Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports 10/2016

01.10.2016 | Echocardiography (T Abraham, Section Editor)

Modern Assessment of Diastolic Function

verfasst von: Kunal D. Patel, Patrick Collier, Allan L. Klein

Erschienen in: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports | Ausgabe 10/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The goal of this review is to outline the new guidelines released by the ASE/EACVI that seek to simplify the assessment of diastolic function and evaluate the use and potential application of new and emerging technologies.

Recent Findings

The latest guidelines have decreased the number of parameters needed to evaluate diastolic function to 3. The parameters necessary include peak tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity, average E/e′, and indexed left atrial volume (LAVi). At least 2 out of 3 must be positive to determine diastolic dysfunction. There are certain disease states that limit the application of the new guidelines and diastolic stress testing may be indicated in inconclusive cases. New and emerging technologies such as global longitudinal strain (GLS) may provide new opportunities to determine LV filling pressures.

Summary

New guidelines issued by the ASE and EACVI have simplified the assessment of diastolic function and should be implemented in daily practice.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Mozaffarian D et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;133:e38–360.CrossRefPubMed Mozaffarian D et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;133:e38–360.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Heidenreich PA et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:606–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Heidenreich PA et al. Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:606–19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bursi F, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Pakhomov S, Nkomo VT, et al. Roger VL Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the community. JAMA. 2006;296:2209–16.CrossRefPubMed Bursi F, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Pakhomov S, Nkomo VT, et al. Roger VL Systolic and diastolic heart failure in the community. JAMA. 2006;296:2209–16.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:107–33.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:107–33.CrossRefPubMed
5.••
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29 Suppl 4:277–314. This is the updated guidelines document released in April 2016 and is the single most important document outlined in this review that simplifies the assessment of diastolic function. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29 Suppl 4:277–314. This is the updated guidelines document released in April 2016 and is the single most important document outlined in this review that simplifies the assessment of diastolic function.
6.•
Zurück zum Zitat Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39. This document is the precursor to changes the recommendations to chamber quantification. The indexed LA volume cutoff of 34 ml/m2 is incorporated into the new updated guidelines. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39. This document is the precursor to changes the recommendations to chamber quantification. The indexed LA volume cutoff of 34 ml/m2 is incorporated into the new updated guidelines.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Schirmer H, Lunde P, Rasmussen K. Mitral flow derived Doppler indices of left ventricular diastolic function in a general population - the Tromso study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1376–86.CrossRefPubMed Schirmer H, Lunde P, Rasmussen K. Mitral flow derived Doppler indices of left ventricular diastolic function in a general population - the Tromso study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1376–86.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Caballero L, Kou S, Dulgheru R, Gonjilashvili N, Athanassopoulos GD, Barone D, et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac Doppler data: results from the NORRE Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:1031–41.PubMed Caballero L, Kou S, Dulgheru R, Gonjilashvili N, Athanassopoulos GD, Barone D, et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac Doppler data: results from the NORRE Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:1031–41.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat EchoNoRMAL (Echocardiographic Normal Ranges Meta-Analysis of the Left Heart) Collaboration. Ethnic-specific normative reference values for echocardiographic LA and LV size, LV mass, and systolic function: the EchoNoRMAL study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:656–65.CrossRef EchoNoRMAL (Echocardiographic Normal Ranges Meta-Analysis of the Left Heart) Collaboration. Ethnic-specific normative reference values for echocardiographic LA and LV size, LV mass, and systolic function: the EchoNoRMAL study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:656–65.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Thackray SD, de Silva R, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Longitudinal ventricular function: normal values of atrioventricular annular and myocardial velocities measured with quantitative two-dimensional color Doppler tissue imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:906–21.CrossRefPubMed Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Thackray SD, de Silva R, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Longitudinal ventricular function: normal values of atrioventricular annular and myocardial velocities measured with quantitative two-dimensional color Doppler tissue imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:906–21.