Background
Methods
Identifying the research question
Identifying relevant studies
HIV/ OR | |
exp HIV/ | |
exp HIV Infections/ | |
.ti,ab. | |
AIDS | |
HIV | |
HIV-1* | |
HIV1* | |
HIV-2* | |
HIV2* | |
HTLV-III | |
HTLV-3 | |
(human adj4 immun#deficiency virus*) | |
(human immun#deficiency adj4 virus*) | |
(human immun* and deficiency virus*) | |
(acquired adj4 immun#deficiency syndrome*) | |
(acquired immun#deficiency adj4 syndrome*) | |
(acquired immun* and deficiency syndrome*) | |
(human adj4 virus type III) | |
(human adj4 virus type 3) | |
lymphadenopathy-associated Virus* | |
AND | |
Mind-body therapy/OR | |
exp Mind-Body Therapies/ | |
.sh. | |
muscle relaxation | |
.ti,ab. | |
mindbody | |
mind-body | |
((alternative or complementary) adj4 (medicin* or therap*)) | |
meditation* | |
yoga* | |
yogic | |
tai-chi | |
taichi | |
tai-ji | |
taiji | |
taijiquan | |
relaxation* | |
autorelaxation* | |
biofeedback* | |
myofeedback* | |
neurofeedback* | |
physiological feedback* | |
autogenic training* | |
deep-breath* | |
breathing exercise* | |
qigong | |
qi gong | |
chikung | |
chi kung | |
respiratory muscle* training* | |
imagery | |
imageries | |
reverie | |
visuali#ation* | |
hypnos#s | |
autohypnos#s | |
hypnotherap* | |
suggestion* | |
autosuggestion* | |
mesmerism* |
Selecting the studies
Charting the data
Assessing risk of bias in included studies
Collating, summarizing and reporting results
Results
Tai Chi and Qigong
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[32] USA | one group pretest-posttest design | 26 QG | 44 qigong g.s. of 2 h /12 weeks | Post-in ↓ depression ↓ anxiety ↑ T cell count |
[30] USA | RCT + QA | 13 TC 13 EX 12 CG | 16 Tai Chi g.s. /8 weeks 16 exercise g.s. /8 weeks usual care | Post-int TC and EX ↑ physical function ↓ tension-anxiety ↑ QoL |
RCT | 65 CBR 62 TC 68 SP 57 CG | 10 coping and relaxation g.s. /10 weeks 10 Tai Chi g.s. /10 weeks 10 spiritual growth g.s. /10 weeks usual care | Post-int & 6 months TC and CBR ↓ emotion-focused coping TC, CBR and SP ↑ lymphocyte proliferation |
Project identifier | Selection | Performance | Detection | Attrition | Reporting | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tai Chi (n = 3) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[32] | HR | HR | HR | HR | UR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[30] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[31] | LR | HR | LR | LR | LR | LR |
Yoga (n = 9) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[35] | HR | HR | HR | UR | LR | LR |
[36] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[37] | HR | HR | HR | UR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[38] | LR | HR | UR | HR | UR | LR |
[20] | UR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
[39] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[40] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[41] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[42] | LR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
Meditation (n = 17) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[43] | HR | HR | HR | UR | UR | UR |
[44] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[45] | HR | HR | HR | UR | LR | LR |
[46] | HR | HR | HR | UR | LR | LR |
[47] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[48] | HR | HR | HR | UR | UR | UR |
[49] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[50] | HR | HR | HR | LR | HR | LR |
[51] | HR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[52] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[53] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[54] | LR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[55] | UR | HR | LR | UR | LR | LR |
[56] | LR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[57] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[58] | LR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
PMR = (9) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[59] | HR | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR |
[60] | HR | HR | HR | LR | UR | LR |
[61] | HR | HR | HR | UR | UR | UR |
[62] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | UR |
RCT
| ||||||
[63] | UR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
[64] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[65] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[66] | UR | HR | UR | UR | HR | UR |
