Background
Methods
Data
Description | Data source | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level: | |||||
Gender: =1 if male, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0 | 1 |
Age
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 48.50 | 18.14 | 16 | 80 |
Age squared
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 2684 | 1779 | 256 | 6400 |
Low education: =1 if highest ISCED level up to secondary lower education level, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0 | 1 |
Unemployed: =1 if unemployed, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 |
Student: =1 if student, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
Retired or Unable to work: =1 if retired or unable to work, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
Housework: =1 if housework, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 |
Self-employee: =1 if self-employed, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 |
Marital status: =1 if not married; 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0 | 1 |
Widow: =1 if widowed, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
Separated or divorced: =1 if separated or divorced, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0 | 1 |
Foreign non-EU citizen or non-EU born: =1 if citizen of a non-EU country or was born in a non-EU country, 0 otherwise
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0 | 1 |
Log of individual income (equivalised with OECD scale)
| EU-SILC 2012 C.S. wave | 9.35 | 1.15 | 0 | 14.61 |
Country level (n. countries =23): | |||||
% Health care expenditure on GDP
| Eurostat Statistics a
| 9.09 | 1.97 | 5.11 | 12.43 |
Healthy life years
| Eurostat Statistics b
| 61.67 | 4.23 | 53.25 | 72.1 |
N. of problematic areas of integration policy (measured by MIPEX 2010 data)
| MIPEX data c
| 1.98 | 1.39 | 0 | 5 |
Interaction term: (N. of problematic areas of integration policy * foreign non-EU citizen or non-EU born)
| 0.14 | 0.69 | 0 | 5 |
Country | % in sample | % Non-EU citizens & non-EU born | % SAH- self-assessed health (ordered) | % Limitations in daily life (ordered) | % at least 1 chronic disease | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Poor or very poor SAH | Very good | Good | Fair | Bad | Very bad | Severe/very severe limitations | No limitations | Yes, limited | Yes, strongly limited | ||||
AT | 2 | 12 | 9 | 34 | 36 | 21 | 7 | 2 | 28 | 73 | 18 | 10 | 33 |
BG | 2 | 0 | 12 | 18 | 49 | 21 | 9 | 3 | 18 | 82 | 14 | 4 | 18 |
CH | 2 | 11 | 3 | 33 | 49 | 15 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 81 | 13 | 6 | 34 |
DE | 18 | 16 | 9 | 18 | 47 | 26 | 7 | 2 | 34 | 66 | 23 | 11 | 36 |
DK | 1 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 27 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 29 | 71 | 21 | 8 | 31 |
EE | 0 | 22 | 16 | 7 | 35 | 25 | 11 | 2 | 33 | 68 | 23 | 10 | 44 |
EL | 2 | 8 | 9 | 47 | 28 | 16 | 7 | 3 | 23 | 77 | 13 | 10 | 23 |
ES | 10 | 10 | 7 | 22 | 52 | 18 | 6 | 2 | 22 | 78 | 17 | 5 | 24 |
FI | 1 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 27 | 16 | 4 | 1 | 37 | 63 | 29 | 8 | 50 |
FR | 13 | 7 | 8 | 25 | 43 | 23 | 7 | 1 | 25 | 75 | 16 | 9 | 36 |
HR | 1 | 10 | 25 | 8 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 3 | 23 | 77 | 18 | 5 | 29 |
HU | 2 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 41 | 26 | 12 | 4 | 25 | 75 | 17 | 8 | 36 |
IT | 14 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 53 | 19 | 9 | 3 | 29 | 71 | 20 | 9 | 23 |
LT | 1 | 6 | 20 | 6 | 31 | 29 | 14 | 3 | 26 | 74 | 18 | 8 | 29 |
LU | 0 | 11 | 7 | 24 | 49 | 19 | 6 | 2 | 20 | 81 | 14 | 6 | 20 |
