Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health 4/2017

19.05.2017 | Original Paper

Moral Injury and Definitional Clarity: Betrayal, Spirituality and the Role of Chaplains

verfasst von: Timothy J. Hodgson, Lindsay B. Carey

Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This article explores the developing definition of moral injury within the current key literature. Building on the previous literature regarding ‘Moral Injury, Spiritual Care and the role of Chaplains’ (Carey et al. in JORH 55(4):1218–1245, 2016b. doi:10.​1007/​s10943-016-0231-x), this article notes the complexity that has developed due to definitional variations regarding moral injury—particularly with respect to the concepts of ‘betrayal’ and ‘spirituality’. Given the increasing recognition of moral injury and noting the relevance and importance of utilizing a bio-psycho-social-spiritual model, this article argues that betrayal and spirituality should be core components for understanding, defining and addressing moral injury. It also supports the role of chaplains being involved in the holistic care and rehabilitation of those affected by moral injury.
Fußnoten
1
Pejorative: adjective—expressing content or disproval of someone or something in a way that is contemptuous, disparaging, derogatory, insulting, disapproving, defamatory, slanderous and libellous.
 
2
Soul: noun—can be defined as a person’s moral, emotional or spiritual nature or sense of identity that is an immaterial part of a human being and often regarded as immortal or eternal.
 
3
Consensus definition of spirituality (Puchalski et al. 2009): this definition of spirituality has served as a basis for new and modified definitions of spirituality that have subsequently added words such as connected ‘with God’ (e.g., ADF-RACS 2016) or ‘transcendence’ (e.g., Hall et al, 2016, p. 4).
 
4
‘Camel through the eye of a needle’ is a proverb noted within Judaism, Christianity and subsequently Islam expressing the unlikeliness of an occurrence ever happening.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat ADF-RACS. (2016). Definition of spirituality. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Defence Force Religious Advisory Committee to the Services. ADF-RACS. (2016). Definition of spirituality. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Australian Defence Force Religious Advisory Committee to the Services.
Zurück zum Zitat Antal, C. J., & Winings, K. (2015). Moral injury, soul repair, and creating a place for grace. Religious Education, 110(4), 382–394.CrossRef Antal, C. J., & Winings, K. (2015). Moral injury, soul repair, and creating a place for grace. Religious Education, 110(4), 382–394.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beard, M. (2015). Conceptual distinctions. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 112–125). Sydney: UNSW Press. Beard, M. (2015). Conceptual distinctions. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 112–125). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett, R. L. (2014). A postventional combat chaplain care model. (Doctoral dissertation), Regent University. Ann Arbor. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Bennett, R. L. (2014). A postventional combat chaplain care model. (Doctoral dissertation), Regent University. Ann Arbor. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat Brock, R. N., Keizer, H., & Lettini, G. (2012). Moral injury: The crucial missing piece in understanding soldier suicides. Huffington Post, p. 1. Brock, R. N., Keizer, H., & Lettini, G. (2012). Moral injury: The crucial missing piece in understanding soldier suicides. Huffington Post, p. 1.