[67] | UR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
Hypnosis (n = 8) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[68] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[69] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[70] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | HR |
[71] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[72] | HR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
[73] | LR | HR | LR | HR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[74] | HR | HR | LR | HR | LR | HR |
[75] | UR | HR | UR | UR | UR | UR |
Guided imagery (n = 6) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[76] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[77] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[78] | LR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[79] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[80] | LR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[81] | LR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Autogenic training (n = 1) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[82] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
Breathing exercise (n = 1) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[83] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
Neurofeedback (n = 1) | ||||||
RCT
| ||||||
[84] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Combination of least three relaxation techniques (n = 20) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[85] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[86] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[87] | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR | LR |
[88] | HR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[89] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[90] | LR | UR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[91] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[92] | UR | UR | UR | UR | UR | UR |
[93] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[94] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[95] | LR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[96] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[97] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[98] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[99] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[100] | LR | HR | LR | LR | LR | LR |
[101] | LR | LR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[102] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[103] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[104] | LR | LR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
Unspecified relaxation (n = 8) | ||||||
NRCT
| ||||||
[105] | HR | HR | HR | HR | LR | LR |
[106] | UR | UR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
RCT
| ||||||
[107] | UR | HR | UR | UR | UR | LR |
[108] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[109] | UR | HR | UR | UR | LR | LR |
[110] | UR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
[111] | UR | HR | UR | LR | LR | LR |
[112] | HR | HR | UR | HR | LR | LR |
Yoga
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[35] USA | one group pretest-posttest design | 48 BMSG | 10 yoga, nutrition, hardiness, alternatives therapies g.s. /10 weeks | Post-int |
[36] USA | one group pretest-posttest design + QA | 4 YG | 16 Iyengar yoga g.s. /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ pain ↓ anxiety |
[37] India | one group pretest-posttest design | 96 YGNA | Twice daily yoga, hydrotherapy, diet therapy and sun bath /1 to 180 days – (average- 4 weeks) | Post-int ↑ CD4 counts |
[38] Canada | RCT + QA | 20 YG | 27 yogic breathing and meditation g.s. /14 weeks | Post-int ↑ well-being |
27 CG | usual care | |||
RCT | 29 YG | 18 Ashtanga Vinyasa yoga i.s. + 22 Ashtanga Vinyasa yoga g.s. /20 weeks | Post-int ↓ trans fat intake ↓ blood pressure | |
21 CG | usual care | |||
[39] conference abstract India | RCT | YG 35 | 90 yoga s. /12 weeks | Post-int ↓ distress |
CG 35 | usual care | |||
RCT | adolescents | Post-int ↓ emotional symptom ↑ CD4 counts | ||
12 YGPS | 20 yoga g.s. and group discussion /10 weeks | |||
11 PS | 20 group discussion /10 weeks | |||
11 CG | usual care | |||
[41] India | RCT | 31 YG | 12 sudarshan kriya yoga g.s. of 2 h /12 weeks | Post-int ↑ QoL |