LV | 0 | 20 | 15 | 4 | 42 | 38 | 12 | 3 | 29 | 71 | 22 | 7 | 36 |
MT | 0 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 55 | 23 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 90 | 7 | 3 | 29 |
NL | 4 | 10 | 7 | 13 | 28 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 31 | 69 | 24 | 7 | 37 |
PT | 2 | 5 | 14 | 8 | 40 | 34 | 13 | 5 | 37 | 63 | 15 | 22 | 33 |
RO | 5 | 0 | 9 | 28 | 42 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 26 | 74 | 18 | 8 | 19 |
SE | 2 | 8 | 5 | 19 | 26 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 18 | 83 | 11 | 7 | 36 |
SK | 1 | 0 | 12 | 21 | 44 | 22 | 10 | 3 | 33 | 67 | 23 | 10 | 30 |
UK | 13 | 11 | 8 | 38 | 36 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 22 | 78 | 11 | 11 | 32 |
TOTAL | 100 | 9 | 10 | 19 | 39 | 21 | 8 | 2 | 26 | 73 | 18 | 9 | 31 |
Country | MIPEX indicators - 2010 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIPEX dimensions | Number of problematic dimensionsa
| Overall scoreb
| ||||||
Anti discrimination | Access to nationality | Political participation | Long term residence | Family reunion | Labour market | |||
AT | 40 | 22 | 33 | 58 | 41 | 56 | 4 | 40 |
BG | 80 | 24 | 17 | 57 | 51 | 40 | 3 | 45 |
CH | 31 | 36 | 59 | 41 | 40 | 53 | 4 | 43 |
DE | 48 | 59 | 64 | 50 | 60 | 77 | 1 | 60 |
DK | 47 | 33 | 62 | 66 | 37 | 73 | 3 | 53 |
EE | 32 | 16 | 28 | 67 | 65 | 65 | 3 | 45 |
EL | 50 | 57 | 40 | 56 | 49 | 49 | 4 | 50 |
ES | 49 | 39 | 56 | 78 | 85 | 84 | 2 | 65 |
FI | 78 | 57 | 87 | 58 | 70 | 71 | 0 | 70 |
FR | 77 | 59 | 44 | 46 | 52 | 49 | 3 | 54 |
HR | 58 | 29 | 17 | 67 | 56 | 55 | 2 | 47 |
HU | 75 | 31 | 33 | 60 | 61 | 41 | 3 | 50 |
IT | 62 | 63 | 50 | 66 | 74 | 69 | 1 | 64 |
LT | 55 | 20 | 25 | 57 | 59 | 46 | 3 | 44 |
LU | 48 | 66 | 78 | 56 | 67 | 48 | 2 | 62 |
LV | 25 | 15 | 18 | 59 | 46 | 36 | 5 | 33 |
MT | 36 | 26 | 25 | 64 | 48 | 43 | 5 | 40 |
NL | 68 | 66 | 79 | 68 | 58 | 85 | 0 | 71 |
PT | 84 | 82 | 70 | 69 | 91 | 94 | 0 | 81 |
RO | 73 | 29 | 8 | 54 | 65 | 68 | 2 | 49 |
SE | 88 | 79 | 75 | 78 | 84 | 100 | 0 | 84 |
SK | 59 | 27 | 21 | 50 | 53 | 21 | 3 | 38 |
UK | 86 | 59 | 53 | 31 | 54 | 55 | 1 | 56 |
Results and discussion
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual (level 1) | ||||||
Non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU)
| 1.135*** | 1.166*** | 1.114*** | 1.064* | 1.073** | 0.988 |
Country (level 2) | ||||||
Health care expenditure on GDP
| 0.882*** | 0.928*** | 0.892*** | 0.894*** | 0.871*** | |
Healthy life expectancy
| 0.929*** | 0.942*** | 0.948*** | 0.946*** | 0.946*** | |
N. of problems with migrant integration policies
| 1.010*** | 1.040*** | 1.010*** | |||
N. of problems with migrant integration policies * non-EU migrant
| 1.035*** | 1.025** | 1.038*** | |||
Interactions: non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU) * individual-level variables | ||||||
Non-EU migrants * low education
| 1.225*** | |||||
Non-EU migrants * low income
| 1.068* | |||||
Non-EU migrant * unemployed
| 0.845*** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * housework
| 0.943 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * self employed
| 1.028 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * not married
| 1.026 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * divorced
| 1.005 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * widow
| 0.756* | |||||
Cut1
| 1.082 | 0.006*** | 0.018*** | 0.029*** | 0.021*** | 0.001*** |
Cut2
| 16.157*** | 0.085*** | 0.272*** | 0.445*** | 0.317*** | 0.015*** |
Cut3
| 107.077*** | 0.568*** | 1.811*** | 2.954*** | 2.108*** | 0.095*** |
Cut4