Zurück zum Zitat Brock, R. N., & Lettini, G. (2012). Soul repair: Recovering from moral injury after war. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Brock, R. N., & Lettini, G. (2012). Soul repair: Recovering from moral injury after war. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, C. J. (2015). Adjusting our aim: Next steps in military and veteran suicide prevention. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 84–85.CrossRef Bryan, C. J. (2015). Adjusting our aim: Next steps in military and veteran suicide prevention. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 84–85.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., et al. (2016). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the moral injury events scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570.CrossRefPubMed Bryan, C. J., Bryan, A. O., Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Green, B. A., Etienne, N., et al. (2016). Measuring moral injury: Psychometric properties of the moral injury events scale in two military samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557–570.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, A. O., Byan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2014). Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample. Traumatology, 20(3), 1–7.CrossRef Bryan, A. O., Byan, C. J., Morrow, C. E., Etienne, N., & Ray-Sannerud, B. (2014). Moral injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in a military sample. Traumatology, 20(3), 1–7.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, C. J., Graham, E., & Roberge, E. (2015a). Living a life worth living: Spirituality and suicide risk in military personnel. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 74–78.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Graham, E., & Roberge, E. (2015a). Living a life worth living: Spirituality and suicide risk in military personnel. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 74–78.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan, C. J., Roberge, E., Bryan, A. O., Ray-Sannerud, B., Morrow, C. E., & Etienne, N. (2015b). Guilt as a mediator of the relationship between depression and posttraumatic stress with suicide ideation in two samples of military personnel and veterans. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 143–155.CrossRef Bryan, C. J., Roberge, E., Bryan, A. O., Ray-Sannerud, B., Morrow, C. E., & Etienne, N. (2015b). Guilt as a mediator of the relationship between depression and posttraumatic stress with suicide ideation in two samples of military personnel and veterans. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), 143–155.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carey, L. B. (2012). The utility and commissioning of spiritual carers. In M. Cobb, C. Puchalski, & B. Rumbold (Eds.), The Oxford textbook of spirituality in healthcare (pp. 397–408). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Carey, L. B. (2012). The utility and commissioning of spiritual carers. In M. Cobb, C. Puchalski, & B. Rumbold (Eds.), The Oxford textbook of spirituality in healthcare (pp. 397–408). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Carey, L. B., Hodgson, T. J., Krikheli, L., Soh, R. Y., Armour, A. R., Singh, T. K., et al. (2016b). Moral injury, spiritual care and the role of chaplains: An exploratory scoping review of literature and resources. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1218–1245. doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0231-x.CrossRefPubMed Carey, L. B., Hodgson, T. J., Krikheli, L., Soh, R. Y., Armour, A. R., Singh, T. K., et al. (2016b). Moral injury, spiritual care and the role of chaplains: An exploratory scoping review of literature and resources. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1218–1245. doi:10.​1007/​s10943-016-0231-x.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Chang, B.-H., Stein, N. R., & Skarf, L. M. (2014). Spiritual distress of military veterans at the end of life. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(3), 635–639.CrossRef Chang, B.-H., Stein, N. R., & Skarf, L. M. (2014). Spiritual distress of military veterans at the end of life. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(3), 635–639.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chang, B.-H., Stein, N. R., Trevino, K., Stewart, M., Hendricks, A., & Skarf, L. M. (2012). End-of-life spiritual care at a VA medical center: Chaplains’ perspectives. Palliative & Supportive Care, 10(4), 273–278.CrossRef Chang, B.-H., Stein, N. R., Trevino, K., Stewart, M., Hendricks, A., & Skarf, L. M. (2012). End-of-life spiritual care at a VA medical center: Chaplains’ perspectives. Palliative & Supportive Care, 10(4), 273–278.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Coleman, N. (2015). Moral status and reintegration. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 205–220). Sydney: UNSW Press. Coleman, N. (2015). Moral status and reintegration. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 205–220). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Currier, J. M., Drescher, K. D., & Harris, J. I. (2014). Spiritual functioning among veterans seeking residential treatment for PTSD: A matched control group study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(1), 3–15.CrossRef Currier, J. M., Drescher, K. D., & Harris, J. I. (2014). Spiritual functioning among veterans seeking residential treatment for PTSD: A matched control group study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(1), 3–15.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Denton-Borhaug, K. (2013). Sacrifice, moral injury and the work of healing after war. Caring Connections: An Inter-Lutheran Journal for Practitioners and Teachers of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 10(1), 24–27. Denton-Borhaug, K. (2013). Sacrifice, moral injury and the work of healing after war. Caring Connections: An Inter-Lutheran Journal for Practitioners and Teachers of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 10(1), 24–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Doehring, C. (2015). Resilience as the relational ability to spiritually integrate moral stress. Pastoral Psychology, 64(5), 635–649.CrossRef Doehring, C. (2015). Resilience as the relational ability to spiritually integrate moral stress. Pastoral Psychology, 64(5), 635–649.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dombo, E. A., Gray, C., & Early, B. P. (2013). The trauma of moral injury: Beyond the battlefield. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 32(3), 197–210.CrossRef Dombo, E. A., Gray, C., & Early, B. P. (2013). The trauma of moral injury: Beyond the battlefield. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 32(3), 197–210.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Drescher, K. D., & Foy, D. W. (2008). When they come home: Posttraumatic stress, moral injury and spiritual consequences for veterans. Reflective Practice: Formation And Supervision in Ministry, 28(1), 85–102. Drescher, K. D., & Foy, D. W. (2008). When they come home: Posttraumatic stress, moral injury and spiritual consequences for veterans. Reflective Practice: Formation And Supervision in Ministry, 28(1), 85–102.