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat De Sutter J, De Backer J, Van de Veire N, Velghe A, De Buyzere M, Gillebert TC. Effects of age, gender, and left ventricular mass on septal mitral annulus velocity (E′) and the ratio of transmitral early peak velocity to E′ (E/E′). Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1020–3.CrossRefPubMed De Sutter J, De Backer J, Van de Veire N, Velghe A, De Buyzere M, Gillebert TC. Effects of age, gender, and left ventricular mass on septal mitral annulus velocity (E′) and the ratio of transmitral early peak velocity to E′ (E/E′). Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1020–3.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Tighe DA, Vinch CS, Hill JC, Meyer TE, Goldberg RJ, Aurigemma GP. Influence of age on assessment of diastolic function by Doppler tissue imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:254–7.CrossRefPubMed Tighe DA, Vinch CS, Hill JC, Meyer TE, Goldberg RJ, Aurigemma GP. Influence of age on assessment of diastolic function by Doppler tissue imaging. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91:254–7.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada H, Oki T, Mishiro Y, Tabata T, Abe M, Onose Y, et al. Effect of aging on diastolic left ventricular myocardial velocities measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in healthy subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12:574–81.CrossRefPubMed Yamada H, Oki T, Mishiro Y, Tabata T, Abe M, Onose Y, et al. Effect of aging on diastolic left ventricular myocardial velocities measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging in healthy subjects. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12:574–81.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Munagala VK, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Association of newer diastolic function parameters with age in healthy subjects: a population-based study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1049–56.CrossRefPubMed Munagala VK, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Association of newer diastolic function parameters with age in healthy subjects: a population-based study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:1049–56.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Vatten LJ, Aase SA, Stoylen A. Reference values and distribution of conventional echocardiographic Doppler measures and longitudinal tissue Doppler velocities in a population free from cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:614–22.CrossRefPubMed Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Vatten LJ, Aase SA, Stoylen A. Reference values and distribution of conventional echocardiographic Doppler measures and longitudinal tissue Doppler velocities in a population free from cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:614–22.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Prasad A, Fu Q, Torres P, Zhang R, et al. Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance. Circulation. 2004;110:1799–805.CrossRefPubMed Arbab-Zadeh A, Dijk E, Prasad A, Fu Q, Torres P, Zhang R, et al. Effect of aging and physical activity on left ventricular compliance. Circulation. 2004;110:1799–805.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamakado T, Takagi E, Okubo S, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tarumi T, Nakamura M, et al. Effects of aging on left ventricular relaxation in humans - analysis of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decay. Circulation. 1997;95:917–23.CrossRefPubMed Yamakado T, Takagi E, Okubo S, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Tarumi T, Nakamura M, et al. Effects of aging on left ventricular relaxation in humans - analysis of left ventricular isovolumic pressure decay. Circulation. 1997;95:917–23.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Bekaert S, Segers P, De Bacquer D, Cooman L, et al. Rationale, design, methods and baseline characteristics of the Asklepios study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:179–91.CrossRefPubMed Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, Bekaert S, Segers P, De Bacquer D, Cooman L, et al. Rationale, design, methods and baseline characteristics of the Asklepios study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:179–91.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, Spencer III WH, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999;99:254–61.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Lakkis NM, Middleton KJ, Spencer III WH, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1999;99:254–61.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH, Denfield SW, Dreyer WJ, Price JF, et al. Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004;109:1756–62.CrossRefPubMed McMahon CJ, Nagueh SF, Pignatelli RH, Denfield SW, Dreyer WJ, Price JF, et al. Characterization of left ventricular diastolic function by tissue Doppler imaging and clinical status in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004;109:1756–62.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. The relationship of left atrial volume and left atrial pressure in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:961–6.CrossRefPubMed Geske JB, Sorajja P, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR. The relationship of left atrial volume and left atrial pressure in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:961–6.