| 688.125*** | 3.641*** | 11.663*** | 18.998*** | 13.566*** | 0.588*** |
Sigma2 u
| 1.084*** | 1.359*** | 1.085*** | 1.176*** | 1.115*** | 1.090*** |
Chi2
| 98000 | 110000 | 110000 | 110000 | 110000 | 98000 |
N. of countries
| 23 (AT BG CH DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IT LT LU LV MT NL PT RO SE SK) | |||||
N. of observations
| 332011 (all models) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual (level 1) | ||||||
Non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU)
| 1.034* | 1.025 | 1.027 | 0.966 | 0.942 | 0.894** |
Country (level 2) | ||||||
Health care expenditure on GDP
| 1.094*** | 1.096*** | 1.078*** | 0.928*** | 1.067*** | |
Healthy life expectancy
| 0.920*** | 0.919*** | 0.909*** | 0.926*** | 0.927*** | |
N. of problems with migrant integration policies
| 0.988*** | 0.932*** | 0.972*** | |||
N. of problems with migrant integration policies * non-EU migrant
| 1.030** | 1.040*** | 1.046*** | |||
Interactions: non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU) * individual-level variables | ||||||
Non-EU migrants * low education
| 1.262*** | |||||
Non-EU migrants * low income
| 1.068 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * unemployed
| 0.844** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * housework
| 0.884 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * self employed
| 1.037 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * not married
| 0.852** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * divorced
| 1.006 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * widow
| 0.905 | |||||
Cut1
| 15.564*** | 0.258*** | 0.235*** | 0.114*** | 0.106*** | 0.026*** |
Cut2
| 80.927*** | 1.346*** | 1.224*** | 0.593*** | 0.554*** | 0.131*** |
Sigma2 u
| 1.271*** | 1.053*** | 1.064*** | 1.165*** | 1.032*** | 1.213*** |
Chi2
| 56000 | 57000 | 60000 | 58000 | 58000 | 52000 |
N. of countries
| 23 (AT BG CH DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IT LT LU LV MT NL PT RO SE SK) | |||||
N. of observations
| 340920 (all models) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual (level 1) | ||||||
Non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU)
| 1.002 | 1.002 | 1.002 | 0.879*** | 0.879*** | 0.843*** |
Country (level 2) | ||||||
Health care expenditure on GDP
| 1.084*** | 1.088*** | 1.086*** | 1.089*** | 1.090** | |
Healthy life expectancy
| 0.966*** | 0.966*** | 0.966*** | 0.966*** | 0.966* | |
N. of problems with migrant integration policies
| 1.024 | 1.020 | 1.006 | |||
N. of problems with migrant integration policies * non-EU migrant
| 1.052*** | 1.052*** | 1.043*** | |||
Interactions: non-EU migrant (citizen or born outside the EU) * individual-level variables | ||||||
Non-EU migrants * low education
| 1.111** | |||||
Non-EU migrants * low income
| 1.127** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * unemployed
| 0.849** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * housework
| 0.821** | |||||
Non-EU migrant * self employed
| 0.97 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * not married
| 0.944 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * divorced
| 1.083 | |||||
Non-EU migrant * widow
| 1.155* | |||||
Constant
| 0.478*** | 0.178*** | 0.16952 | 0.174 | 0.167 | 0.126*** |
Sigma u
| 0.556*** | 0.371*** | 0.377*** | 0.376*** | 0.375*** | 0.354*** |
Rho
| 0.051*** | 0.041*** | 0.041*** | 0.041*** | 0.041*** | 0.037*** |
Chi2
| 51048 | 51051 | 51051 | 51066 | 51066 | 47000 |
N. of countries
| 23 (AT BG CH DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IT LT LU LV MT NL PT RO SE SK) | |||||
N. of observations
| 340524 (all models) |