Zurück zum Zitat Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17(1), 8–13.CrossRef Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, K., & Litz, B. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17(1), 8–13.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Drescher, K. D., Smith, M. W., & Foy, D. W. (2007). Spirituality and readjustment following war-zone experiences. In C. R. Figley & W. P. Nash (Eds.), Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and management (pp. 295–310). New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Drescher, K. D., Smith, M. W., & Foy, D. W. (2007). Spirituality and readjustment following war-zone experiences. In C. R. Figley & W. P. Nash (Eds.), Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and management (pp. 295–310). New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Zurück zum Zitat Erbach, J. G. (2013). Spiritual dormancy: The strategic effect of the depravation of god (Doctoral Dissertation). Pennsylvania: Carlisle Barracks, United States Army War College. Erbach, J. G. (2013). Spiritual dormancy: The strategic effect of the depravation of god (Doctoral Dissertation). Pennsylvania: Carlisle Barracks, United States Army War College.
Zurück zum Zitat Forbes, D., Kartal, D., Lau, W., Phelps, A. J., & O’Donnell, M. (2015). What are effective interventions for veterans who have experienced moral injury? A rapid evidence assessment. Report Prepared for the Australian Government Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Carlton, Melbourne: Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Forbes, D., Kartal, D., Lau, W., Phelps, A. J., & O’Donnell, M. (2015). What are effective interventions for veterans who have experienced moral injury? A rapid evidence assessment. Report Prepared for the Australian Government Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Carlton, Melbourne: Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health.
Zurück zum Zitat Foy, D. W., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Faith and honor in trauma treatment for military personnel and their families. In D. F. Walker, C. A. Courtois, & J. D. Aten (Eds.), Spiritually oriented psychotherapy for trauma (pp. 233–252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Foy, D. W., & Drescher, K. D. (2015). Faith and honor in trauma treatment for military personnel and their families. In D. F. Walker, C. A. Courtois, & J. D. Aten (Eds.), Spiritually oriented psychotherapy for trauma (pp. 233–252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Foy, D. W., Drescher, K. D., & Smith, M. W. (2013). Addressing religion and spirituality in military settings and veterans’ services. In K. I. Pargament, A. Mahoney, & E. P. Shafranske (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 2): An applied psychology of religion and spirituality (Vol. 2, pp. 561–576). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef Foy, D. W., Drescher, K. D., & Smith, M. W. (2013). Addressing religion and spirituality in military settings and veterans’ services. In K. I. Pargament, A. Mahoney, & E. P. Shafranske (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 2): An applied psychology of religion and spirituality (Vol. 2, pp. 561–576). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Frame, T. (2015). Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism. Sydney: UNSW Press. Frame, T. (2015). Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism. Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Frankfurt, S., & Frazier, P. (2016). A review of research on moral injury in combat veterans. Military Psychology, 28(5), 318–330.CrossRef Frankfurt, S., & Frazier, P. (2016). A review of research on moral injury in combat veterans. Military Psychology, 28(5), 318–330.