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Biagini E, Spirito P, Rocchi G, Ferlito M, Rosmini S, Lai F, et al. Prognostic implications of the Doppler restrictive filling pattern in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1727–31.CrossRefPubMed Biagini E, Spirito P, Rocchi G, Ferlito M, Rosmini S, Lai F, et al. Prognostic implications of the Doppler restrictive filling pattern in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:1727–31.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Demonstration of restrictive ventricular physiology by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:757–68.CrossRefPubMed Appleton CP, Hatle LK, Popp RL. Demonstration of restrictive ventricular physiology by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:757–68.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen GI, Pietrolungo JF, Thomas JD, Klein AL. A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1753–60.CrossRefPubMed Cohen GI, Pietrolungo JF, Thomas JD, Klein AL. A practical guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:1753–60.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Koyama J, Ray-Sequin PA, Falk RH. Longitudinal myocardial function assessed by tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with al (primary) cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2003;107:2446–52.CrossRefPubMed Koyama J, Ray-Sequin PA, Falk RH. Longitudinal myocardial function assessed by tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with al (primary) cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation. 2003;107:2446–52.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Sallach JA, Klein AL. Tissue Doppler imaging in the evaluation of patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004;19:464–71.CrossRefPubMed Sallach JA, Klein AL. Tissue Doppler imaging in the evaluation of patients with cardiac amyloidosis. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004;19:464–71.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi JH, Choi JO, Ryu DR, Lee SC, Park SW, Choe YH, et al. Mitral and tricuspid annular velocities in constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: correlation with pericardial thickness on computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:567–75.CrossRefPubMed Choi JH, Choi JO, Ryu DR, Lee SC, Park SW, Choe YH, et al. Mitral and tricuspid annular velocities in constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: correlation with pericardial thickness on computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:567–75.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1284–9.CrossRefPubMed Tsang TS, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Seward JB. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:1284–9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Seward JB, Casaclang-Verzosa G. Infiltrative cardiovascular diseases: cardiomyopathies that look alike. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1769–79.CrossRefPubMed Seward JB, Casaclang-Verzosa G. Infiltrative cardiovascular diseases: cardiomyopathies that look alike. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1769–79.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Diwan A, McCulloch M, Lawrie GM, Reardon MJ, Nagueh SF. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with mitral valve disease. Circulation. 2005;111:3281–9.CrossRefPubMed Diwan A, McCulloch M, Lawrie GM, Reardon MJ, Nagueh SF. Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with mitral valve disease. Circulation. 2005;111:3281–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kusunose K, Yamada H, Nishio S, Tomita N, Hotchi J, Bando M, et al. Index-beat assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function during atrial fibrillation using myocardial strain and strain rate. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:953–9.CrossRefPubMed Kusunose K, Yamada H, Nishio S, Tomita N, Hotchi J, Bando M, et al. Index-beat assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function during atrial fibrillation using myocardial strain and strain rate. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:953–9.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Soeki T, Fukuda N, Shinohara H, Sakabe K, Onose Y, Sawada Y, et al. Mitral inflow and mitral annular motion velocities in patients with mitral annular calcification: evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography and pulsed Doppler tissue imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2002;3:128–34.CrossRefPubMed Soeki T, Fukuda N, Shinohara H, Sakabe K, Onose Y, Sawada Y, et al. Mitral inflow and mitral annular motion velocities in patients with mitral annular calcification: evaluation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography and pulsed Doppler tissue imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2002;3:128–34.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Kopelen HA, Quiñones MA. Assessment of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler in the presence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1996;94:2138–45.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Kopelen HA, Quiñones MA. Assessment of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler in the presence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1996;94:2138–45.