30 CG | usual care | |||
[42] USA | pilot RCT | 12 YG | 16 yoga g.s. /8 weeks | Post-int & 4 months Feasible and acceptable ↓ distress ↓ stress |
12 CG | usual care |
Meditation
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[43] USA | one group pretest-posttest design | 175 MD | 10 meditation i.s. + mantra’s repetition daily /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ distress |
[44] USA | one group pretest-posttest pilot design | 5 MBCT | 8 mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive therapy g.s and 1 mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive therapy i.s. + daily practice /8 weeks | Post-int & 4 month ↓ depressive symptoms ↑ dispositional mindfulness ↑ QoL |
one group pretest-posttest pilot design + QA | adolescents 59 (11HIV+) MBSR | 9 body scan, mindfulness meditation, yoga g.s of 2 h + daily practice /8 weeks | Post-int Feasible and acceptable ↓ symptoms (hostility and discomfort) | |
[46] USA | one group pretest-posttest pilot design + QA | 11 MCPA | 5 noticing positive events, capitalizing, gratitude, mindfulness, positive reappraisal, personal strengths, attainable goals, kindness, i.s. + daily home practice /6 weeks | Post-int Feasible and acceptable ↑ positive affect ↓ negative affect |
[47] USA | one group pretest-posttest pilot design + QA | 9 MABT | 8 massage, interceptive training, mindful body awareness i.s. of 1 h30 + home practice /8 weeks | Post-int Feasible and acceptable |
[48] Conference abstract UK | one group pretest-posttest pilot design + QA | 12 CFT | 8 attention, emotional regulation, mindfulness practice g.s. of 2 h /8 weeks | Post-int Feasible and acceptable |
[49] USA | untreated control group with pretest and posttest design | 24 MBSR | 8 body scan, mindfulness meditation, hatha yoga g.s. of 2 h30 + daily home practice /8 weeks | Post-int & 5 months ↓ mood disturbance ↓ stress ↑ NK cell number and activity |
10 CG | usual care | |||
[50] Thailand | action research: mixed method | 16 PSM | 8 mindfulness meditation, emotional reflective techniques s. + daily home practice /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ suffering |
untreated control group with pretest and posttest design + QA | 21 3S+ | 12 cognitive-behavioral spirituality focused psychotherapy, mindfulness training i.s. + daily mindfulness home practice /12 weeks | Post-int ↓ impulsivity ↑ spirituality | |
17 CG | usual care | |||
[52] USA | RCT | 10 ST | 4 support group g.s. of 1 h30 /4 weeks | |
10 CBST | 4 Benson’s relaxation exercises, cognitive-behavioral stress training g.s. of 1 h30 + twice daily home practice/ 4 weeks | |||
10 WL | wait-list | |||
[53] USA | RCT | 13 MT | 1 meditation g.s. of 90 min + daily meditation home practice /4 weeks | Post-int & 2 months To MT + MSSG: ↑ QoL |
13 MSSG | 20 massage i.s. of 30 min /4 weeks | |||
16 MT + MSSG | 1 meditation g.s of 90 min + daily meditation home practice + and 20 massage i.s of 30 min /4 weeks | |||
16 Control | usual care | |||
RCT | 46 MT | 6 mantra’s repetition g.s. of 90 min and group discussion + daily practice /10 weeks | Post-int & 22 weeks ↓ anger ↑ spiritual wellbeing | |
47 ACG | 6 videotapes on HIV-topics g.s. of 90 min and group discussion /10 weeks | |||
RCT | 33 MBSR | 8 body scan, mindfulness meditation, yoga g.s. of 2 h + a day long retreat (6 h) + daily practice /10 weeks | Post-int = CD4 counts | |
15 CG | 1 day MBSR information | |||
RCT | 120 MBSR | 8 body scan, mindfulness meditation, yoga g.s. of 2 h + 1 day of retreat (6 h) + daily practice /8 weeks | Post-int & 12 months ↓ physical symptoms | |
125 ESC | 2 HIV education g.s of 2 h | |||
[57] USA | RCT | 40 MBSR | 8 body scan, mindfulness meditation, yoga g.s. of 2 h30 + 1 day of retreat (6 h) + daily practice /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ ARV side effects |
36 CG | wait-list | |||
[58] Canada | RCT | 78 MBSR | 8 body scan, mindfulness meditation, yoga g.s. of 3 h + 1 day of retreat (6 h) + daily practice /8 weeks | Post-int & 6 months ↓ avoidance ↑ positive affect ↑ mindfulness |
39 CG | usual care | |||
[21] USA | pilot RCT | 11 TM | 14 transcendental meditation s. + daily home practice /24 weeks | Post-int Feasible and acceptable ↑ HRQoL |
11 HE | 14 healthy eating education s. |
Relaxation
Progressive muscle relaxation
