 6.2 |
Sleep latency (min) | 66.9 | 115.4 | 47.2 | 79.4 | 40.9 | 78.0 |
REM latency from sleep onset (min) | 124.8 | 78.1 | 125.5 | 83.0 | 117.9 | 67.9 |
Arousal index | 17.8 | 17.1 | 18.3 | 19.9 | 17.4 | 13.5 |
Apnea hypopnoea index (AHI) | 11.2 | 14.1 | 12.3 | 17.1 | 14.6 | 18.9 |
Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) | 11.5 | 14.5 | 11.5 | 15.8 | 14.3 | 17.9 |
Average oxygen saturation (%) | 94.6 | 1.6 | 94.8 | 1.5 | 94.4 | 1.9 |
Lowest oxygen saturation (%) | 85.3 | 5.9 | 85.3 | 6.0 | 84.6 | 6.5 |
Average desaturation (%) | 5.1 | 1.0 | 5.3 | 1.6 | 5.3 | 1.5 |
cOR | 95% CI | aORa | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Migraine without aura | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.85 | 0.52–1.41 | 1.15 | 0.65–2.06 |
Depression | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.93 | 0.53–1.63 | 0.95 | 0.49–1.83 |
Gender | ||||
Female | Ref | Ref | ||
Male | 2.49 | 1.76–3.54 | 2.62 | 1.76–3.89 |
Body mass index | 1.13 | 1.08–1.17 | 1.14 | 1.09–1.20 |
Age | 1.07 | 1.05–1.08 | 1.07 | 1.05–1.09 |
cOR | 95% CI | aORa | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Migraine with aura | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.88 | 0.46–1.71 | 1.15 | 0.55–2.39 |
Depression | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.93 | 0.53–1.63 | 0.96 | 0.50–1.84 |
Gender | ||||
Female | Ref | Ref | ||
Male | 2.49 | 1.76–3.54 | 2.61 | 1.76–3.87 |
Body mass index | 1.13 | 1.08–1.17 | 1.14 | 1.09–1.20 |
Age | 1.07 | 1.05–1.08 | 1.07 | 1.05–1.09 |