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Temporelli PL, Scapellato F, Corrà U, Eleuteri E, Imparato A, Giannuzzi P. Estimation of pulmonary wedge pressure by transmitral Doppler in patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:724–7.CrossRefPubMed Temporelli PL, Scapellato F, Corrà U, Eleuteri E, Imparato A, Giannuzzi P. Estimation of pulmonary wedge pressure by transmitral Doppler in patients with chronic heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:724–7.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chirillo F, Brunazzi MC, Barbiero M, Giavarina D, Pasqualini M, Franceschini-Grisolia E, et al. Estimating mean pulmonary wedge pressure in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation from transthoracic Doppler indexes of mitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:19–26.CrossRefPubMed Chirillo F, Brunazzi MC, Barbiero M, Giavarina D, Pasqualini M, Franceschini-Grisolia E, et al. Estimating mean pulmonary wedge pressure in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation from transthoracic Doppler indexes of mitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30:19–26.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kusunose K, Yamada H, Nishio S, Tamai R, Niki T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Interval from the onset of transmitral flow to annular velocity is a marker of LV filling pressure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:528–30.CrossRefPubMed Kusunose K, Yamada H, Nishio S, Tamai R, Niki T, Yamaguchi K, et al. Interval from the onset of transmitral flow to annular velocity is a marker of LV filling pressure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:528–30.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivas-Gotz C, Khoury DS, Manolios M, Rao L, Kopelen HA, Nagueh SF. Time interval between onset of mitral inflow and onset of early diastolic velocity by tissue Doppler: a novel index of left ventricular relaxation: experimental studies and clinical application. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1463–70.CrossRefPubMed Rivas-Gotz C, Khoury DS, Manolios M, Rao L, Kopelen HA, Nagueh SF. Time interval between onset of mitral inflow and onset of early diastolic velocity by tissue Doppler: a novel index of left ventricular relaxation: experimental studies and clinical application. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1463–70.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Appleton CP. Influence of incremental changes in heart rate on mitral flow velocity: assessment in lightly sedated, conscious dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:227–36.CrossRefPubMed Appleton CP. Influence of incremental changes in heart rate on mitral flow velocity: assessment in lightly sedated, conscious dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:227–36.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Holman ER, van Erven L, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Right ventricular pacing can induce ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1642–8.CrossRefPubMed Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Holman ER, van Erven L, van der Wall EE, Bax JJ. Right ventricular pacing can induce ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1642–8.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat D’Souza KA, Mooney DJ, Russell AE, MacIsaac AI, Aylward PE, Prior DL. Abnormal septal motion affects early diastolic velocities at the septal and lateral mitral annulus, and impacts on estimation of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:445–53.CrossRefPubMed D’Souza KA, Mooney DJ, Russell AE, MacIsaac AI, Aylward PE, Prior DL. Abnormal septal motion affects early diastolic velocities at the septal and lateral mitral annulus, and impacts on estimation of the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:445–53.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Bhatt R, Vivo RP, Krim SR, Sarvari SI, Russell K, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:220–7.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Bhatt R, Vivo RP, Krim SR, Sarvari SI, Russell K, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:220–7.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Kosmala W, Jellis C, Marwick TH. Exercise limitation associated with asymptomatic left ventricular impairment: analogy with stage B heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:257–66.CrossRefPubMed Kosmala W, Jellis C, Marwick TH. Exercise limitation associated with asymptomatic left ventricular impairment: analogy with stage B heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:257–66.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagueh SF, Sun H, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Khoury DS. Hemodynamic determinants of the mitral annulus diastolic velocities by tissue Doppler. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:278–85.CrossRefPubMed Nagueh SF, Sun H, Kopelen HA, Middleton KJ, Khoury DS. Hemodynamic determinants of the mitral annulus diastolic velocities by tissue Doppler. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:278–85.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Burgess MI, Jenkins C, Sharman JE, Marwick TH. Diastolic stress echocardiography: hemodynamic validation and clinical significance of estimation of ventricular filling pressure with exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1891–900.CrossRefPubMed Burgess MI, Jenkins C, Sharman JE, Marwick TH. Diastolic stress echocardiography: hemodynamic validation and clinical significance of estimation of ventricular filling pressure with exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1891–900.