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fritts, P. D. (2013). Adaptive disclosure: Critique of a descriptive intervention modified for the normative problem of moral injury in combat veterans (Research Paper, Yale Divinity School, New Haven, Connecticut). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Fritts, P. D. (2013). Adaptive disclosure: Critique of a descriptive intervention modified for the normative problem of moral injury in combat veterans (Research Paper, Yale Divinity School, New Haven, Connecticut). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuson, J. E. (2013). A pastoral counseling model for leading post-combat Christian soldiers experiencing spiritual injury to spiritual health through examining the biblical concepts of evil, pain, abandonment, and forgiveness. (Doctoral dissertation, Biola University, Ann Arbor), Biola University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Fuson, J. E. (2013). A pastoral counseling model for leading post-combat Christian soldiers experiencing spiritual injury to spiritual health through examining the biblical concepts of evil, pain, abandonment, and forgiveness. (Doctoral dissertation, Biola University, Ann Arbor), Biola University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibson, S. (2015). Moral injury: Whose responsbility? In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 222–234). Sydney: UNSW Press. Gibson, S. (2015). Moral injury: Whose responsbility? In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 222–234). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Gladwin, M. (2013). ‘Captains of the soul’: The historical context of Australian army chaplaincy, 1913–2013. Australian Army Chaplaincy Journal, 30–51. Gladwin, M. (2013). ‘Captains of the soul’: The historical context of Australian army chaplaincy, 1913–2013. Australian Army Chaplaincy Journal, 30–51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall, E., Hughes, B. P., & Handzo, G. (2016). Spiritual care: What it means, why it matters in health care. Retrieved from New York: comm@healthcarechaplaincy.org. Hall, E., Hughes, B. P., & Handzo, G. (2016). Spiritual care: What it means, why it matters in health care. Retrieved from New York: comm@healthcarechaplaincy.org.
Zurück zum Zitat Handzo, G. (2013). Spiritual care and moral injury in service members. Caring Connections: An Inter-Lutheran Journal for Practitioners and Teachers of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 10(1), 6–8. Handzo, G. (2013). Spiritual care and moral injury in service members. Caring Connections: An Inter-Lutheran Journal for Practitioners and Teachers of Pastoral Care and Counseling, 10(1), 6–8.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris, I. J., Park, C. L., Currier, J. M., Usset, T. J., & Voecks, C. D. (2015). Moral injury and psycho-spiritual development: Considering the developmental context. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(4), 256–266.CrossRef Harris, I. J., Park, C. L., Currier, J. M., Usset, T. J., & Voecks, C. D. (2015). Moral injury and psycho-spiritual development: Considering the developmental context. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(4), 256–266.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hart, C. (1998). Book review: Baker, P. (1991) Regeneration. Journal of Religion Health, 37(4), 378–379. Hart, C. (1998). Book review: Baker, P. (1991) Regeneration. Journal of Religion Health, 37(4), 378–379.
Zurück zum Zitat Hughes, B., & Handzo, G. (2014). Spiritual care handbook on PTSD/TBI: The handbook on best practices for the provision of spiritual care to persons with post-trautmatic disorder and traumatic brain injury. Washington DC: Department of Defense. Hughes, B., & Handzo, G. (2014). Spiritual care handbook on PTSD/TBI: The handbook on best practices for the provision of spiritual care to persons with post-trautmatic disorder and traumatic brain injury. Washington DC: Department of Defense.
