Background
Methods
Participants (n=696) | Age 20–40 years (n, %) | Age 41–60 years (n, %) | Age 61–80 years (n, %) | Male (n, %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy subjects (n=100) | 32 (32%) | 35 (35%) | 33 (33%) | 50 (50%) |
HTN pts. (n=299) | 96 (32.1%) | 105 (35.1%) | 98 (32.7%) | 148 (49.4%) |
HTN mild (n=100) | 33 (33%) | 34 (34%) | 33 (33%) | 48 (48%) |
HTN moderate (n=100) | 31 (31%) | 35 (35%) | 34 (34%) | 53 (53%) |
HTN severe (n=99) | 32 (31.68%) | 36 (35.64%) | 31 (30.69%) | 47 (46.53%) |
DD pts. (n=297) | 95 (31.9%) | 99 (33.3%) | 103 (34.6%) | 153 (51.5%) |
DD impaired relax. (n=101) | 32 (31.7%) | 34 (33.7%) | 35 (34.6%) | 47 (46.5%) |
DD pseudonormal. (n=99) | 32 (32.3%) | 33 (33.3%) | 34 (34.3%) | 52 (52.5%) |
DD restriction (n=97) | 31 (32%) | 32 (33%) | 34 (35%) | 54 (55.7%) |
Subjects in the groups (n, %) | 223 (32%) | 239 (34.3%) | 234 (33.6%) | 352 (50.6%) |
Participants (n=696) | Healthy subjects (n=100) | HTN pts. (n=299) | DD pts. (n=297) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 170±14 | 168±16 | 168±14 | 0.241 |
Weight (kg) | 66±7 | 67±9 | 65±9 | 0.311 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9±2 | 23.3±2 | 23.1±2 | 0.233 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 70±10 | 72±10 | 68±10 | 0.08 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125±5 | 128±5 | 130±5 | <0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70±8 | 78±8 | 80±8 | <0.0001 |
EF (Simpson’s method %) | 64.4±2% | 63.7±4% | 63.9±4% | 0.161 |
Statistical analysis
Results
Repeated measures ANOVA Sample size (n=696) | Multiple regressions Sample size (n=696) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of variation |
P
|
Dependent variable
|
R
|
P
| |
(Age 20–40,41-60,up to 61) | |||||
Independents Variables (Gender/HTN/DD) | |||||
Sphericity
| Huynh-Feldt (0,326) | Multiple r | =0,915 | <0,0001 | |
Greenhouse-Geisser (0,324) | <0,0001 | Healthy male | −0,838 | <0,0001 | |
Healthy female | −0,821 | <0,0001 | |||
Test of Between-Subjects Effects
| Age and Gender | <0,0001 | HTN male | −0,734 | <0,0001 |
HTN female | −0,580 | <0,0001 | |||
Test of Within-Subjects Effects
| Age and Gender | <0,0001 | DD male | −0,891 | <0,0001 |
HTN and DD | DD female | −0,882 | <0,0001 |
Gender/Age | 20-40 years | 41-60 years | 61-80 years | p-value | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n=50) | >10.4±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.4-10.3±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.3±0.1(cm/s) |
0.01
|
10.4-10.2 (cm/s) |
Female (n=50) | >10.3±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.3-10.2±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.2±0.1(cm/s) |
0.01
| |
p = 0.01
|
p =0.01
|
p =0.01
|
Gender | Grade | Mild HTN (n=100) | Moderate HTN (n=100) | Severe HTN (n=99) | p-value | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n=148) | 10.2±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.2-10.1±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.1±0.1 (cm/s) | <0.0001
|
10.2-9.9 (cm/s) | |
Female (n= 151) | 10.1±0.1 (cm/s) | 10.1-9.9±0.1 (cm/s) | 9.9±0.1 (cm/s) | <0.0001
|