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Ritzema JL, Richards AM, Crozier IG, Frampton CF, Melton IC, Doughty RN, et al. Serial Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the detection of elevated directly measured left atrial pressure in ambulant subjects with chronic heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:927–34.CrossRefPubMed Ritzema JL, Richards AM, Crozier IG, Frampton CF, Melton IC, Doughty RN, et al. Serial Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the detection of elevated directly measured left atrial pressure in ambulant subjects with chronic heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:927–34.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Talreja DR, Nishimura RA, Oh JK. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise by Doppler echocardiography in patients with normal systolic function: a simultaneous echocardiographic-cardiac catheterization study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:477–9.CrossRefPubMed Talreja DR, Nishimura RA, Oh JK. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise by Doppler echocardiography in patients with normal systolic function: a simultaneous echocardiographic-cardiac catheterization study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:477–9.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Holland DJ, Prasad SB, Marwick TH. Prognostic implications of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:149–56.CrossRefPubMed Holland DJ, Prasad SB, Marwick TH. Prognostic implications of left ventricular filling pressure with exercise. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:149–56.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Khoury DS, Thohan V, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Global diastolic strain rate for the assessment of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures. Circulation. 2007;115:1376–83.CrossRefPubMed Wang J, Khoury DS, Thohan V, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Global diastolic strain rate for the assessment of left ventricular relaxation and filling pressures. Circulation. 2007;115:1376–83.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N. Usefulness of new diastolic strain and strain rate indexes for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1504–9.CrossRefPubMed Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N. Usefulness of new diastolic strain and strain rate indexes for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1504–9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Notomi Y, Lysyansky P, Setser RM, Shiota T, Popovic ZB, Martin-Miklovic MG, et al. Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:2034–41.CrossRefPubMed Notomi Y, Lysyansky P, Setser RM, Shiota T, Popovic ZB, Martin-Miklovic MG, et al. Measurement of ventricular torsion by two-dimensional ultrasound speckle tracking imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:2034–41.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Notomi Y, Popovic ZB, Yamada H, Wallick DW, Martin MG, Oryszak SJ, et al. Ventricular untwisting: a temporal link between ventricular relaxation and suction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H505–13.CrossRefPubMed Notomi Y, Popovic ZB, Yamada H, Wallick DW, Martin MG, Oryszak SJ, et al. Ventricular untwisting: a temporal link between ventricular relaxation and suction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294:H505–13.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Nappo R, Degiovanni A, Bolzani V, Sartori C, Di Giovine G, Cerini P, et al. Quantitative assessment of atrial conduit function: a new index of diastolic dysfunction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105:17–28.CrossRefPubMed Nappo R, Degiovanni A, Bolzani V, Sartori C, Di Giovine G, Cerini P, et al. Quantitative assessment of atrial conduit function: a new index of diastolic dysfunction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105:17–28.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Plana JC, Klein A. Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography. In: Desai MY, editor. The practice of clinical echocardiography, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Elsievier; 2012. p. 197–217. Print. Plana JC, Klein A. Assessment of diastolic function by echocardiography. In: Desai MY, editor. The practice of clinical echocardiography, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Elsievier; 2012. p. 197–217. Print.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Carvalho JC et al. Effect of age and sex on echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function parameters in patients with preserved ejection fraction and normal valvular function. Cardiol J. 2013;20(5):513–8.CrossRefPubMed Carvalho JC et al. Effect of age and sex on echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function parameters in patients with preserved ejection fraction and normal valvular function. Cardiol J. 2013;20(5):513–8.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Modern Assessment of Diastolic Function
verfasst von
Kunal D. Patel
Patrick Collier
Allan L. Klein
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports / Ausgabe 10/2016
Print ISSN: 1941-9066
Elektronische ISSN: 1941-9074
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12410-016-9388-7

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.