Zurück zum Zitat Jinkerson, J. D. (2016). Defining and assessing moral injury: A syndrome perspective. Traumatology, 22(2), 122–130.CrossRef Jinkerson, J. D. (2016). Defining and assessing moral injury: A syndrome perspective. Traumatology, 22(2), 122–130.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kinghorn, W. (2012). Combat trauma and moral fragmentation: A theological account of moral injury. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 32(2), 57–74.CrossRef Kinghorn, W. (2012). Combat trauma and moral fragmentation: A theological account of moral injury. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 32(2), 57–74.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Koenig, H. G., Boucher, N. A., Oliver, R. J. P., Currier, J. M., & Pearce, M. (2017). Rationale for spiritually oriented cognitive processing therapy for moral injury in active duty military and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(2), 147–153.PubMed Koenig, H. G., Boucher, N. A., Oliver, R. J. P., Currier, J. M., & Pearce, M. (2017). Rationale for spiritually oriented cognitive processing therapy for moral injury in active duty military and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(2), 147–153.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kopacz, M. S. (2014). Moral injury—A war trauma affecting current and former military personnel (Letter to Editor). International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(7), 722–723.CrossRefPubMed Kopacz, M. S. (2014). Moral injury—A war trauma affecting current and former military personnel (Letter to Editor). International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(7), 722–723.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kopacz, M. S., & Connery, A. L. (2015). The veteran spiritual struggle. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 61–67.CrossRef Kopacz, M. S., & Connery, A. L. (2015). The veteran spiritual struggle. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 61–67.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kopacz, M. S., Connery, A. L., Bishop, T. M., Bryan, C. J., Drescher, K. D., Currier, J. M., et al. (2016). Moral injury: A new challenge for complementary and alternative medicine. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 24(February), 29–33.CrossRefPubMed Kopacz, M. S., Connery, A. L., Bishop, T. M., Bryan, C. J., Drescher, K. D., Currier, J. M., et al. (2016). Moral injury: A new challenge for complementary and alternative medicine. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 24(February), 29–33.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kopacz, M. S., Hoffmire, C. A., Morley, S. W., & Vance, C. G. (2015). Using a spiritual distress scale to assess suicide risk in veterans: An exploratory study. Pastoral Psychology, 64(3), 381–390.CrossRef Kopacz, M. S., Hoffmire, C. A., Morley, S. W., & Vance, C. G. (2015). Using a spiritual distress scale to assess suicide risk in veterans: An exploratory study. Pastoral Psychology, 64(3), 381–390.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kraus, D. S. (2013). Morally injurious symptomatology: A qualitative examination of the NVVRS. (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Ann Arbor). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Kraus, D. S. (2013). Morally injurious symptomatology: A qualitative examination of the NVVRS. (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Ann Arbor). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat Kruger, L. E. (2014). Is there more to the experience of war trauma than PTSD? The development of moral injury and its impact on soldiers. Journal of Military Government Counseling, 2(2), 136–145. Kruger, L. E. (2014). Is there more to the experience of war trauma than PTSD? The development of moral injury and its impact on soldiers. Journal of Military Government Counseling, 2(2), 136–145.
Zurück zum Zitat Litz, B. (2016) ‘Mora Injury: Assessment, conceptualization and treatment strategies’. Australian Conference on Traumatic Stress, ‘Public Issues - Private Trauma’, 8–10 September, Crown Plaza, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia. Litz, B. (2016) ‘Mora Injury: Assessment, conceptualization and treatment strategies’. Australian Conference on Traumatic Stress, ‘Public Issues - Private Trauma’, 8–10 September, Crown Plaza, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia.