Gender | Grade | Impaired relaxation (n=101) | Pseudonormalization (n=99) | Restriction (n=97) | p-value | Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (n=153) | 9.8±0.1 (cm/s) | 9.5±0.1 (cm/s) | 9.3±0.01 (cm/s) | <0.0001
|
9.8-8.8 (cm/s) | |
Female (n=144) | 9.7±0.01 (cm/s) | 9.2±0.01 (cm/s) | 8.8±0.01 (cm/s) | <0.0001
|
Reproducibility of the Sm(avg)
Participants (n=210) | ICC (1 observer) | 95% CI | Strength of agreement | ICC (2 observers) | 95% CI | Strength of agreement |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy (n=30) |
Single measures
|
Average measures
| ||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 0.7358 | 0.5329 ÷ 0.8529 | Good | 0.8478 | 0.6953 ÷ 0.9240 | Very good |
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 0.9911 | 0.9867 ÷ 0.9941 | Very good | 0.9955 | 0.9933 ÷ 0.9970 | Very good |
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 0.8634 | 0.8010 ÷ 0.9010 | Very good | 0.9216 | 0.8901 ÷ 0.9450 | Very good |
HTN (n=90) | ||||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 0.7338 | 0.5170 ÷ 0.8622 | Good | 0.8465 | 0.6816 ÷ 0.9260 | Very good |
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 0.9337 | 0.9020 ÷ 0.9553 | Very Good | 0.9653 | 0.9485 ÷ 0.9772 | Very good |
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 0.8337 | 0.8015 ÷0.8080 | Very Good | 0.9059 | 0.8095 ÷ 0.9210 | Very good |
DD (n=90) | ||||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 0.7841 | 0.6924 ÷ 0.8509 | Good | 0.8790 | 0.8183 ÷ 0.9194 | Very good |
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 0.8049 | 0.6338 ÷ 0.9009 | Very Good | 0.8919 | 0.7759 ÷ 0.9479 | Good |
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 0.7945 | 0.7234 ÷ 0.8222 | Good | 0.8854 | 0.8005 ÷ 0.9201 | Very good |
Intra-observer | Inter-observer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (n=210) | Mean±SD (1 observer) | Bland-Altman (95% CI) | CV% | Mean±SD (2 observers) | Bland-Altman (95% CI) | CV%, pooled mean±SD |
Healthy male/female (n=30) | ||||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 10.2±0.1 | 0.7 (−1.0 ÷ 2.0) |
12.5
| 10.3±0.1 | 2.5 (−3.5 ÷ 1.5) |
13.0 ± 1.0
|
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 10.4±0.1 | 1.13(−1.5 ÷ 1.5) |
8.5
| 10.4±0.1 | 2.3 (−0.2 ÷ 2.4) |
9.0 ± 1.0
|
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 10.3±0.1 | 1.5 (−1.0 ÷ 1.95) |
9.0
| 10.4±0.1 | 2.2 (0.1 ÷ 2.5) |
10.0 ± 1.0
|
HTN male/female (n=90) | ||||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 10.1±0.1 | 0.5 (−2.2 ÷ 2.2) |
10.5
| 10.1±0.1 | 0.3 (0.0 ÷ 0.5) |
12.0 ± 1.0
|
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 10.2±0.1 | 1.2 (−1.2 ÷ 1.2) |
7.5
| 10.2±0.1 | −2.8 (−3.0 ÷ −0.5) |
8.0 ± 1.0
|
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 10.1±0.1 | −2.5 (−3.0 ÷1.0) |
9.5
| 10.1±0.1 | 1.4(−1.1 ÷ 2.8) |
10.5 ± 1.0
|
DD male/female (n=90) | ||||||
Sm lat. (cm/s) | 9.2±0.1 | 1.0 (−1.5 ÷ 1.5) |
11.5
| 8.9±0.1 | 0.95 (−0.2 ÷ 1.0) |
12.5 ± 1.0
|
Sm sep. (cm/s) | 9.5±0.1 | 0.25 (−1.5 ÷ 1.5) |
8.0
| 9.4±0.1 | 1.13 (−1.5 ÷ 1.5) |
10.0 ± 1.0
|
Sm (avg) (cm/s) | 9.3±0.1 | −2.7 (−3.0 ÷ −1.0) |
9.0
| 9.2±0.1 | −1.8 (−2.4 ÷ 0.6) |
10.0 ± 1.0
|