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
one group with multiple assessment pretest- posttest | 6 CBT | 20 psychoeducation, activity scheduling, cognitive restructuring, behavioral counseling, progressive muscular relaxation with biofeedback i.s. of 1 h | Post-int ↓ symptoms ↓ depression ↓ anxiety | |
[60] USA | one group pretest-posttest design | 5 CBT + PMR | 12 adherence training, behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, progressive muscle relaxation and diaphragmatic breathing i.s. / 12 weeks | Post-int ↑ adherence ↓ depression |
[61] India | one group pretest-posttest pilot design | 30 JPMR | 10 Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation s. /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ anxiety ↓ depression |
[121] USA | phenomenology | 24 PMRT + GI | 1 progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery i.s or g.s. of 30 min | Post-int feeling satisfied, refreshed and peaceful |
relief muscle tension and stress | ||||
[62] Chine | Three group pretest-posttest design | 10 CBT | 12 cognitive restructuring, behavior change strategies, assertiveness skills, progressive muscle relaxation, home practice g.s. of 2 h /12 weeks | Post-int & 6 month ↑ mood ↑ QoL ↑ CD4 |
10 PSC | 12 discussion by leaders, feelings, problems, fears and hopes g.s of 2 h /12 weeks | |||
26 CG | usual care | |||
RCT | 14 CBSM | 20 cognitive restructuring, assertiveness skills, behavior change strategies, stress information, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery component g.s. of 45 min to 1 h30 + home practice /10 weeks | Post-int CBSM et AE ↑ CD4 counts ↓ depression | |
19 AE | 30 aerobic exercise g.s. of 45 min | |||
15 CG | usual care | |||
[64] USA | RCT | 27 CB/PMR | 8 cognitive and behavioral strategies, social support, progressive muscle relaxation g.s of 1 h30 + home practice /8 weeks | Post-int CB/PMR and SSG ↓ depression ↓ hostility ↓ somatization SSG ↓ anxiety |
14 SSG | 8 social support group discussion g.s. of 1 h30 /8 weeks | |||
27 CI | crisis intervention | |||
[65] Netherlands | RCT | 8 CBT | 15 cognitive restructuring, behavior change strategies, assertiveness skills, stress management techniques and progressive muscle relaxation exercise of Bernstein & Borkovec g.s. of 2 h30 + 1 day 8-h + relaxation home practice /15 weeks | Post-int CBT and ET ↓ depression ↑ mood |
6 ET | 15 group discussion by leaders and progressive muscle relaxation exercise of Bernstein & Borkovec g.s. of 2 h30 + 1 day 8-h + relaxation home practice /15 weeks | |||
6 WL | wait-lits | |||
[66] JAPAN | RCT | 6 PMR + AT | progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic training /12 weeks | Post-int PMR + AT and PSY: ↓ anxiety ↓ depression ↓ confusion ↓ fatigue |
6 PSY | supportive psychotherapy/ 12 weeks | |||
7 WL | waiting list | |||
[67] USA | adolescents | 12 Massage | 24 massage therapy i.s. of 20 min /12 weeks | Post-int Massage ↓ depression ↑ immune function |
RCT | 12 PMR | 24 progressive relaxation routine Jacobson i.s. of 20 min /12 weeks |
Hypnosis
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcomes/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
one group pretest-posttest design | 5 HYP | 10 deep breathing, hypnotic induction, pain relief and sleep suggestions i.s. + twice daily hypnosis home practice /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ pain ↓ pain medication | |
[69] New Zealand | one group pretest-posttest design | 3 HYP | 6 guided muscle relaxation, visualization, imagery and suggestions to control the itch i.s. + 30 min hypnosis home practice /6 weeks | Post-int ↓ itch |
[70] India | one group pretest-posttest design | 20 HYP | 9 progressive muscular relaxation, ego strengthening, guided imagery, visualization, and sensory imagery conditioning techniques g.s. of 2 h + hypnosis home practice /9 weeks | Post-int ↑ coping |
one group pretest-posttest design | 41 HYP | 3 hypnosis i.s of 70 min + self-hypnosis practice with specific target goals /3 weeks | Post-int & 7 weeks ↓ pain ↑ QoL | |
[72] USA | untreated control group with pretest and posttest design | 14 HYP | 6 inner guide techniques, the shamanic journey technique, mental imagery involving the immune system i.s. of 20 min + daily self-hypnosis home practice /6 weeks | Post-int ↓ anxiety ↑ CD4/CD8 ratio |
9 CG | usual care | |||