Zurück zum Zitat Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., et al. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706.CrossRefPubMed Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., et al. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Malott, J. D. (2015). Morally injurious experiences, meaning, and spiritual functioning in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. (3702557 Psy.D.), Fuller Theological Seminary, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Malott, J. D. (2015). Morally injurious experiences, meaning, and spiritual functioning in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. (3702557 Psy.D.), Fuller Theological Seminary, Ann Arbor. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat McCarthy, M. M. (2016). An exploration of moral injury as experienced by combat veterans. (Doctor of Psychology (Clinical Psychology)), Antioch University Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. McCarthy, M. M. (2016). An exploration of moral injury as experienced by combat veterans. (Doctor of Psychology (Clinical Psychology)), Antioch University Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Zurück zum Zitat McRae, R., & Saunders, J. (2014). Moral injury—Moral repair: Retreat handbook. Retrieved from Brisbane: Australian Regular Army 7th Brigade Chaplaincy. McRae, R., & Saunders, J. (2014). Moral injuryMoral repair: Retreat handbook. Retrieved from Brisbane: Australian Regular Army 7th Brigade Chaplaincy.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendenhall, M. (2009). Chaplains in mental health: Healing the spiritual wounds of war. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 12(1), 8–15. Mendenhall, M. (2009). Chaplains in mental health: Healing the spiritual wounds of war. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 12(1), 8–15.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgan, J. K., Hourani, L., Lane, M. E., & Tueller, S. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors among active-duty military personnel: Utilization of chaplains and other mental health service providers. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 22(3), 102–117.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Morgan, J. K., Hourani, L., Lane, M. E., & Tueller, S. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors among active-duty military personnel: Utilization of chaplains and other mental health service providers. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 22(3), 102–117.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Nash, W., & Litz, B. (2013). Moral injury: A mechanism for war-related psychological trauma in military family members. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16, 365–375.CrossRefPubMed Nash, W., & Litz, B. (2013). Moral injury: A mechanism for war-related psychological trauma in military family members. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16, 365–375.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Alice Mills, M., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652.CrossRefPubMed Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Alice Mills, M., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., et al. (2010). Consensus recommendations for common data elements for operational stress research and surveillance: Report of a federal interagency working group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1673–1683.CrossRefPubMed Nash, W. P., Vasterling, J., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Horn, S., Gaskin, T., Golden, J., et al. (2010). Consensus recommendations for common data elements for operational stress research and surveillance: Report of a federal interagency working group. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1673–1683.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Neilson, R. (2015). ‘Dents in the soul’? In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 135–149). Sydney: UNSW Press. Neilson, R. (2015). ‘Dents in the soul’? In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 135–149). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Nielson, R., Macdonald, A., Scarr, E., Smith, H., Frame, T., Roberts, C., et al. (2016). Moral injury from theory to practice: A research report prepared for the Centre for Defence Leadership and Ethics Australian Defence College. Retrieved from Canberra. Nielson, R., Macdonald, A., Scarr, E., Smith, H., Frame, T., Roberts, C., et al. (2016). Moral injury from theory to practice: A research report prepared for the Centre for Defence Leadership and Ethics Australian Defence College. Retrieved from Canberra.
Zurück zum Zitat Nieuwsma, J. A., Walser, R. D., Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Meador, K. G., & Nash, W. P. (2015). Possibilities within acceptance and commitment therapy for approaching moral injury. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 11(3), 193–206.CrossRef Nieuwsma, J. A., Walser, R. D., Farnsworth, J. K., Drescher, K. D., Meador, K. G., & Nash, W. P. (2015). Possibilities within acceptance and commitment therapy for approaching moral injury. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 11(3), 193–206.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Phelps, A. J., Kartal, D., Lau, W., & Forbes, D. (2015). The utility of moral injury. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 150–166). Sydney: UNSW Press. Phelps, A. J., Kartal, D., Lau, W., & Forbes, D. (2015). The utility of moral injury. In T. Frame (Ed.), Moral injury: Unseen wounds in an age of barbarism (pp. 150–166). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J., et al. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the consensus conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885–904.CrossRefPubMed Puchalski, C., Ferrell, B., Virani, R., Otis-Green, S., Baird, P., Bull, J., et al. (2009). Improving the quality of spiritual care as a dimension of palliative care: the report of the consensus conference. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12(10), 885–904.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schreiber, M. (2015). Remedy for moral injury. Caring Connections, 1, 21–23. Schreiber, M. (2015). Remedy for moral injury. Caring Connections, 1, 21–23.
Zurück zum Zitat Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Scribner. Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Scribner.
Zurück zum Zitat Shay, J. (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat trauma and the trials of homecoming. New York: Scribner. Shay, J. (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat trauma and the trials of homecoming. New York: Scribner.