[73] USA | untreated control group with pretest and posttest design | 16 HYP | 1 hypnosis and imagery training to relief distress, to address immune functioning and to impart a sense of self-efficacy and control i.s. + daily hypnosis home practice /12 weeks | Post-int |
17 WL | wait list | |||
[74] USA | RCT | 19 HYP | 3 stress discussion and hypnosis i.s. of 45 min + daily hypnosis home practice /1 week | Post-int |
15 CON | 3 stress discussion i.s. of 45 min | |||
9 CG | usual care | |||
[75] India | RCT | 90 HYP | 16 progressive muscular relaxation, ego strengthening, changing of negative mood set to positive mood set and boosting up of immune system g.s. of 90 min + self-hypnosis home practice/ 16 weeks | Post-int & 6 months ↑ vitality |
90 CG | usual care |
Guided imagery
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[76] USA | one group pretest-posttest design | 7 GIR | 6 guided imagery and relaxation g.s of 1 h30 + home practice /6 weeks | Post-int ↑ self-control ↓ anxiety |
one group pretest-post-test design | 20 VT | 1 visualization training with verbal suggestion and visualization instructions i.s. of 30 min + daily home practice /5 days | Post-int ↑ white blood cell count | |
[78] USA | untreated control group with pretest and posttest design | 30 MSG | 1 slow stroke back massage i.s. of 30 min | Post-int MSG and GI ↓ pain ↓ anxiety ↓ depression ↑ self-esteem |
30 GI | 1 autogenic induction and guided imagery i.s. of 30 min | |||
[79] USA | RCT | 11 PST | 8 problem solving training g.s. of 1 h30 + homework /8 weeks | Post-int. & 3 moths RGIT ↓ mood disturbance ↓ hopelessness |
12 RGIT | 8 relaxation and guided imagery training g.s. of 1 h30 + twice daily home practice /8 week | |||
13 CG | control group | |||
RCT | 23 GI | 1 relaxation induction and guided imagery i.s. of 22 min + daily practice /6 weeks | Post-int GI ↓ depression ↓ fatigue PMR ↓ depression ↑ CD4+ | |
22 PMR | Progressive muscle relaxation home practice /6 weeks | |||
24 CG | usual care | |||
pilot RCT | 30 CSMT | 1 stress, cognitive appraisal process, coping strategies, guided imagery i.s. of 1 h30 + home practice /4 weeks | Post-int ↑ stress management knowledge | |
30 WL | wait list |
Autogenic training, breathing, and neurofeedback
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[82] UK | one group pretest-post-test design | 50 AT | 7 diet, nutrition, supplements, exercise, safer sex, recreational drugs, spiritual experiences, autogenic training g.s. of 2 h + autogenic exercises home practice /7 weeks | Post-int & 8 months ↑ quality of life |
[83] USA | one group pretest-post-test pilot design | 13 SCGI | 8 spirituality, mental and physical health, personal goals, relaxation breathing exercise g.s. of 1 h15 /8 weeks | Post-int ↑ positive spiritual coping ↓ depression |
RCT | 10 NFB | 32 neurofeedback i.s. of 20 min /16 weeks | Post-int NFB and NFB + HDCE ↓ symptoms ↑ CD4+ | |
10 HDCE | 20 min daily cranial electrotherapy home practice /16 weeks | |||
10 NFB+ HDCE | 32 neurofeedback i.s. of 20 min + 20 min daily cranial electrotherapy home practice /16 weeks | |||
10 WL | wait list |
Combination of at least three relaxation techniques
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[85] USA | case series (one group pretest-post-test design) | 2 SMT | 13 stress management training, progressive relaxation, autogenic training, and/or guided imagery augmented with biofeedback i.s. of 1 h30 + relaxation home practice /13 weeks | Post-int ↓ anxiety ↓ physiological stress symptoms |
[86] USA | case series (one group pretest-post-test design) | 3 B/AB/ PMR/GI | 8 biofeedback of abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery i.s. of 1 h30 + relaxation home practice /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ symptom severity ↓ stress ↓ mood disturbance |
[87] USA | untreated control group with pretest and post-test design | 1 B/PMR/AT | 20 biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic phrases i.s. of 1 h + daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ muscle tension ↓ stress ↑ lymphocyte immune system functioning |
1 CG | usual care | |||
[88] USA | untreated control group with pretest and post-test design | 30 SMT | 6 cognitive restructuring, active coping skills, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga form, thematic imagery, meditation g.s. of 1 h + daily home practice /6 weeks | Post-int ↑ well being |
15 CG | usual care | |||
untreated control group with pretest and post-test design | 60 CBT | 12 pain management, cognitive reconceptualization, restructuring, diversion and behavioral activation, problem solving, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery and breathing g.s. of 1 h30 /12 weeks | Post-int & 6 months ↓ pain | |
30 CG | usual care | |||
untreated control group with pretest and post-test design | 196 RES led | 10 CBSM+ g.s. of 2 h + 6 healthy life styles (adherence, nutrition, physical activity, sexual risk and alcohol and drug use) g.s of 2 h by research staff /16 weeks | Post-int To RES-led and CHC-led: ↑ nutrition ↑ physical activity ↓ sexual intercourse ↓ tobacco use | |
168 CHC led | 10 CBSM+ g.s. of 2 h + 6 healthy life styles (adherence, nutrition, physical activity, sexual risk and alcohol and drug use) g.s of 2 h by community health center /16 weeks | |||
64 obs | only observation | |||
[91] USA | RCT | 13 B/AT/ GI/H | 8 thermal biofeedback, autogenic training, guided imagery, hypnosis g.s. of 1 h30 + daily home practice /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ symptoms ↑ vigor ↑ hardiness |
13 WL | wait list | |||
[92] USA | RCT | N = 10 ? BSM | 20 progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback assisted relaxation, self-hypnosis, meditation i.s. of 1 h + home practice /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ anxiety ↓ mood disturbance ↑ T cell count ↑ self-esteem |
? CG | usual care | |||
RCT | 22 CBSM | 10 stress and emotion, rational thought replacement, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, identification social support, relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise), g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ dysphoria ↓ anxiety ↓ HSV-2 antibody titers ↑ coping skills ↑ social support | |
18 CG | usual care | |||
Pilot RCT + QA | 34 PSMP | 7 symptoms, medication, communication with caregivers, cognitive-behavioral strategies, muscle relaxation, guided imagery, visualization, prayer or meditation g.s. of 2 h30 + homework /7 weeks | Post-int ↑ self-efficacy ↓ symptoms | |
37 CG | usual care | |||
[95] USA | RCT | 18 RT | 7 breathing, autogenic relaxation, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery techniques s. of 2 h and 15 min + daily home practice /12 week | Post-int ↑ health behavior ↑ CD4+ cells ↓ viral load |
11 WL | wait list | |||
[96] USA | RCT | 8 Massage | 12 massage i.s. of 45 min / 12 weeks | Post-int To massage + ex and massage + REL ↓ medical care utilization To massage + REL ↑ health perceptions |
8 Massage +EX | 12 massage i.s. of 45 min + 12 aerobic exercise i.s. of 20 min + 12 aerobic exercise i.s. of 45 min /12 weeks | |||
8 Massage + REL | 12 massage i.s. of 45 min + 12 biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing and autogenic relaxation i.s. of 45 min | |||
7 CG | usual care | |||
[97] USA | RCT | 20 SM | 14 cognitive behavioral management skills, anxiety, anger and depression management, coping skills, abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic training i.s. of 90 min /7 weeks | Post-int ↓ mood disturbance (anger, confusion, tension, depression and fatigue) ↑ coping ↑ health perceptions |
20 WL | usual care | |||
RCT | 62 CBSM | 10 stress and emotion, cognitive restructuring, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, identification and using social support, relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks | Post-int ↓ depression ↓ mood disturbance ↓ dysfunctional attitudes ↓ stress ↓ norepinephrine ↓ cortisol ↑ coping strategies ↑ free testosterone ↑ social support | |
38 WL | wait list | |||
[99] USA | RCT | 59 CBSM | 8 cognitive restructuring techniques, active coping skills, breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga form stretching, guided imagery g.s. of 1 h30 + daily relaxation practice /8 weeks | Post-int To CBSM: ↑ quality of life (emotional well-being) |
43 SSG 36 WL | 8 emotional communication, problem solving, cognitive reframing, and empowerment g.s. of 1 h30 /8 weeks | |||
RCT | 76 CBSM +MAT | 10 stress management and relaxation practice (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks and 3 adherence information i.s. /9 month | Post-int & 15 months ↓ depressed mood ↓ denial coping
↓ viral load
| |
54 MAT | 3 i.s of information adherence/ 9 month | |||
RCT | 58 AC + RR | 12 acupuncture and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s. of 45 to 60 min + twice daily relaxation home practice /12 weeks | Post-int ↑ QoL | |
61 AC | 12 acupuncture and soft music i.s. of 45 to 60 min | |||
RCT | 44 CBSM | 10 stress management and relaxation practice g.s. of 2 h15 relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks | Post-int & 9 months ↑ affect ↑ social support
↓ stress
↓ cervical neoplasia
| |
26 WL | wait list | |||
RCT | 212 CBSM+ | 10 CBSM g.s. of 2 h (stress and emotions, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, social support, progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, guided imagery) + relaxation home practice/ 10 weeks | Post-int & 6 and 12 months
↑ self-efficacy
↑ QoL ↑ cognitive functioning ↓ depression & anxiety by women who | |
239 III | 10 information intervention with videotape i.s. of 2 h/ 10 weeks | |||
[104] USA | RCT | 31 AC + RR | 12 acupuncture and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic self-hypnosis, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s of 30 min + relaxation home practice /8 week | Post-int ↓ symptoms (loose stools, diarrhoea, gas/bloating) (The interventions of acupuncture and the RR were more effective when used in combination than when used alone) |
27 AC + HE | 12 acupuncture and management of HIV symptoms information i.s of 30 min /8 weeks | |||
27 SAC + RR | 12 sham acupuncture and and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic self-hyponis, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s. of 30 min + relaxation home practice /8 week | |||
30 SAC + HE | 12 sham acupuncture and management of HIV symptoms `information i.s. of 30 min /8 weeks |
Unspecified relaxation
Project identifier | Design | Sample size | Intervention/duration | Outcome/time |
---|---|---|---|---|
[105] USA | case series (one group pretest-post-test design) | 4 CBT-AD | 8 behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, adherence tools, relaxation i.s. | Post-int ↓ depression ↑ adherence |
[106] USA | untreated control group with pretest and post-test design | N = 50 ? SMG | 10 stress management techniques, relaxation training, problem-solving skills and effective coping styles g.s. of 2 h /10 weeks | Post-int ↑ mood ↑ coping |
? CG | usual care | |||
[107] USA | RCT | N = 64 ? SMG | 8 systematic relaxation, health habit change, skills for managing stress g.s. of 2 h /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ sexual partners |
? WL | wait-list | |||
[108] USA | RCT | 32 C | 1 tailored counseling i.s | 3 months To C + SPT + R: ↓ anxiety ↓ psychiatric symptoms |
31 C + V + R | 3 counseling, information video about HIV and relaxation (abdominal breathing, imaging i.s. of 45 min /3 weeks | |||
40 C + SPT + R | 6 tailored counseling, cognitive behavioral treatment for depression, stress and anxiety (education, personal control, training to manage challenging situations) and systematic relaxation i.s. of 1 h / 6 weeks | |||
RCT | 14 EG | 8 cognitive-behavioral therapy, aerobic exercise, biofeedback-assisted relaxation i.s. of 1 h30 + relaxation home practice /8 weeks | Post-int ↓ depression ↑ mood ↑ lymphocyte counts | |
12 CG | 8 individual counseling (psychological and medical aspects of the AIDS) i.s. of 1 h30 /8 weeks | |||
RCT | 46 CET | 10 stress management, coping strategies, social support, relaxation g.s. of 1 h30 on 10 weeks + 6 boosters stress management sessions /12 months | Post-int & 6 and 12 months
↓ stress
↓ burnout ↓ anxiety
↑ coping self-efficacy
| |
44 HIV-I | 10 HIV information g.s. of 1 h30 on 10 weeks + 6 boosters information sessions /12 months | |||
31 WL | wait-list | |||
[111] Netherland | RCT | 44 GI | 17 stress management, coping skills, social support, relaxation, written HIV information g.s. of 2 h30 on 16 weeks + 5 stress management, coping skills, social support, relaxation g.s. /9 months | Post-int ↑ coping |
41 EC | written hiv information | |||
[112] China | RCT | 6 CBP | 7 coping skills, social support, cognitive restructuring, behavior change strategies, relaxation, g.s. of 2 h + daily relaxation home practice/ 7 weeks | Post-int ↑ mood ↑ QoL |
7 WL | wait list |