Zurück zum Zitat Sherman, N. (2015). Afterwar healing the moral wounds of our soldiers. Cary: Oxford University Press. Sherman, N. (2015). Afterwar healing the moral wounds of our soldiers. Cary: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Sippola, J. W., Blumenshine, A., Tubesing, D. A., & Yancey, V. (2016). Welcome them home—Help them heal. Duluth: Wheat Ridge Ministries. Sippola, J. W., Blumenshine, A., Tubesing, D. A., & Yancey, V. (2016). Welcome them home—Help them heal. Duluth: Wheat Ridge Ministries.
Zurück zum Zitat Stallinga, B. A. (2013). What spills blood wounds spirit: Chaplains, spiritual care, and operational stress injury. Reflective Practice: Formation And Supervision in Ministry, 33(1), 13–31. Stallinga, B. A. (2013). What spills blood wounds spirit: Chaplains, spiritual care, and operational stress injury. Reflective Practice: Formation And Supervision in Ministry, 33(1), 13–31.
Zurück zum Zitat Sterner, W. R., & Jackson-Cherry, L. R. (2015). The influence of spirituality and religion on coping for combat-deployed military personnel. Counseling and Values, 60(1), 48–66.CrossRef Sterner, W. R., & Jackson-Cherry, L. R. (2015). The influence of spirituality and religion on coping for combat-deployed military personnel. Counseling and Values, 60(1), 48–66.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sulmasy, D. P. (2002). A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. The Gerontologist, 42(suppl 3), 24–33.CrossRefPubMed Sulmasy, D. P. (2002). A biopsychosocial-spiritual model for the care of patients at the end of life. The Gerontologist, 42(suppl 3), 24–33.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vargas, A. F. (2012). Themes of moral injury in trauma experiences of Vietnam combat veterans: A qualitative examination of the NVVRS. (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Ann Arbor). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. Vargas, A. F. (2012). Themes of moral injury in trauma experiences of Vietnam combat veterans: A qualitative examination of the NVVRS. (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Ann Arbor). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Zurück zum Zitat Verkamp, B. J. (1983). Recovering a sense of sin. America, 149(16), 305–310. Verkamp, B. J. (1983). Recovering a sense of sin. America, 149(16), 305–310.
Zurück zum Zitat Verkamp, B. J. (2006). The moral treatment of returning warriors in early medieval and modern times. Scranton: University of Scranton Press. Verkamp, B. J. (2006). The moral treatment of returning warriors in early medieval and modern times. Scranton: University of Scranton Press.
Zurück zum Zitat WHO. (2002). International classification of diseases: Australian modification of health interventions to the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision Vol. 3. (ICD-10-AM). Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO. (2002). International classification of diseases: Australian modification of health interventions to the international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 10th revision Vol. 3. (ICD-10-AM). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson, M. A. (2014). Moral grief and reflective virtue. In W. Werpehowski & C. GetekSoltis (Eds.), Virtue and the moral life: Theological and philsophical perspectives (pp. 57–73). Lanham: Lexington Books. Wilson, M. A. (2014). Moral grief and reflective virtue. In W. Werpehowski & C. GetekSoltis (Eds.), Virtue and the moral life: Theological and philsophical perspectives (pp. 57–73). Lanham: Lexington Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Zust, J. L. (2015, April 20–25). The two mirror model: The concept for interpretting the effects of moral injury. Paper presented at the Fort Leavenworth ethics symposium: the professional ethics and the state symposium report, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Zust, J. L. (2015, April 20–25). The two mirror model: The concept for interpretting the effects of moral injury. Paper presented at the Fort Leavenworth ethics symposium: the professional ethics and the state symposium report, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Metadaten
Titel
Moral Injury and Definitional Clarity: Betrayal, Spirituality and the Role of Chaplains
verfasst von
Timothy J. Hodgson
Lindsay B. Carey
Publikationsdatum
19.05.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Religion and Health / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0407-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Journal of Religion and Health 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe